Substrate-specific effects point to the important role of Y361 as part of the YER motif in closing the binding pocket of OCT1.

Abstract

Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is located in the sinusoidal membrane of human hepatocytes. It mediates the uptake of hydrophilic organic cationic drugs in hepatocytes and thus determine their systemic concentrations. OCT1 has a broad spectrum of structurally diverse substrates like metformin, sumatriptan, trospium, and fenoterol. Recent cryo-EM data suggested that Y361 (tyrosine₃₆₁), E386 (glutamate₃₈₆), and R439 (arginine₄₃₉), referred to as the YER motif, could be important for transport. Building on this, we used extensive functional analyses to investigate the general function and the substrate-specific effects of the YER motif. We determined the activity of the Y361A, E386A, and R439A mutants for 15 OCT1 substrates. Extended mutagenesis revealed the negative charge of E386 and the positive charge of R439 as essential for the transport of all substrates tested. Charge reversal mutants, E386R-R439E, did not restore transport activity, suggesting that at least one of the two amino acids is involved in additional interactions essential for transport. Y361 exhibited substrate-specific effects. The Y361A mutant transported fenoterol but not pirbuterol or other beta₂-adrenergic drugs with only one aromatic ring. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that substrates with aromatic or lipophilic characteristics may compensate for the missing aromatic ring at position 361. Only tryptophan at codon 361 efficiently rescued the transport of the Y361A mutant supporting hydrogen bound interaction with E386 and R439. Our study confirms that the YER motif is essential for OCT1 transport and points to Y361 as a lever that interacts with E386 and R439 to trigger the closing of the binding pocket of human OCT1.