Assessing CMIP6 models in simulating meteo-oceanographic variability on Spanish continental coasts

The ocean is a key player in the Earth's climate, absorbing heat and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The ocean's temperature and salinity are influenced by climate change, which can significantly impact marine ecosystems. Reliable data sets of atmospheric and oceanographic parameters are of special interest in coastal productive areas to adequately monitor their variability at regional and local levels. It is therefore essential to continue monitoring and studying the ocean to develop effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. In this context, the main aim of this study is to identify the Earth System Models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) that best capture the variability of water temperature, salinity, and wind speed along the continental Spanish coasts, using them to estimate future impacts in these regions. To achieve this, a multifaceted approach is used, encompassing a historical (2000−2014) assessment comparing ESM outputs to in situ observations from Puertos del Estado (PdE) oceanographic buoys, an examination of the present period (2015−2022) under three IPCC scenarios (SSP1−2.6, SSP2−4.5, and SSP5−8.5), and a projection of future (2023−2100) trends using the same emission scenarios. Results showed that the ESMs from CMIP6 can reproduce the historical patterns of meteo-oceanographic properties, rendering them valuable tools for climate change studies. In the future (2100), considering the most pessimistic scenario (SSP5−8.5), the water temperature may increase by 2.8°C, salinity may decrease by -1.6, and wind speed may decrease by -0.4 m·s⁻¹. These projected changes can significantly impact the Spanish coasts, jeopardizing the growth, reproduction, survival, abundance, and distribution of some marine species.