Design and semisynthesis of novel oleanolic acid-based tertiary amide derivatives as promising antifungal agents against phytopathogenic fungi.

Abstract

To further explore and discover natural products-based antifungal agents, seventeen tertiary amide-oleanolic acid hybrids were designed and synthesized, and structurally confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, HRMS, and melting point. Bioassay results illustrated that derivative 4 k exhibited prominent in vitro inhibitory activity against the mycelium growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis and Valsa mali with the EC₅₀ values of 41.77 and 43.96 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the structure-activity relationships were also summarized. Moreover, in vivo control efficacy demonstrated that derivative 4 k displayed remarkable curative effect (CE) against V. mali at 200 μg/mL with the value of 52.6%, evidently superior to that of the positive control carbendazim (41.5%). Besides, derivative 4 k also exhibited good CE against Botrytis cinerea at 200 μg/mL with the value of 33.0%. Scanning electron microscope analysis initially indicated that derivative 4 k may exert its antifungal effect by leading to abnormal morphology on the mycelium surface, resulting in the aberrant hypha growth.