Photocatalytic and Electrochemical Synthesis of Biofuel via Efficient Valorization of Biomass

Abstract

The excessive use of fossil fuels has significantly increased environmental stress, driving the need for green, sustainable biofuel alternatives. Innovations in photocatalysis (PC), electrocatalysis (EC), and their synergistic approaches, like photothermal catalysis (PTC), photo-enzymatic catalysis (PENC), and photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), offer advanced methods for biomass conversion into biofuels, surpassing traditional limitations. However, comprehensive research on these conversion processes is still lacking. This review aims to systematically analyze recent progress in catalytic strategies for biomass-to-biofuel conversion. It first describes the characteristics, types, and properties of biomass and biofuels. Then, it explores the fundamental mechanisms of PC, EC, and combined catalytic technologies. The chemical pathways involved in conversion—such as transesterification, esterification, hydrogenation, decarboxylation, bond cleavage, and cyclization—are examined. Efficient catalyst design for specific reactions and factors influencing catalyst efficiency and conversion rates are also discussed. Additionally, this paper assesses the environmental impact and economic benefits of green catalytic technology in biofuel production, offering a valuable reference for biomass energy research and application. It addresses challenges in technology deployment for biofuel production and suggests future research directions, aiming to provide scientific guidance and technical support for the development of this vital field. In summary, this review underscores the importance of continued innovation and research in catalytic biomass conversion to promote sustainable biofuel solutions.