Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1007/s11270-024-07264-5
Amina Muzamil, Khawar Sultan, Abeer Hashem, Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada, Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah, Qamar uz Zaman
Urban areas worldwide face significant challenges from increasing air pollution, posing health risks and environmental concerns. Lahore, a major city in Pakistan, is particularly affected by severe air pollution due to rapid industrial growth, high vehicle emissions, and various human activities. Traditional air quality monitoring methods, while effective, are often costly and complex, limiting their widespread use. This study investigates a dual monitoring system combining passive biomonitoring with spider web silk and active measurements using portable instruments to assess airborne pollutants in urban environments. Spider webs, collected from various sites in Lahore, were analyzed for heavy metals, while portable instruments simultaneously measured PM2.5, PM10, total volatile organic contents, formaldehyde, and carbon monoxide at the same locations. A spatial distribution analysis using GIS and statistical analysis revealed a pattern with significant changes as per land use in the urban environment related to anthropogenic activities. The Principal Component Analysis revealed three distinct clusters of pollutants origins consisting of: I) effluent drains and landfills, II) construction sites, and III) residential areas. The concentrations of Hg in spider silk (average ~ 2.66 mg/kg) were found to be significantly higher in the northeastern part of Lahore, with a similar trend observed in Cd, Cu, Ni, and As levels (average ~ 15.45, 102.87, 31.72, and 6.64, respectively). Several-fold changes in levels and spatial distribution of Pb (15.12 to 356.41 mg/kg) showed a higher concentration in the northern and northeastern parts of Lahore. The spatial variation pattern of Cr (average~ 57.04 mg/kg) registered a higher concentration in southwestern Lahore. Ambient air levels of measured pollutants followed almost similar patterns in spatial distribution. PM2.5 and PM10 measured higher levels (195 and 226 μg/m3, respectively) in the southwestern and northwestern areas, with a similar pattern of variation observed in TVOC (average ~ 0.14 μg/m3). The concentration of HCHO (average ~ 0.003 μg/m3) was higher in the southwest of Lahore. All measured pollutants registered higher values than air quality standards. Particulate matter is the most dominant pollutant contributing to air pollution (up to 20x higher than WHO guidelines). The findings support the use of a dual monitoring system, integrating passive spider web silk biomonitoring and active portable instruments, as a scalable and sustainable solution for air quality management. This approach holds potential for global application in diverse urban environments, with future research focusing on further validation and integration with advanced remote sensing technologies to enhance air quality monitoring and contribute to improved public health and environmental management worldwide. Hence, this research work points to the pote
{"title":"Integrating Passive Biomonitoring and Active Monitoring: Spider Web Silk and Portable Instruments for Air Quality in Urban Areas","authors":"Amina Muzamil, Khawar Sultan, Abeer Hashem, Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada, Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah, Qamar uz Zaman","doi":"10.1007/s11270-024-07264-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07264-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Urban areas worldwide face significant challenges from increasing air pollution, posing health risks and environmental concerns. Lahore, a major city in Pakistan, is particularly affected by severe air pollution due to rapid industrial growth, high vehicle emissions, and various human activities. Traditional air quality monitoring methods, while effective, are often costly and complex, limiting their widespread use. This study investigates a dual monitoring system combining passive biomonitoring with spider web silk and active measurements using portable instruments to assess airborne pollutants in urban environments. Spider webs, collected from various sites in Lahore, were analyzed for heavy metals, while portable instruments simultaneously measured PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, total volatile organic contents, formaldehyde, and carbon monoxide at the same locations. A spatial distribution analysis using GIS and statistical analysis revealed a pattern with significant changes as per land use in the urban environment related to anthropogenic activities. The Principal Component Analysis revealed three distinct clusters of pollutants origins consisting of: I) effluent drains and landfills, II) construction sites, and III) residential areas. The concentrations of Hg in spider silk (average ~ 2.66 mg/kg) were found to be significantly higher in the northeastern part of Lahore, with a similar trend observed in Cd, Cu, Ni, and As levels (average ~ 15.45, 102.87, 31.72, and 6.64, respectively). Several-fold changes in levels and spatial distribution of Pb (15.12 to 356.41 mg/kg) showed a higher concentration in the northern and northeastern parts of Lahore. The spatial variation pattern of Cr (average~ 57.04 mg/kg) registered a higher concentration in southwestern Lahore. Ambient air levels of measured pollutants followed almost similar patterns in spatial distribution. PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> measured higher levels (195 and 226 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively) in the southwestern and northwestern areas, with a similar pattern of variation observed in TVOC (average ~ 0.14 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). The concentration of HCHO (average ~ 0.003 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) was higher in the southwest of Lahore. All measured pollutants registered higher values than air quality standards. Particulate matter is the most dominant pollutant contributing to air pollution (up to 20x higher than WHO guidelines). The findings support the use of a dual monitoring system, integrating passive spider web silk biomonitoring and active portable instruments, as a scalable and sustainable solution for air quality management. This approach holds potential for global application in diverse urban environments, with future research focusing on further validation and integration with advanced remote sensing technologies to enhance air quality monitoring and contribute to improved public health and environmental management worldwide. Hence, this research work points to the pote","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.52,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141528620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastics (MPs) are greatly released into soils in different ways, specifically through mulching practices in irrigated loess soils in northern Iran as the fertile and susceptible soils to water erosion. This study was conducted to examine the effects of Polyethylene (PE) (a common kind of MPs used in mulching farming in loess soils of north Iran), in a Loess soil under an experimental study. A loess soil was collected from 0- 30 cm surface and incubated at two levels of PE (2.5 and 5 % by weight) in two sizes (1-2 mm and >2mm) for 60 days, at 70% of field capacity moisture and temperature of 25-28 ° C. Soils samples were collected in 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after incubation and different soil chemical, physical, mechanical and biological properties were measured. The results showed that soil pH was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by timing (time after incubation), and application rate of MPs. Inclusion of MPs led to increasing bulk density significantly (P<0.05) and also led to reducing aggregation and mean weight diameter (MWD) compared to control soil. The rate of MWD decreasing varied from 79 % to 87 % in different rates of MPs application. Among the mechanical attributes, liquid limit, plastic limit, and plastic index, all were reduced significantly (P<0.05) after mixing up and incubation with MPs. Reducing aggregation and aeration in treated soils compared to control soils, led to lowering soil microbial respiration, especially with timing. As our results about the effects of MPs in loess soils in a few cases were contrary to other soils studied worldwide, further studies are recommended to perform in loess soils in northern Iran, where receive considerable MPs by farming and open landfill practices in the studied region.
{"title":"Impacts of Different Sizes and Concentrations of Polyethylene on Chemical, Physical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties in a Loess Soil","authors":"Rozhin Sarlak, Soheila Ebrahimi, Elham Malekzadeh, Seyed Ali Reza Movahedi Naeini","doi":"10.1007/s11270-024-07297-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07297-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microplastics (MPs) are greatly released into soils in different ways, specifically through mulching practices in irrigated loess soils in northern Iran as the fertile and susceptible soils to water erosion. This study was conducted to examine the effects of Polyethylene (PE) (a common kind of MPs used in mulching farming in loess soils of north Iran), in a Loess soil under an experimental study. A loess soil was collected from 0- 30 cm surface and incubated at two levels of PE (2.5 and 5 % by weight) in two sizes (1-2 mm and >2mm) for 60 days, at 70% of field capacity moisture and temperature of 25-28 ° C. Soils samples were collected in 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after incubation and different soil chemical, physical, mechanical and biological properties were measured. The results showed that soil pH was significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) reduced by timing (time after incubation), and application rate of MPs. Inclusion of MPs led to increasing bulk density significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) and also led to reducing aggregation and mean weight diameter (MWD) compared to control soil. The rate of MWD decreasing varied from 79 % to 87 % in different rates of MPs application. Among the mechanical attributes, liquid limit, plastic limit, and plastic index, all were reduced significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) after mixing up and incubation with MPs. Reducing aggregation and aeration in treated soils compared to control soils, led to lowering soil microbial respiration, especially with timing. As our results about the effects of MPs in loess soils in a few cases were contrary to other soils studied worldwide, further studies are recommended to perform in loess soils in northern Iran, where receive considerable MPs by farming and open landfill practices in the studied region.</p>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.52,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the theoretical foundation behind the application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for neonicotinoid quantification. Our findings demonstrate that SERS intensities are determined by the thermodynamic adsorption behaviors of neonicotinoid molecules transitioning from aqueous phases to gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surfaces. The dynamic ranges and limits of detection can be accurately predicted by classic adsorption isotherms.
{"title":"Emerging investigator series: quantitative insights into the relationship between the concentrations and SERS intensities of neonicotinoids in water","authors":"Shengdong Liu, James Lazarcik, Haoran Wei","doi":"10.1039/d4en00221k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4en00221k","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the theoretical foundation behind the application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for neonicotinoid quantification. Our findings demonstrate that SERS intensities are determined by the thermodynamic adsorption behaviors of neonicotinoid molecules transitioning from aqueous phases to gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surfaces. The dynamic ranges and limits of detection can be accurately predicted by classic adsorption isotherms.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laxman Raikar, Atul Patel, Jemi Gandhi, KVK Gupta, Halan Prakash
TiO2 is promising for photocatalytic treatment of water contaminated with organic micropollutants. However, it is hard to recover TiO2 slurry from water. Energy intensive separation methods are required to recover TiO2, which is a setback for effective usage of TiO2 for water treatment. Herein, we present nano-TiO2 immobilized with Polyvinylidene fluoride spongy beads (TP) by simple phase inversion of mixture of TiO2 (1 %), PVDF (13 %) and PVP (0.7 %), for degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a micropollutant in water under UVA LED irradiation with easy TP recovery. Stable immobilization of TiO2 with PVDF beads is attributed to interactions between Ti-F atoms. Pseudo first order rate constant value (kobs = 0.0761 min-1) was determined for degradation of CIP by TP. Radical scavenging, chronoamperometry and ESR analysis revealed the presence of O2-•, h+, HO• and 1O2 reactive species. LC-HRMS analysis detected ten degradation byproducts with plausible degradation pathways. Importantly, antibacterial activity of CIP against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was totally removed after 60 min treatment. TP beads were easily recovered by using a simple strainer. TP was recovered and reused 30 times, and no significant TiO2 leaching into water demonstrated its stable immobilization. TP photocatalysis under UVA LED irradiation proves an energy efficient treatment method with electrical energy per order of 24.20 kWh/m3/order. Overall, the study highlights a concrete way to effectively use TiO2 photocatalyst for water treatment by immobilization via a simple phase inversion method.
{"title":"Nano-TiO2 immobilized Polyvinylidene fluoride based spongy-spheres: Ciprofloxacin photocatalytic degradation with antibacterial activity removal, mechanism, UVA LED irradiation and easy recovery","authors":"Laxman Raikar, Atul Patel, Jemi Gandhi, KVK Gupta, Halan Prakash","doi":"10.1039/d4en00302k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4en00302k","url":null,"abstract":"TiO<small><sub>2</sub></small> is promising for photocatalytic treatment of water contaminated with organic micropollutants. However, it is hard to recover TiO<small><sub>2</sub></small> slurry from water. Energy intensive separation methods are required to recover TiO<small><sub>2</sub></small>, which is a setback for effective usage of TiO<small><sub>2</sub></small> for water treatment. Herein, we present nano-TiO<small><sub>2</sub></small> immobilized with Polyvinylidene fluoride spongy beads (TP) by simple phase inversion of mixture of TiO<small><sub>2</sub></small> (1 %), PVDF (13 %) and PVP (0.7 %), for degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a micropollutant in water under UVA LED irradiation with easy TP recovery. Stable immobilization of TiO<small><sub>2</sub></small> with PVDF beads is attributed to interactions between Ti-F atoms. Pseudo first order rate constant value (k<small><sub>obs</sub></small> = 0.0761 min<small><sup>-1</sup></small>) was determined for degradation of CIP by TP. Radical scavenging, chronoamperometry and ESR analysis revealed the presence of O<small><sub>2</sub></small><small><sup>-•</sup></small>, h<small><sup>+</sup></small>, HO<small><sup>•</sup></small> and <small><sup>1</sup></small>O<small><sub>2</sub></small> reactive species. LC-HRMS analysis detected ten degradation byproducts with plausible degradation pathways. Importantly, antibacterial activity of CIP against <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> was totally removed after 60 min treatment. TP beads were easily recovered by using a simple strainer. TP was recovered and reused 30 times, and no significant TiO<small><sub>2</sub></small> leaching into water demonstrated its stable immobilization. TP photocatalysis under UVA LED irradiation proves an energy efficient treatment method with electrical energy per order of 24.20 kWh/m<small><sup>3</sup></small>/order. Overall, the study highlights a concrete way to effectively use TiO<small><sub>2</sub></small> photocatalyst for water treatment by immobilization via a simple phase inversion method.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rocco Gasco, Isabelle A. M. Worms, Arin Kantarciyan, Vera I Slaveykova
Silver nanoparticles (nAg) are extensively used across various fields and are frequently introduced into aquatic environments, where their behavior depends on environmental conditions. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) derived from aquatic organisms, such as diatoms, could play an important yet to be explored role in shaping the fate of nAg in aquatic environment. This study investigates the interactions between EPS, particularly those from the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana, and citrate-coated nAg. The main objective is to understand how EPS influence the behaviours of nAg in freshwater settings, in terms of modulation of the nAg surface properties, colloidal stability and dissolution. To achieve these objectives a combination of the state-of-the-art spectroscopic and imaging techniques was employed. nAg was incubated with EPS isolated from an axenic C. meneghiniana culture, and their interactions were explored in a simulated freshwater environment over both short-term (0-2 hours) and long-term (0-72 hours) periods. The study focused on the changes in nAg, examining surface modulation, colloidal stability, dissolution, EPS adsorption on nAg, and the resulting ecocorona formation.The results indicate that EPS enhance the colloidal stability of nAg and decrease their dissolution in synthetic freshwater by adsorbing onto their surface and inducing steric repulsion between nAg particles. Visualization of the eco-corona formed by diatom EPS on nAg and its impact on aggregation processes is achieved through transmission electron microscopy. The formation of the EPS corona is attributed to the presence of diverse biopolymers within EPS, particularly proteins and polysaccharides. Fluorescence quenching studies on protein fluorophores demonstrate the formation, through hydrophobic interactions, of protein-nAg complex, further confirmed by AF4-DAD-FLD-ICP-MS. In a broader context, the results of this mechanistic study imply that diatoms, through the release of EPS, may significantly influence the destiny and possibly the bioavailability of nAg in EPS-abundant aquatic environments.
纳米银(nAg)被广泛应用于各个领域,并经常被引入水生环境,其行为取决于环境条件。来自硅藻等水生生物的胞外高分子物质(EPS)在影响 nAg 在水生环境中的归宿方面可能发挥着重要作用,但这一作用尚待探索。本研究调查了 EPS(尤其是硅藻 Cyclotella meneghiniana 中的 EPS)与柠檬酸盐涂层 nAg 之间的相互作用。主要目的是了解 EPS 如何在调节 nAg 表面特性、胶体稳定性和溶解性方面影响 nAg 在淡水环境中的行为。将 nAg 与从 C. meneghiniana 轴向培养物中分离出来的 EPS 一起培养,并在模拟淡水环境中探索它们在短期(0-2 小时)和长期(0-72 小时)内的相互作用。结果表明,EPS 通过吸附在 nAg 表面和诱导 nAg 颗粒之间的立体排斥,增强了 nAg 的胶体稳定性,并降低了它们在合成淡水中的溶解度。通过透射电子显微镜,可以观察到硅藻 EPS 在 nAg 上形成的生态电晕及其对聚集过程的影响。EPS 电晕的形成是由于 EPS 中存在多种生物聚合物,特别是蛋白质和多糖。对蛋白质荧光团的荧光淬灭研究表明,通过疏水相互作用,形成了蛋白质-银复合物,AF4-DAD-FLD-ICP-MS 进一步证实了这一点。从更广泛的角度来看,这项机理研究的结果表明,硅藻通过释放 EPS,可能会极大地影响 EPS 丰富的水生环境中 nAg 的去向,甚至可能影响其生物利用率。
{"title":"Diatom-Derived Extracellular Polymeric Substances Form Eco-corona and Enhance Stability of Silver Nanoparticles","authors":"Rocco Gasco, Isabelle A. M. Worms, Arin Kantarciyan, Vera I Slaveykova","doi":"10.1039/d4en00232f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4en00232f","url":null,"abstract":"Silver nanoparticles (nAg) are extensively used across various fields and are frequently introduced into aquatic environments, where their behavior depends on environmental conditions. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) derived from aquatic organisms, such as diatoms, could play an important yet to be explored role in shaping the fate of nAg in aquatic environment. This study investigates the interactions between EPS, particularly those from the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana, and citrate-coated nAg. The main objective is to understand how EPS influence the behaviours of nAg in freshwater settings, in terms of modulation of the nAg surface properties, colloidal stability and dissolution. To achieve these objectives a combination of the state-of-the-art spectroscopic and imaging techniques was employed. nAg was incubated with EPS isolated from an axenic C. meneghiniana culture, and their interactions were explored in a simulated freshwater environment over both short-term (0-2 hours) and long-term (0-72 hours) periods. The study focused on the changes in nAg, examining surface modulation, colloidal stability, dissolution, EPS adsorption on nAg, and the resulting ecocorona formation.The results indicate that EPS enhance the colloidal stability of nAg and decrease their dissolution in synthetic freshwater by adsorbing onto their surface and inducing steric repulsion between nAg particles. Visualization of the eco-corona formed by diatom EPS on nAg and its impact on aggregation processes is achieved through transmission electron microscopy. The formation of the EPS corona is attributed to the presence of diverse biopolymers within EPS, particularly proteins and polysaccharides. Fluorescence quenching studies on protein fluorophores demonstrate the formation, through hydrophobic interactions, of protein-nAg complex, further confirmed by AF4-DAD-FLD-ICP-MS. In a broader context, the results of this mechanistic study imply that diatoms, through the release of EPS, may significantly influence the destiny and possibly the bioavailability of nAg in EPS-abundant aquatic environments.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141452862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1007/s11270-024-07241-y
Véronique Deluchat, Jean-Claude Bollinger
{"title":"About the Sorption of P(v) on Fe(iii) Oxyhydroxides: Comments and Corrections to the Paper by Xu, Zhu and Xiong [Water, Air & Soil Pollution 233:454 (2022)]","authors":"Véronique Deluchat, Jean-Claude Bollinger","doi":"10.1007/s11270-024-07241-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07241-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.52,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141530061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Balancing the benefits and undesirable environmental impacts is essential for ensuring successful applications of emerging nano-agrochemicals. However, there is a lack of transparent and explainable trade-off methodologies in this safety-sensitive field. Here, an explainable machine learning-driven multi-objective optimization approach is proposed to maximize the performance and minimize undesirable implications of seed nanopriming. The root dry weight under salinity stress and the relative concentration of the constituent elements of used nanoparticles in shoots are considered prospective indicators of the benefit and risk, respectively. An ensemble strategy of model explanation, based on self-explainable models, is employed to obtain more reliable, unbiased, and trustworthy results with small datasets. Multi-objective optimization is employed to select potential treatments among numerous generated candidates based on the predictions of explainable machine learning models. Furthermore, model explanations are combined with prior knowledge to explain this selection process and elucidate the factors’ effects on the benefit and risk. The explanation results highlight the importance of considering the well-known concentration-dependent effect of nanoparticles in conjunction with other factors such as Zeta potential and surface area, which is further verified by statistical analysis. Together, this study provides a promising approach to accelerating the discovery, assessment, and regulation of nanomaterials and may facilitate their sustainable applications in agriculture and the environment.
{"title":"Optimizing benefit-risk trade-off in nano-agrochemicals through explainable machine learning: Beyond concentration","authors":"Hengjie Yu, Shiyu Tang, Eslam Hamed, Sam Fong Yau Li, Yaochu Jin, Fang Cheng","doi":"10.1039/d4en00213j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4en00213j","url":null,"abstract":"Balancing the benefits and undesirable environmental impacts is essential for ensuring successful applications of emerging nano-agrochemicals. However, there is a lack of transparent and explainable trade-off methodologies in this safety-sensitive field. Here, an explainable machine learning-driven multi-objective optimization approach is proposed to maximize the performance and minimize undesirable implications of seed nanopriming. The root dry weight under salinity stress and the relative concentration of the constituent elements of used nanoparticles in shoots are considered prospective indicators of the benefit and risk, respectively. An ensemble strategy of model explanation, based on self-explainable models, is employed to obtain more reliable, unbiased, and trustworthy results with small datasets. Multi-objective optimization is employed to select potential treatments among numerous generated candidates based on the predictions of explainable machine learning models. Furthermore, model explanations are combined with prior knowledge to explain this selection process and elucidate the factors’ effects on the benefit and risk. The explanation results highlight the importance of considering the well-known concentration-dependent effect of nanoparticles in conjunction with other factors such as Zeta potential and surface area, which is further verified by statistical analysis. Together, this study provides a promising approach to accelerating the discovery, assessment, and regulation of nanomaterials and may facilitate their sustainable applications in agriculture and the environment.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1007/s11270-024-07268-1
Marzena Kaźmierczak, Ewa Błońska, Jarosław Lasota
Heavy metals accumulate and bind strongly in soil, making them difficult to eliminate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and European hazelnut (Coryllus avellana) admixtures in pine monocultures on the accumulation and vertical distribution of heavy metals in soil surface horizons. Ten sites each of pine stands admixed with alder buckthorn, pine stands admixed with European hazelnut, and pine monocultures in the Rybnik Forest District in southern Poland were selected for each variant. For the study, soil samples were taken from each site from the organic and mineral horizons and analysed for N and C contents, C/N ratio, pHH2O, base cation contents, and heavy metal contents. For all three stand compositions, the organic horizons showed a significant accumulation of heavy metals compared to the mineral horizons. Heavy metal content was correlated with pH, N and C contents, C/N ratio, and base cation contents. The admixture of shrubs, especially European hazelnut, positively affected soil organic matter quality and, consequently, the accumulation of heavy metals. European hazelnut had the most beneficial soil effects on the tested soil, which confirms that this species can be used in planning species composition, particularly in regions prone to heavy pollutant deposition.
{"title":"Exploring the Role of Shrubs in Modulating Heavy Metal Accumulation in Forest Soils in Single-Species Pine Stands","authors":"Marzena Kaźmierczak, Ewa Błońska, Jarosław Lasota","doi":"10.1007/s11270-024-07268-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07268-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Heavy metals accumulate and bind strongly in soil, making them difficult to eliminate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of alder buckthorn (<i>Frangula alnus</i>) and European hazelnut <i>(Coryllus avellana</i>) admixtures in pine monocultures on the accumulation and vertical distribution of heavy metals in soil surface horizons. Ten sites each of pine stands admixed with alder buckthorn, pine stands admixed with European hazelnut, and pine monocultures in the Rybnik Forest District in southern Poland were selected for each variant. For the study, soil samples were taken from each site from the organic and mineral horizons and analysed for N and C contents, C/N ratio, pHH<sub>2</sub>O, base cation contents, and heavy metal contents. For all three stand compositions, the organic horizons showed a significant accumulation of heavy metals compared to the mineral horizons. Heavy metal content was correlated with pH, N and C contents, C/N ratio, and base cation contents. The admixture of shrubs, especially European hazelnut, positively affected soil organic matter quality and, consequently, the accumulation of heavy metals. European hazelnut had the most beneficial soil effects on the tested soil, which confirms that this species can be used in planning species composition, particularly in regions prone to heavy pollutant deposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.52,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1007/s11270-024-07271-6
Carlos Noriega, Humberto Varona, Carmen Medeiros, Aubains Hounsou-Gbo, Julia Araujo, Moacyr Araujo
Public data from sixty tropical rivers were used to explore variations in C, N, and P and the potential impact of anthropogenic activities over a decade on freshwater bodies. The results showed the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) varying between 2.7–73.0 mg C l−1; whereas Total Nitrogen observations showed concentrations between 0.9 and 32.0 mg N l−1 and Total Phosphorus showed a higher frequency of data in the range of 0.02–0.4 mg P l−1. The annual total C load (TC) was estimated at 32.7 Tg C yr−1, where dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) accounted for 69% of TC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contributed 22%. The stoichiometry showed P depletion relative to C and/or N in 39 of the sixty rivers (65%). This was further supported by the fact that most catchments had TOC values > 50% (C/N/P = 100%). A significant trend was found for yearly fluxes of TOC for the period 2008–2018 (Mann–Kendall test; p = 0.0006; α = 0.05). Land-use and cover at period 2008–2018 indicated a trend of increasing anthropized area of 4%, whereas the natural area decreased by 3.1%. The organic load trend analysis showed 85% of municipalities with a positive trend, this high rate in the remaining organic load is indicative of urban and agricultural in the region.
{"title":"Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Fluxes in Sixty Tropical Brazilian Rivers: Current Status, Stoichiometry and Trends","authors":"Carlos Noriega, Humberto Varona, Carmen Medeiros, Aubains Hounsou-Gbo, Julia Araujo, Moacyr Araujo","doi":"10.1007/s11270-024-07271-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07271-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Public data from sixty tropical rivers were used to explore variations in C, N, and P and the potential impact of anthropogenic activities over a decade on freshwater bodies. The results showed the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) varying between 2.7–73.0 mg C l<sup>−1</sup>; whereas Total Nitrogen observations showed concentrations between 0.9 and 32.0 mg N l<sup>−1</sup> and Total Phosphorus showed a higher frequency of data in the range of 0.02–0.4 mg P l<sup>−1</sup>. The annual total C load (TC) was estimated at 32.7 Tg C yr<sup>−1</sup>, where dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) accounted for 69% of TC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contributed 22%. The stoichiometry showed P depletion relative to C and/or N in 39 of the sixty rivers (65%). This was further supported by the fact that most catchments had TOC values > 50% (C/N/P = 100%). A significant trend was found for yearly fluxes of TOC for the period 2008–2018 (Mann–Kendall test; <i>p</i> = 0.0006; α = 0.05). Land-use and cover at period 2008–2018 indicated a trend of increasing anthropized area of 4%, whereas the natural area decreased by 3.1%. The organic load trend analysis showed 85% of municipalities with a positive trend, this high rate in the remaining organic load is indicative of urban and agricultural in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.52,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141528619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whether in ant-aphid mutualism the ants exert evolutionary selection pressure on aphid morphology has not yet been fully tested. Here, we tested whether the long proboscises of Stomaphis yanonis (Aphididae Lachninae) aphids confer an advantage in preventing predation by the tending ants. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that aphids with a shorter proboscis would excrete less honeydew, making them more likely to be preyed upon by ants. Our results showed that aphid individuals with a shorter proboscis took up less phloem sap and excreted less honeydew than individuals with a longer proboscis. In addition, among aphids with a similar body size, those with a shorter proboscis were more susceptible to predation by ants than those with a longer proboscis. These results suggest that predation by tending ants, by exerting selection pressure on aphid proboscis morphology, has caused the aphids to evolve longer proboscises.
{"title":"The long proboscis of the aphid Stomaphis yanonis (Aphididae Lachninae) is advantageous for avoiding predation by tending ants.","authors":"Takumi Matsuura, Shunsuke Nakamura, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Tsubasa Toji, Takao Itino","doi":"10.1007/s00114-024-01922-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-024-01922-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whether in ant-aphid mutualism the ants exert evolutionary selection pressure on aphid morphology has not yet been fully tested. Here, we tested whether the long proboscises of Stomaphis yanonis (Aphididae Lachninae) aphids confer an advantage in preventing predation by the tending ants. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that aphids with a shorter proboscis would excrete less honeydew, making them more likely to be preyed upon by ants. Our results showed that aphid individuals with a shorter proboscis took up less phloem sap and excreted less honeydew than individuals with a longer proboscis. In addition, among aphids with a similar body size, those with a shorter proboscis were more susceptible to predation by ants than those with a longer proboscis. These results suggest that predation by tending ants, by exerting selection pressure on aphid proboscis morphology, has caused the aphids to evolve longer proboscises.</p>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141445220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}