Dual-band electromagnetic sensing using GO-doped SnO2 nanoparticles: structural, dielectric, and resonance behavior in the C- and X-bands

Abstract

In this work Sol–Gel synthesized Sn_(1−z) GO_zO₂, (where z = 0, 0.01, and 0.02) nanoparticles were used as a SUT (Sample under test) on Flame Retardant (FR-4) substrate-based fabricated sensor and detailed characterizations of their structural, morphological, and dielectric properties have been obtained. The sensor has good resonance at two different frequencies, 4.8 and 8.4 GHz, with S₁₁ of − 22.29 and − 19.60 dB (for z = 0), − 24.63 and − 21.36 dB (for z = 0.01), and − 24.93 and − 21.95 dB (for z = 0.02), respectively, according to the experimental findings. The results exhibit minimal variations from the experimental findings and are in perfect alignment with the simulated mirrored sensor tuned to function at 4.85 GHz and 7.35 GHz frequencies with insertion loss less than − 20 dB. A detailed understanding of the interactions between crystallite size, frequency, dielectric constant, and reflection coefficients can be achieved through the comprehensive analysis of the Sample Under Test (SUT). Through simulation, and VNA measurements its performance has been verified, showing promise for a variety of applications in the C-, and X- bands. The design and optimization of sophisticated electromagnetic materials, where exact control over dielectric and reflection characteristics is critical, would greatly benefit from these findings.