人文科学最新文献

The current study investigates the comprehension of Mandarin Chinese's mei…shenme (not-what) construction among Korean-speaking learners, particularly their acquisition of the 'none' and 'insignificance' readings of this negative wh-pronoun construction. The 'insignificance' reading in Mandarin, which is analogous to the English word "hardly", represents a subtle and frequently used aspect of the language. However, this nuance is absent in Korean, which only conveys the 'none' reading and communicates a complete negation of the sentence. The 'insignificant' reading involves syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic interplay, posing a potential challenge for L2 (second language) learners. Adopting the same truth value judgment task from the L1 (first language) acquisition study by Huang and Crain (Lang Acquis 21(4):339-364, 2014), we found that Korean-speaking learners of Mandarin follow a developmental trajectory similar to L1 learners, acquiring the 'none' reading before the 'insignificance' reading. The observed acquisition of the 'insignificance' reading by advanced learners prompts a careful reconsideration of the Interface Hypothesis, which posits that linguistic properties involving external interface such as pragmatics are particular challenging for L2 acquisition. Overall, the study suggests that inherent linguistic structures are instrumental in initial learning stages, but the extent of exposure to naturalistic language use is also indispensable for the mastery of language subtleties.

Healthcare providers often rely on the following sort of concerning reasoning when encountering patients with difficult-to-explain symptoms: in the absence of evidence for a physical cause, the symptoms are presumed to be psychological in origin. In this paper, we take up this concern in the context of chronic pain, with particular attention to how such reasoning disproportionately affects women and how it interacts with the many levels of gender bias in medicine. We first examine the unwarranted inference from diagnostic uncertainty to psychogenic diagnosis and explore how identity prejudice and diagnostic uncertainty interact in clinical practice. We then consider additional contributors to diagnostic uncertainty concerning women's pain: gendered research gaps and male-centered diagnostic paradigms. After outlining the harms associated with psychogenic diagnoses, we consider the objection that such diagnoses might be pragmatically justified. We end by calling for a more nuanced approach to diagnosing and treating chronic pain.​​.

Introduction: Brazil has one of the largest drug retail markets globally and more than three times the recommended number of pharmacies per inhabitant. In this scenario, pharmacists have ethical dilemmas that lead to poor credibility among the population. Due to the lack of studies that address the view of stakeholders who are essential in delineating the code of conduct in this scenario, they had to be heard so that business imperatives could be better understood. This study aimed to understand the perceptions of drug retail stakeholders regarding the influences, causes, and strategies needed to minimize ethical dilemmas in pharmacy practice.

Methods: Nineteen semi-structured interviews were conducted online, transcribed, and analyzed by content analysis. Word clouds and themes were created, and we compared the opinions reported by the groups of managers and mentors.

Results: The results of the perceptions were classified into the following themes: (a) Industry Enticement-main consequence, (b) "Push therapy" and strategies to minimize these dilemmas, (c) Assimilating that selling is not unethical, (d) Compliance, (e) Collective goals, (f) Generating profits through services. The poor diffusion of compliance programs and the fragile autonomy of the pharmacist keep the profession on the "tightrope". Therefore, investing more in services and state actions for patient safety rather than in products could balance this scenario.

Conclusion: The ethical discourse of stakeholders remains ideological and is not consolidated in pharmacy practice. Accelerating market regulation through compliance and effective state action, as well as monetizing pharmaceutical services, could create a more ethical environment for the sector.

The remand prison of the East German Ministry of State Security in Berlin-Hohenschönhausen was the central prison of the East German secret service. It was mainly used for the investigation of political offences. In 1960, a hospital was established in the remand prison, whose doctors, according to former inmates, abused their medical authority in the interests of the secret service. While the broader history of the prison and its investigative practices have been well researched, the medical care of prisoners remains largely unexplored. Based on a systematic analysis of prisoners' personal files and other archival sources, this paper examines the role and function of the prison hospital between 1960 and 1989. We argue that the hospital functioned primarily as a disciplinary institution, serving the interests of the secret service rather than the welfare of sick prisoners. The article also considers the role of prison doctors, caught between medical ethics and political loyalty, and examines the mechanisms of prisoner discipline. The findings suggest that the hospital in Berlin-Hohenschönhausen was part of the apparatus of political persecution.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is profoundly transforming the healthcare landscape, presenting unprecedented opportunities to enhance patient care and clinical outcomes. However, the rapid integration of AI technologies has raised significant ethical concerns, requiring rigorous scrutiny to ensure their responsible and equitable use. This study aimed to explore the ethical considerations and strategies related to the implementation of AI in healthcare through a systematic review. A systematic search identified 243 publications published between 2019 and 2025 that were initially identified. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 papers were selected for final synthesis to assess ethical concerns and strategies related to AI in healthcare. The analysis identified key ethical concerns, categorizing them into six distinct groups: (1) Transparency and Trust, (2) Bias and Fairness, (3) Privacy and Data Security, (4) Accountability and Responsibility, (5) Ethical and Moral, (6) Regulatory and Legal. Additionally, several ethical strategies were identified in the implementation of AI systems, including adherence to ethical principles, standards, and frameworks; transparency and bias mitigation; monitoring and auditing of AI systems; and stakeholder involvement and governance in decision-making processes. This review emphasizes the importance of addressing these ethical concerns to ensure the successful implementation of AI technologies in healthcare. The findings provide valuable insights and recommendations for stakeholders, including developers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers, to guide the ethical deployment of AI decision support systems in healthcare.