Effect of Antioxidant on Sperm Freezing

Maryam Zamani, Fariba Zafari, Vahid Najafzadeh, Farzad Rajaei, Mana Kamranjam, Amir Hosseini
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Abstract

A major cause of male infertility, which includes 50 causes of infertility, is oxidative stress. Aerobic respiration in the sperm cell is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some reactions, such as sperm capacitation and acrosome reactions require moderate levels of ROS. However, when the amount of ROS production surpasses the natural antioxidant defense of the cell, it causes a harmful effect called oxidative stress. This results in the oxidation of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleotides. The production of ROS is increased by various factors, including the presence of leukocytes, sperms with abnormal and immature morphology, centrifugation of samples, and changes in oxygen concentration, pH, and temperature. Sperm freezing is a method widely used in assisted reproductive technology (ART) as well as infertility treatment. The process of freezing also contributes to increased oxidative stress because it alters the fluidity of the mitochondrial membrane, leading to increased production and release of ROS. Sperm have defense mechanisms against oxidative stress caused by increased ROS production, which includes the presence of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in semen. The utilization of supplementary antioxidants in the freezing environment is a strategy to combat oxidative stress. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the effect of antioxidants on sperm freezing.
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抗氧化剂对精子冷冻的影响
男性不育的一个主要原因是氧化应激,其中包括50种不育原因。精子细胞中的有氧呼吸与活性氧(ROS)的产生有关。一些反应,如精子获能和顶体反应需要适度水平的ROS。然而,当活性氧产生的数量超过细胞的天然抗氧化防御时,它会引起一种叫做氧化应激的有害影响。这会导致脂质、蛋白质、碳水化合物和核苷酸的氧化。ROS的产生受多种因素的影响,包括白细胞的存在、形态异常和不成熟的精子、样品的离心、氧浓度、pH和温度的变化。精子冷冻是一种广泛应用于辅助生殖技术(ART)和不孕症治疗的方法。冷冻过程也会增加氧化应激,因为它改变了线粒体膜的流动性,导致活性氧的产生和释放增加。精子具有防御由活性氧增加引起的氧化应激的机制,包括精液中酶促和非酶促抗氧化剂的存在。在冰冻环境中补充抗氧化剂的利用是对抗氧化应激的一种策略。本文综述了抗氧化剂对精子冷冻影响的最新研究进展。
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