物理最新文献 - Book学术

Large language models for spreading dynamics in complex systems 复杂系统中扩展动力学的大型语言模型

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports

Pub Date : 2026-05-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.006

Shuyu Jiang , Hao Ren , Yichang Gao , Yi-Cheng Zhang , Li Qi , Dayong Xiao , Jie Fan , Rui Tang , Wei Wang

Spreading dynamics is a central topic in the physics of complex systems and network science, providing a unified framework for understanding how information, behaviors, and diseases propagate through interactions among system units. In many propagation contexts, spreading processes are influenced by multiple interacting factors, such as information expression patterns, cultural contexts, living environments, cognitive preferences, and public policies, which are difficult to incorporate directly into classical modeling frameworks. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have exhibited strong capabilities in natural language understanding, reasoning, and generation, enabling explicit perception of semantic content and contextual cues in spreading processes, thereby supporting the analysis of the different influencing factors. Beyond serving as external analytical tools, LLMs can also act as interactive agents embedded in propagation systems, potentially influencing spreading pathways and feedback structures. Consequently, the roles and impacts of LLMs on spreading dynamics have become an active and rapidly growing research area across multiple research disciplines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in applying LLMs to the study of spreading dynamics across two representative domains: digital epidemics, such as misinformation and rumors, and biological epidemics, including infectious disease outbreaks. We first examine the foundations of epidemic modeling from a complex-systems perspective and discuss how LLM-based approaches relate to traditional frameworks. We then systematically review recent studies from three key perspectives, which are epidemic modeling, epidemic detection and surveillance, and epidemic prediction and management, to clarify how LLMs enhance these areas. Finally, open challenges and potential research directions are discussed.

传播动力学是复杂系统和网络科学物理学中的一个中心主题，为理解信息、行为和疾病如何通过系统单元之间的相互作用传播提供了一个统一的框架。在许多传播情境中，传播过程受到信息表达方式、文化情境、生活环境、认知偏好和公共政策等多种相互作用因素的影响，这些因素难以直接纳入经典的建模框架。近年来，大型语言模型（llm）在自然语言理解、推理和生成方面表现出强大的能力，能够在传播过程中明确感知语义内容和上下文线索，从而支持对不同影响因素的分析。除了作为外部分析工具，法学硕士还可以作为嵌入传播系统的交互式代理，潜在地影响传播途径和反馈结构。因此，法学硕士在传播动力学中的作用和影响已成为跨多个研究学科活跃和快速发展的研究领域。这篇综述全面概述了将法学硕士应用于两个代表性领域的传播动力学研究的最新进展：数字流行病，如错误信息和谣言，以及生物流行病，包括传染病暴发。我们首先从复杂系统的角度研究流行病建模的基础，并讨论基于法学硕士的方法如何与传统框架相关联。然后，我们系统地回顾了最近的研究，从三个关键的角度，即流行病建模，流行病检测和监测，以及流行病预测和管理，以阐明法学硕士如何加强这些领域。最后，对存在的挑战和潜在的研究方向进行了讨论。

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引用次数: 0

Resonances through subwavelength holes: Theory, computation, and applications 透过亚波长空穴的共振：理论、计算与应用

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports

Pub Date : 2026-04-29 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.005

Junshan Lin , Hai Zhang

Electromagnetic wave scattering by subwavelength hole structures has received significant research interest in the past two decades, due to the unusual physical phenomena that arise in these media when external radiation is present, such as the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) and strongly localized optical field at the hole apertures. It turns out that resonances, which are broadly defined as complex eigenvalues of the underlying Maxwell’s operator, play a major role in EOT and anomalous field enhancement for such media. These resonances can be induced by the geometry (such as tiny holes) or the medium parameter (such as permittivity values) of the problem, or their collaborative interactions. In this paper, we survey the mathematical theory that has been developed to understand the various resonances in subwavelength hole structures, along with quantitative analyses of their resonant scattering and the induced EOT phenomena. We also review computational methods proposed for modeling resonant wave scattering in these multiscale media and the mathematical frameworks established for applications in sensing and imaging. Finally, we discuss open problems and outstanding mathematical challenges in the field. The mathematical investigation of the resonances for this class of problems provides the fundamental theory as well as computational algorithms for the design of more efficient subwavelength optical devices and their applications. It also sheds light on the studies of other related spectral problems with the differential operators defined over multiscale media.

在过去的二十年里，亚波长空穴结构的电磁波散射引起了人们的极大兴趣，因为当外部辐射存在时，这些介质中会出现不寻常的物理现象，例如异常光传输（EOT）和孔孔处的强局部光场。事实证明，共振（广义上定义为底层麦克斯韦算子的复特征值）在此类介质的EOT和异常场增强中起着重要作用。这些共振可以由问题的几何形状（如小孔）或介质参数（如介电常数值）或它们的协同相互作用引起。本文综述了用于理解亚波长空穴结构中各种共振的数学理论，并定量分析了它们的共振散射和诱发的EOT现象。我们还回顾了这些多尺度介质中共振波散射建模的计算方法，以及为传感和成像应用而建立的数学框架。最后，我们讨论了该领域的开放问题和突出的数学挑战。这类问题的共振的数学研究为设计更高效的亚波长光学器件及其应用提供了基础理论和计算算法。它还对多尺度介质上定义的微分算子的其他相关谱问题的研究提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Geometric bifurcation theory: Fisher information geometry applied to dynamical and complex systems 几何分岔理论：应用于动态和复杂系统的费雪信息几何

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports

Pub Date : 2026-04-23 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.004

Vinícius Barros da Silva , João Peres Vieira , Edson D. Leonel

Although geometrical methods have been applied across many fields of physics, their systematic use in connection with bifurcations and nonlinear phenomena only emerged between 2019 and 2024, when Fisher information geometry was employed to study bifurcations, limit cycles, and other nonlinear dynamical phenomena, leading to the covariant formulation of geometric bifurcation theory (GBT). In this approach, incorporating Fisher information theory into the axioms of nonlinear dynamics yields a corresponding Riemannian metric, allowing for the representation of dynamical systems as Riemannian manifolds. The metric and its scalar curvature are particularly valuable tools for exploring nonlinear phenomena, especially in cases where standard methods provide limited or no solutions. This report aims to review the main contributions of this geometrical formalism within the framework of dynamical systems governed by differential equations. In particular, we present a detailed overview of the mathematical framework of GBT, including the construction of Riemannian manifolds from dynamical systems, the Fisher information metric, and the role of scalar curvature in detecting local and global bifurcations, limit cycles, and other nonlinear phenomena. We also discuss how GBT provides a solution to the second part of Hilbert’s sixteenth problem, and how this result aligns with earlier findings obtained some time ago through other methods under somewhat different circumstances. Finally, we highlight the current state of GBT and promising directions for future research.

尽管几何方法已经应用于物理学的许多领域，但直到2019年至2024年，当Fisher信息几何被用于研究分岔、极限环和其他非线性动力学现象时，几何方法才系统地应用于分岔和非线性现象，从而导致了几何分岔理论（GBT）的协变公式。在这种方法中，将费雪信息理论结合到非线性动力学公理中产生相应的黎曼度量，允许将动力系统表示为黎曼流形。度规及其标量曲率是探索非线性现象的特别有价值的工具，特别是在标准方法提供有限或没有解决方案的情况下。本报告旨在回顾由微分方程控制的动力系统框架内这种几何形式主义的主要贡献。特别地，我们详细概述了GBT的数学框架，包括从动力系统构造黎曼流形，Fisher信息度量，以及标量曲率在检测局部和全局分岔，极限环和其他非线性现象中的作用。我们还讨论了GBT如何为希尔伯特第十六问题的第二部分提供解决方案，以及该结果如何与以前通过其他方法在不同情况下获得的早期发现相一致。最后，对GBT的研究现状和未来的研究方向进行了展望。

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引用次数: 0

Non-Newtonian rheological aspects of blood in computational hemodynamics 计算血流动力学中血液的非牛顿流变学方面

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.003

Salman Ahmad , Salman Zeb , Yifan Sun , Hengjie Guo , Yonghui Qiao

In medicine, invasive procedures involve cutting or penetrating the skin to access the inside of the body, whereas non-invasive procedures do not. Non-invasive diagnostic and treatment methods offer several advantages, including reduced discomfort and fewer potential complications compared to invasive approaches. Computational hemodynamics has emerged as a valuable approach for diagnosing and treating diseases of the human circulatory system, particularly in guiding optimal treatment options. This interdisciplinary field combines computational modeling, fluid dynamics, and medical imaging to explore blood flow behavior under various physiological conditions and in the context of diseases. Blood viscosity is recognized to exhibit non-Newtonian rheological properties, meaning it can change with shear rate. Empirical research has revealed that blood displays intricate non-Newtonian fluid characteristics (i.e., shear-thinning, viscoelasticity, yield stress, and thixotropy). Consequently, various computational and clinical analyses use various non-Newtonian fluid models to model blood. However, researchers have not reached a consensus on a single non-Newtonian fluid model that adequately describes the non-Newtonian characteristics of blood. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of all non-Newtonian fluid models along with the Newtonian model utilized in computational hemodynamics, highlighting the importance of understanding the complex rheological nature of blood and its impact on the dynamics of the circulatory system. In addition, this review examines various mathematical modeling approaches for the flow of blood in the circulatory system under different constraints, along with their solution methods, to suggest and optimize computational hemodynamics.

在医学上，侵入性手术涉及切割或穿透皮肤以进入身体内部，而非侵入性手术则不需要。与侵入性方法相比，非侵入性诊断和治疗方法有几个优点，包括减少不适和减少潜在并发症。计算血流动力学已成为诊断和治疗人体循环系统疾病的一种有价值的方法，特别是在指导最佳治疗方案方面。这个跨学科领域结合了计算建模、流体动力学和医学成像来探索各种生理条件下和疾病背景下的血流行为。血液粘度被认为具有非牛顿流变性能，这意味着它可以随剪切速率变化。实证研究表明，血液具有复杂的非牛顿流体特性（即剪切变薄、粘弹性、屈服应力和触变性）。因此，各种计算和临床分析使用各种非牛顿流体模型来模拟血液。然而，研究人员尚未就单一的非牛顿流体模型达成共识，该模型不能充分描述血液的非牛顿特性。本研究旨在全面回顾所有非牛顿流体模型以及计算血流动力学中使用的牛顿模型，强调理解血液的复杂流变特性及其对循环系统动力学的影响的重要性。此外，本文考察了不同约束条件下循环系统中血液流动的各种数学建模方法，以及它们的求解方法，以建议和优化计算血流动力学。

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引用次数: 0

Interplay of sync and swarm: Theory and application of swarmalators 同步与群体的相互作用：群集者的理论与应用

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports

Pub Date : 2026-04-14 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.002

Gourab Kumar Sar , Kevin O’Keeffe , Joao U.F. Lizárraga , Marcus A.M. de Aguiar , Christian Bettstetter , Dibakar Ghosh

Swarmalators, entities that combine the properties of swarming particles with synchronized oscillations, represent a novel and growing area of research in the study of collective behavior. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of swarmalator research, focusing on the interplay between spatial organization and temporal synchronization. After a brief introduction to synchronization and swarming as separate phenomena, we discuss the various mathematical models that have been developed to describe swarmalator systems, highlighting the key parameters that govern their dynamics. The review also discusses the emergence of complex patterns, such as clustering, phase waves, and synchronized states, and how these patterns are influenced by factors such as interaction range, coupling strength, and frequency distribution. Recently, some minimal models were proposed that are solvable and mimic real-world phenomena. The effect of predators in the swarmalator dynamics is also discussed. Finally, we explore potential applications in fields ranging from robotics to biological systems, where understanding the dual nature of swarming and synchronization could lead to innovative solutions. By synthesizing recent advances and identifying open challenges, this review aims to provide a foundation for future research in this interdisciplinary field.

群集者（Swarmalators）是将群集粒子的特性与同步振荡结合在一起的实体，它代表了集体行为研究中一个新兴的、不断发展的研究领域。本文从空间组织与时间同步的相互作用两方面综述了当前小虫的研究现状。在简要介绍同步和群集作为独立现象之后，我们讨论了用于描述群集系统的各种数学模型，重点介绍了控制其动力学的关键参数。本文还讨论了复杂模式的出现，如聚类、相波和同步状态，以及这些模式如何受到相互作用范围、耦合强度和频率分布等因素的影响。近年来，提出了一些可解的和模拟现实世界现象的最小模型。讨论了捕食者对蚁群动力学的影响。最后，我们探索了从机器人到生物系统等领域的潜在应用，在这些领域中，理解群体和同步的双重性质可能会带来创新的解决方案。本文旨在通过综合近年来的研究进展和发现存在的挑战，为该跨学科领域的未来研究奠定基础。

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引用次数: 0

Predictability of complex systems 复杂系统的可预测性

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports

Pub Date : 2026-04-09 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.001

En Xu , Yilin Bi , Hongwei Hu , Xin Chen , Zhiwen Yu , Yong Li , Yanqing Hu , Tao Zhou

The study of complex systems has attracted widespread attention from researchers in the fields of natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering. Prediction is one of the central issues in this field. Although most related studies have focused on prediction methods, research on the predictability of complex systems has received increasing attention across disciplines—aiming to provide theories and tools to address a key question: What are the limits of prediction accuracy? Predictability itself can serve as an important feature for characterizing complex systems, and accurate estimation of predictability can provide a benchmark for the study of prediction algorithms. This allows researchers to clearly identify the gap between current prediction accuracy and theoretical limits, thereby helping them determine whether there is still significant room to improve existing algorithms. More importantly, investigating predictability often requires the development of new theories and methods, which can further inspire the design of more effective algorithms. Over the past few decades, this field has undergone significant evolution. In particular, the rapid development of data science has introduced a wealth of data-driven approaches for understanding and quantifying predictability. This review summarizes representative achievements, integrating both data-driven and mechanistic perspectives. After a brief introduction to the significance of the topic in focus, we will explore three core aspects: the predictability of time series, the predictability of network structures, and the predictability of dynamical processes. Finally, we will provide extensive application examples across various fields and outline open challenges for future research.

复杂系统的研究已经引起了自然科学、社会科学和工程领域研究者的广泛关注。预测是该领域的核心问题之一。尽管大多数相关研究都集中在预测方法上，但对复杂系统可预测性的研究已经受到了跨学科越来越多的关注——旨在提供理论和工具来解决一个关键问题：预测精度的极限是什么？可预测性本身可以作为表征复杂系统的重要特征，对可预测性的准确估计可以为预测算法的研究提供基准。这使研究人员能够清楚地识别当前预测精度与理论极限之间的差距，从而帮助他们确定现有算法是否仍有很大的改进空间。更重要的是，研究可预测性往往需要发展新的理论和方法，这可以进一步激发设计更有效的算法。在过去的几十年里，这个领域经历了重大的发展。特别是，数据科学的快速发展为理解和量化可预测性引入了大量数据驱动的方法。本文综述了具有代表性的研究成果，整合了数据驱动和机制驱动的观点。在简要介绍本课题的意义后，我们将探讨三个核心方面：时间序列的可预测性、网络结构的可预测性和动态过程的可预测性。最后，我们将提供跨各个领域的广泛应用示例，并概述未来研究的开放挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Review of neutral naturalness 回顾中性自然性

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports

Pub Date : 2026-04-05 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.12.001

Brian Batell , Matthew Low , Ethan T. Neil , Christopher B. Verhaaren

The hierarchy between the mass parameter of the Higgs boson and larger mass scales becomes ever more puzzling as experiments explore higher energies. Neutral naturalness is the umbrella term for symmetry-based explanations for these hierarchies whose quark symmetry partners are not charged under the SU(3)

_{c}

color gauge group of the Standard Model. Though the first manifestations of this idea predate the physics runs of the Large Hadron Collider, since the Higgs discovery this paradigm has grown and developed to include a wide variety of concrete realizations with connections to intriguing collider signals. Determining the phenomenology of such models often requires the characterization—typically relying on lattice calculations—of a new confining gauge symmetry. This presents additional motivation to further develop our understanding of nonperturbative field theory as well as to pursue specific lattice studies. The wide range of suggested hidden sectors also produces a variety of dark matter candidates, intersections with astrophysics and cosmology, and ties to neutrinos and flavor. In this review, we orient the reader within both this growing collection of specific models and the physical phenomena they produce. We also survey the often less familiar dynamics of hidden-sector glueballs and quirks. In addition to providing a guide to past efforts, we reveal interesting directions for further study.

随着实验探索更高的能量，希格斯玻色子的质量参数和更大的质量尺度之间的层次关系变得越来越令人困惑。中性自然性是对这些层次的基于对称性的解释的总称，这些层次的夸克对称伙伴在标准模型的SU(3)c色规群下不带电。虽然这个想法的第一个表现早于大型强子对撞机的物理运行，但自从希格斯发现以来，这个范式已经发展壮大，包括了各种各样的具体实现，这些实现与有趣的对撞机信号有关。要确定这类模型的现象学，通常需要对一种新的限定规范对称进行表征（通常依赖于点阵计算）。这为进一步发展我们对非微扰场论的理解以及进行具体的晶格研究提供了额外的动力。广泛的隐藏扇区也产生了各种各样的暗物质候选者，与天体物理学和宇宙学的交叉点，以及与中微子和风味的联系。在这篇综述中，我们将引导读者了解这些不断增长的特定模型和它们产生的物理现象。我们还调查了隐藏领域的胶球和怪癖的动态，这些动态通常不太为人所知。除了对过去的努力提供指导外，我们还揭示了进一步研究的有趣方向。

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引用次数: 0

Speedups in nonequilibrium thermal relaxation: Mpemba and related effects 非平衡热松弛中的加速：Mpemba和相关效应

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports

Pub Date : 2026-03-29 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.10.009

Gianluca Teza , John Bechhoefer , Antonio Lasanta , Oren Raz , Marija Vucelja

Most of our intuition about the behavior of physical systems is shaped by observations at or near thermal equilibrium. However, even a basic phenomenon such as a thermalquench can lead to states far from thermal equilibrium, where counterintuitive,anomalous effects can occur. A prime example of anomalous thermal relaxation is the Mpemba effect, in which a system prepared at a hot temperature cools down to the temperature of the cold environment faster than an identical system prepared at a warm temperature. Although originally reported for water more than 2000 years ago by Aristotle, the recent observation of analogous relaxation speedups in a variety of systems has motivated the search for generic explanations from the point of view of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Here, we review anomalous relaxation effects, which all share a nonmonotonic dependence of relaxation time versus initial “distance” from the final state or from the phase transition. We review the early water experiments and classify the zoology of anomalous relaxation phenomena related to the Mpemba effect. We then introduce general concepts and provide a modern definition of the effect, focusing on the theoretical frameworks of stochastic thermodynamics, kinetic theory, Markovian dynamics, and phase transitions. We discuss the recent experimental and numerical developments that followed these theoretical advances. These developments paved the way for the prediction and observation of novel phenomena, such as the inverse Mpemba effect. The review is self-contained and introduces anomalous relaxation phenomena in single- and many-body systems, both classical and quantum. We also discuss the broader relevance of the Mpemba effect, including its relation with equilibrium and dynamical phase transitions and its experimental implications. We end with perspectives that connect anomalous speedups to new ideas for designing optimal heating/cooling protocols, heat engines, and efficient samplers.

我们对物理系统行为的大多数直觉都是由在热平衡或接近热平衡时的观察形成的。然而，即使是像热猝灭这样的基本现象也可能导致远离热平衡的状态，在这种状态下可能发生违反直觉的异常效应。反常热松弛的一个主要例子是Mpemba效应，在高温下制备的系统比在温暖温度下制备的相同系统更快地冷却到寒冷环境的温度。虽然亚里士多德早在2000多年前就报道了水的弛豫加速，但最近在各种系统中对类似弛豫加速的观察，促使人们从非平衡统计力学的角度寻求一般解释。在这里，我们回顾了反常弛豫效应，它们都具有弛豫时间与与最终状态或相变的初始“距离”的非单调依赖关系。我们回顾了早期的水实验，并对与姆潘巴效应有关的异常弛豫现象进行了动物学分类。然后，我们介绍了一般概念并提供了效应的现代定义，重点介绍了随机热力学、动力学理论、马尔可夫动力学和相变的理论框架。我们讨论了随着这些理论进步而来的最近的实验和数值发展。这些发展为预测和观察新现象铺平了道路，例如逆姆潘巴效应。这篇综述是独立的，介绍了单体和多体系统中的反常弛豫现象，包括经典和量子。我们还讨论了Mpemba效应的广泛相关性，包括它与平衡和动态相变的关系及其实验意义。我们以将异常加速与设计最佳加热/冷却协议，热机和高效采样器的新想法联系起来的观点结束。

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引用次数: 0

Vertical structure and dynamics of a galactic disk 星系盘的垂直结构和动力学

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports

Pub Date : 2026-03-23 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.11.003

Chanda J. Jog

Most of the visible mass in a typical spiral galaxy is distributed in a thin disk, with a radial extent much larger than its thickness. While the planar disk structure, including non-axisymmetric features such as spiral structure, has been studied extensively, the vertical structure normal to the disk plane has not received comparable attention. This review aims to give a comprehensive, pedagogic introduction to the rich topic of vertical structure of a galactic disk in hydrostatic equilibrium, and discuss the theoretical developments in this field in the context of recent observations. A realistic multi-component disk plus halo model of a galaxy has been developed and studied by us in detail. This takes account of both stars and interstellar gas, treated as isothermal components with different velocity dispersions, which are gravitationally coupled; further, the disk is in the gravitational field of the dark matter halo. This review focuses on this model and the results from it in different physical cases.

The gas and halo crucially affect the resulting self-consistent stellar distribution such that it is vertically constrained to be closer to the mid-plane, and has a steeper profile than in the standard one-component case, in agreement with modern observations. The scale height of a typical stellar disk increases with galactocentric radius; that is, the disk flares, by a factor of few within the visible radial extent of the disk. These robust results question the sech

^{2}

profile and a constant scale height, routinely used in the literature for convenience. In an important application, the observed HI gas scale height is used as a constraint on the model which helps determine the shape and the density profile of the dark matter halo for galaxies. Finally, we outline some key, open questions which can be addressed in the near future using the above model, and new observational data — for example, from the IFU surveys and JWST. These promise to give a better understanding of this topic.

在典型的螺旋星系中，大部分可见质量分布在一个薄圆盘上，其径向范围远远大于其厚度。平面盘面结构，包括螺旋结构等非轴对称特征，已经得到了广泛的研究，而垂直于盘面的垂直结构却没有得到足够的重视。本文旨在对流体静力平衡中星系盘的垂直结构这一丰富的主题进行全面的教学介绍，并在最近的观测背景下讨论这一领域的理论发展。我们建立并详细研究了一个真实的多组分星系盘加晕模型。这考虑了恒星和星际气体，它们被视为具有不同速度色散的等温成分，它们是引力耦合的；此外，这个圆盘处于暗物质晕的引力场中。本文将重点介绍该模型及其在不同物理情况下的结果。气体和光晕对最终的自洽恒星分布产生了至关重要的影响，使其在垂直方向上受到约束，更靠近中间平面，并且比标准的单组分情况具有更陡峭的轮廓，这与现代观测一致。典型恒星盘的尺度高度随着星系中心半径的增大而增大；也就是说，在可见的圆盘径向范围内，圆盘耀斑的因子很少。这些强大的结果质疑sech2剖面和恒定尺度高度，通常在文献中使用方便。在一个重要的应用中，观测到的HI气体尺度高度被用作模型的约束，这有助于确定星系暗物质晕的形状和密度分布。最后，我们概述了一些关键的、悬而未决的问题，这些问题可以在不久的将来使用上述模型和新的观测数据（例如来自IFU调查和JWST的数据）来解决。这些承诺提供了一个更好的理解这个主题。

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引用次数: 0

Structural and dynamic characterisation of charged microemulsions grafted with telechelic polymers at high dilution. 高稀释远旋聚合物接枝的带电微乳的结构和动力学特性。

IF 2.2 4区物理与天体物理 Q4 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

The European Physical Journal E

Pub Date : 2026-03-19 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-026-00570-2

R Elhajjam, M Khatouri, R Ahfir, L Talha, Z Basbassi, A Arbia, S El Khaoui, M Filali

Microemulsions are widely studied model colloidal systems due to their well-defined structure and tunable interactions. In this work, we investigate the structural and dynamic properties of a mixed system composed of microemulsion droplets grafted with a steric telechelic polymer, polyethylene oxide-C $_{12}$ H $_{25}$ (PEO-m), at a low volume fraction ( $ϕ = 2 %$ ). The microemulsions studied are direct (oil-in-water) microemulsions, stabilised by cetylpyridinium chloride (CpCl) as the surfactant and octanol as the co-surfactant. The interaction potential of this system is modelled using the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) framework, which combines a hard sphere potential, a van der Waals potential, and a Coulomb potential. Three complementary approaches are employed: small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments, Ornstein-Zernike integral equations with the hypernetted chain (HNC) closure, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. SANS results show that the microemulsion droplets exhibit a spherical shape with an average radius $R_{m} = 61 Å$ and a polydispersity $Δ R = 8 Å$ and that this morphology remains unchanged as long as the number of grafted polymers does not exceed $N_{p} \leq 20$ . However, for $N_{p} > 20$ , both the average radius and the polydispersity decrease to $R_{m} = 49.5 Å$ and $Δ R = 7.1 Å$ . These results also indicate that the addition of PEO-m strengthens the repulsive interactions between droplets, thereby confirming that this polymer effectively stabilises the microemulsions. The Ornstein-Zernike integral equation with the HNC closure is used to determine the parameters of the potential describing the interactions between droplets. These parameters are subsequently introduced into MD simulations to assess the dynamic properties of the system. The results show that the addition of PEO-m reduces droplet mobility, while the diffusion behaviour remains normal.

微乳液由于其良好的结构和可调节的相互作用而被广泛研究为胶体系统的模型。在这项工作中，我们研究了在低体积分数（φ = 2%）下，由微乳液液滴接枝立体远旋聚合物聚乙烯氧化物- c - 12h25 （PEO-m）组成的混合体系的结构和动力学性质。所研究的微乳为直接（水包油）微乳，以十六烷基氯吡啶（CpCl）为表面活性剂，辛醇为助表面活性剂。该系统的相互作用势使用derjaguin - landau - vervey - overbeek （DLVO）框架进行建模，该框架结合了硬球势、范德华势和库仑势。采用了三种互补的方法：小角中子散射（SANS）实验、具有超网状链（HNC）闭包的Ornstein-Zernike积分方程和分子动力学（MD）模拟。SANS结果表明，微乳液滴呈球形，平均半径R m = 61 Å，多分散性Δ R = 8 Å，只要接枝聚合物的数量不超过N p≤20，这种形貌就不会改变。而对于N p bbb20，平均半径R m = 49.5 Å，多分散度R = 7.1 Å。这些结果还表明，PEO-m的加入加强了液滴之间的排斥相互作用，从而证实了这种聚合物有效地稳定了微乳液。采用具有HNC闭包的Ornstein-Zernike积分方程来确定描述液滴间相互作用的势的参数。这些参数随后被引入到MD模拟中，以评估系统的动态特性。结果表明，PEO-m的加入降低了液滴的迁移率，但扩散行为保持正常。

{"title":"Structural and dynamic characterisation of charged microemulsions grafted with telechelic polymers at high dilution.","authors":"R Elhajjam, M Khatouri, R Ahfir, L Talha, Z Basbassi, A Arbia, S El Khaoui, M Filali","doi":"10.1140/epje/s10189-026-00570-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-026-00570-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microemulsions are widely studied model colloidal systems due to their well-defined structure and tunable interactions. In this work, we investigate the structural and dynamic properties of a mixed system composed of microemulsion droplets grafted with a steric telechelic polymer, polyethylene oxide-C <math><mmultiscripts><mrow></mrow> <mn>12</mn> <mrow></mrow></mmultiscripts> </math> H <math><mmultiscripts><mrow></mrow> <mn>25</mn> <mrow></mrow></mmultiscripts> </math> (PEO-m), at a low volume fraction ( <math><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>%</mo></mrow> </math> ). The microemulsions studied are direct (oil-in-water) microemulsions, stabilised by cetylpyridinium chloride (CpCl) as the surfactant and octanol as the co-surfactant. The interaction potential of this system is modelled using the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) framework, which combines a hard sphere potential, a van der Waals potential, and a Coulomb potential. Three complementary approaches are employed: small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments, Ornstein-Zernike integral equations with the hypernetted chain (HNC) closure, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. SANS results show that the microemulsion droplets exhibit a spherical shape with an average radius <math> <mrow><msub><mi>R</mi> <mtext>m</mtext></msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>61</mn> <mtext>Å</mtext></mrow> </math> and a polydispersity <math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mtext>Å</mtext></mrow> </math> and that this morphology remains unchanged as long as the number of grafted polymers does not exceed <math> <mrow><msub><mi>N</mi> <mtext>p</mtext></msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>20</mn></mrow> </math> . However, for <math> <mrow><msub><mi>N</mi> <mtext>p</mtext></msub> <mo>></mo> <mn>20</mn></mrow> </math> , both the average radius and the polydispersity decrease to <math> <mrow><msub><mi>R</mi> <mtext>m</mtext></msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>49.5</mn> <mtext>Å</mtext></mrow> </math> and <math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7.1</mn> <mtext>Å</mtext></mrow> </math> . These results also indicate that the addition of PEO-m strengthens the repulsive interactions between droplets, thereby confirming that this polymer effectively stabilises the microemulsions. The Ornstein-Zernike integral equation with the HNC closure is used to determine the parameters of the potential describing the interactions between droplets. These parameters are subsequently introduced into MD simulations to assess the dynamic properties of the system. The results show that the addition of PEO-m reduces droplet mobility, while the diffusion behaviour remains normal.</p>","PeriodicalId":790,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal E","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147479458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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