法学最新文献

Multiracial people are often thought of as a symbol of racial progress in American society. But what is lost in this discourse are the consequences of distinct multiracial statuses for individuals who live in-between traditional racialized boundaries. In this study, we disentangle the implications of multiracial status for health by examining specific multiracial groups versus their monoracial counterparts. Using an 11-year pooled sample of the nationally representative Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (2002-2012) (N = 3,737,438), we assess several hypotheses, termed blended status, minority status, assimilation, and exceptionalism, to test the positionality of three multiracial groups (Black-White, Black-Asian, and Asian-White adults) relative to their monoracial counterparts. We derive relative risks from odds ratios in logistic regression models to compare the self-rated health and self-rated mental health of multiracial adults to monoracial adults. We find that different hypotheses fit the health risk status of different multiracial groups. The upward assimilation hypothesis applies to Asian-White adults (closer to White adults than Asian adults), the minority status hypothesis applies to Black-Asian adults (closer to Black adults than to Asian adults), and Black-White adults have profiles that differ depending on the outcome under study. For example, Black-White adults have higher relative risk of poor self-rated health than White adults (RR: 1.29), but do not differ from Black adults (RR: 1.09), providing support for the minority status hypothesis. However, Black-White adults have higher relative risk than Black adults (RR: 1.32) of poor mental health but their mental health does not differ from White adults (RR: 1.15), providing support for the upward assimilation hypothesis. The results of this study provide new insights into how specific combinations of multiracial status fit into the racialized social structure as well as the analytic benefits of disaggregating multiracial people into their component groups.

This paper presents an exploratory study about the experiences of 25 inter-faith chaplains in five Canadian provinces. It utilizes a focus groups methodology. The goal of this qualitative research was to highlight the voices of the chaplains. Hence, the focus groups explored the unique and challenging experiences of chaplains' work in Canadian prisons. Data from all seven focus groups indicated that despite multiple challenges and obstacles, the correctional chaplains remain dedicated to their work and are committed to making a positive impact on their prisoners. Based on the data provided by the chaplains about the intrinsic rewards and various challenges they face in their day-to-day work, the paper makes several research and policy recommendations. The objective of such recommendations is to maximize the role that religion and/or spirituality could play in prisoners' positive adaptation, and eventual criminal desistance in a context of confinement characterized by loss of personal autonomy and self-identity.

We use international survey data recently collected among adults in six countries (Ukraine, Guatemala, Pakistan, the Netherlands, Denmark, and the United States) to examine the global variations in interpersonal violent behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that pandemic-related stress is significantly associated with violent behavior in most countries. Depression emerges as a significant predictor of violence across all countries and as a mediator between pandemic stress and violent behavior in multiple* contexts. On the other hand, negative affect and alcohol use predict violent behavior only in non-Western contexts. We provide policy implications focused on prevention and reduction of violence cross-nationally during public health crises.

Forensic case formulation (FCF) is a key activity within the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway (OPDP), performed by OPDP specialist offender managers (OMs) and psychologists. Although FCF training is provided to OMs, there are a number of questions about the adequacy and effectiveness of this training. Furthermore, it is unclear whether psychologists receive sufficient support to keep their FCF skills relevant and effective over time. This study aimed to investigate the FCF training experiences of OPDP staff, to assess staff satisfaction with this training, to identify ways of improving this training, and to explore the value of FCF from a staff perspective. To meet these aims, OPDP staff were asked to complete an online Qualtrics survey disseminated nationally. Results reveal a lack of standardized FCF training across the OPDP, contributing to poor staff satisfaction and confidence. These results highlight a need for FCF training improvement within the OPDP.

Objective: To better understand and characterize how young adults with minoritized racial and ethnic identities perceive and experience the discrimination against them. We applied an intersectional lens and examined variation in perceived discrimination by sex (across all racial/ethnic groups) and United States immigrant generation status (among Latine participants).

Methods: Data were collected from young adults (M_Age = 23.3, SD = 0.51) who self-identified as Black (N = 164), American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN; N = 261), and/or Latine (N = 884) who were part of a longitudinal community sample originally recruited from 24 small/rural communities. Participants reported the frequency and type of discrimination they experienced in their day-to-day life. Those reporting frequent discrimination were asked to indicate the primary reason/s (e.g., race, gender). Descriptive analyses were completed separately within each racial/ethnic group and by immigrant generation status among the Latine sample. Chi-square tests assessed differences in the prevalence of discrimination experiences by sex and immigrant generation status.

Results: Two thirds or more of Black, AIAN, and Latine YA reported experiencing discrimination. Across all ethnic/racial groups, the most commonly cited reasons for discrimination were race/ethnicity, gender, and age, and more females than males reported gender and age as reasons for discrimination. More first- and second-generation than third-generation Latine young adults (YA) reported race and ancestry as reasons for discrimination.

Conclusion: Attributing discrimination to identity factors beyond race and ethnicity was common among ethnic and racial minoritized YA, underscoring the importance of considering intersectional identities when studying experiences of interpersonal discrimination.

An increasing number of studies has studied the role of procedural justice for reducing recidivism in the probation context. The objective of this study is to contribute to existing knowledge by examining (a) whether people on probation alter their perceptions of probation officer procedural justice over time and (b) the extent to which changes in procedural justice relate to recidivism. This study utilized longitudinal data from 326 adults who were released from Dutch (pre-trial) detention centers and who had contact with the Probation Service. Using the reliable change index, our findings showed that a majority of people on probation changed their procedural justice perceptions over time, which suggested that perceptions of fairness and respect are malleable. Unchanged perceptions of probation officer procedural justice were related to self-reported recidivism, while the likelihood of recidivism did not differ between respondents with decreased and increased perceptions.

Early and prolonged parent-child separation (EPPCS) occurs frequently among many Chinese immigrant families and may have a long-term impact on a child's well-being and parents' parenting skills and socio-emotional adaptation. However, limited research has explored the family experiences of EPPCS-affected families across historical periods. The present qualitative study aims to explore positive and negative family experiences within affected Chinese immigrant families during separation and reunification. Interviews with 24 separated-reunited children (ages 12-17) and their primary caregivers from Chinese immigrant families were analyzed using thematic analysis based on the grounded theory approach. During separation, Chinese immigrant families experienced conflicting ideas in child-rearing between parents and children's substitute caregivers, parents' concerns about the consequences of separation, and limited parent-child interaction. Following reunification, negative experiences like strained relationships within their families (e.g., parent-child and sibling relationships), cultural barriers, and family financial dilemmas were found within the family. During both separation and reunification, support from significant others (e.g., extended family members), community, as well as communication and activities within the family were provided. Results have important implications for future development and implementation of family-based interventions.

This paper provides a detailed summary and discussion of the concept of stress and how it relates to the health, wellbeing, and performance of corrections officers. In line with these objectives, we focus on three areas: (1) providing a more detailed definition of the concept of stress; (2) a discussion of the ways that increased exposure to stress may impact corrections officers' physical and mental health; and (3) a summary of prevention and intervention strategies that are relevant for corrections officers and have shown promise in dampening the consequences of increased stress exposure. More in-depth knowledge of the concept of stress and the underlying processes that link stress to negative outcomes will provide policy makers and corrections departments with an understanding of the characteristics of prevention and intervention strategies that are expected to be most effective in limiting the consequences of stress.

Job stress is a critical factor of concern in police work across the world. While frustrations, exhaustion and emotional burnout in work places, particularly as they relate to police job, have been academically emphasized in more advanced climes, they are marginally addressed in less developed societies like Nigeria. Thus, this paper examines the psychological and physical impacts of job stress, workload, and burnout among police officers in Nigeria. Using a nation-wide cross-sectional survey involving 528 police personnel, this paper notes that the police in Nigeria work longer hours than normal, including working under tensions with poor logistics that expose them to dangers on regular basis. This increases their level of frustrations, exhaustion and emotional burnout in work places besides greatly impacting their service delivery. To ensure effective performance of the police in an atmosphere of increasing complex crime networks, therefore, the study recommends clear strategies for improving police wellbeing.