历史学最新文献

The commercial advertising brochures (Fang Dan) were descriptive documents used by old shops to introduce the features, purposes, and use of products. The medical and health brochures (Fang Dan) in the period of the Republic of China in the Beijing area were examined in this paper. Among them, a total of 356 brochures (Fang Dan) were collated and reclassified, excluding duplicates and double-sided printings. After that, a total of 339 Fang Dan were identified effectively. These Fang Dan were specifically examined in terms of the functions of Chinese patent medicine, usages, taboos and format designs. They were categorised into five major types of traditional Chinese medicine: internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and others. It was found that 120 brochures were on internal medicine, 73 on surgery, 64 on gynecology, 29 on pediatrics, and 55 on others. The results demonstrated that these brochures (Fang Dan) were rich in story-telling and the manufacturers of traditional Chinese medicine placed a high value on brand building and the quality of raw materials. This indicates the state of the traditional Chinese medicine industry in the Beijing area in the period of the Republic of China.

Sman thang, the graphic drawings of Tibetan medicine, was completed by Desi Sangye Gyatso at the end of the 17th century. Its content was based mainly on Blue Lapislazuli (Lan Liu Li), the annotated version of Rgyud bzhi (Si Bu Yi Dian). It drew references from many classic medical books, such as Ashtanga Hridaya (Ba Zhi Xin Yao) and Lunar King (Yue Wang Yao Zhen), involving the content of Tibetan medicine on physiology, pathology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, with 80 drawings in total. Sman thang was, therefore, taken as the first reference learning material by the Tibetan medicine learners for a long time. With the Sman thang stereotyping and dissemination after the 18^th century, Tibetan medical education had been further developed. With the innovation of traditional Tibetan medicine teaching, the genres of Sman thang tended to be diversified into flip charts, long form books, wall paintings, xylographs and other forms, adapting to the needs at different stages, places and for various people. These genres of Sman thang broadened the scope of Tibetan medicine education and played an important role in promoting the development of Tibetan medicine.

The emendation of traditional Chinese medicine disease names had been widely discussed in the period of the Republic of China. It continued to be discussed after the establishment of the People's Republic of China and presented two research directions. One was to ascribe it to the category of disease history. Another was to follow the guidance of "Scientization of traditional Chinese medicine", therefore,to take emendation of traditional Chinese medicine disease names as a bridge to achieve this purpose. Both of the directions indicate the underlying thinking of "Scientization of traditional Chinese medicine" and "Comparison between traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine". Such a conflict continues today.

'Food depression', as a term in traditional Chinese medicine, refers to a disease with main symptoms of dysthymia, dyspepsia, loose stool, insomnia and fatigue. It was first described by Zhu Danxi in the Dan Xi Xin Fa and the description was enriched and developed after that. Its definition, etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention had been known specifically through the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This paper examines the early cognition, proposal and development of 'food depression'. It was found that 'food depression' is an important pathogenesis, leading to the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. It is also an independent disease, often caused by emotional disorders or mixed with improper diet. These two findings are important to clarify the understanding of this disease clinically and theoretically today.

'Gantuomupi', as a foreign herb from Gandamu Bark, appeared in China in the Tang Dynasty because of the rich and flourishing foreign exchanges at that time. It was given meaning from both Buddhist symbolism as well as traditional Chinese medicine. It was recorded in Hai Yao Ben Cao as a herb with the description of "invigorating blood circulation and dispelling stasis". Based on a literature review, comparative study and skills in linguistics, it was found that 'Gandamu Bark' was the bark of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., and its medicinal benefits do not stem from the jackfruit bark itself, but are attributable to the efficacy of a plant from the Schisandraceae family known as Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith.

Song Xin Notes (Song Xin Bi Ji) was written by Miao Zunyi, one of the three well-known physicians of Wu Zhong (Wu Zhong San Jia) in the History of the Qing Dynasty in the Suzhou area. The existing versions of Song Xin Notes are the following - the Xu Ziyu copy from the Qing Dynasty kept in the Nanjing Library, the Anonymous copy from the Qing Dynasty also in the Nanjing Library, the lead print copy in the Republic of China and the Zhang Cun Cun Zhai stone print in the Republic of China. Among them, the anonymous copy is not found in the catalogue books of modern Chinese medicine. It was found that the Xu Ziyu copy from the Qing Dynasty was the earliest copy of the Songxin Notes, which appeared between 1835 and 1840. The lead print copy in the Republic of China was the earliest print of the Songxin Notes, published in 1913 or 1914. The book involved a total of 38 medical cases and 19 disease syndromes, and mainly focused on the complicated diseases. The time span of this book covered more than 50 years, highlighting the clinical characteristics of Miao in terms of following classic patterns, absorbing the skills of others and creative in his clinical treatment.

In the Ming Dynasty some medical books were named Food Materia Medica, but with different authors, unidentified authorship or inconsistent volumes. This paper examined and compared the versions and content in these books with archival methods, bibliographic examination and textual criticism. It was found that the original authors of Food Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty were Lu He and Wang Ying. A total of four versions of this book remain now. The other books with the same name were those with deletions or additional pictures.

The formula for the five internal organs (Wu Zang Da Bu Fang) in the existed versions of The Key Use of 'Auxiliary Techniques' for Internal Medicine (Fu Xing Jue Wu Zang Yong Yao Fa Yao) are discrepant in terms of prescription composition. It is difficult to trace back the reasons for such a discrepancy with emendation or proof reading because the original version of The Key Use of Auxiliary Techniques for Internal Medicine had been lost. This paper examines the five viscera and body relationship and five elements (Jin, Mu, Shui, Huo, Tu) interrelationship with reference to Auxiliary Techniques, and analyses the discrepancy in the formula for the five internal organs in the existed versions of The Key Use of 'Auxiliary Techniques' for Internal Medicine. It was found that the reasons for such a discrepancy in the formula was due to the fact that the textual critics in different historical periods took different accesses and approaches to different fragmentary and distorted copies. The prescription composition can be sorted out and derived into a reasonable version. The chronological order for each version formation can also be inferred.

Su Wen Ji Wen and Su Wen Kao are representative works of Chinese medicine located in the textual research school in Japan. However, the authorship of Su Wen Ji Wen had not been confirmed, and the relationship between the two books was still confusing. This paper examined the manuscript of Su Wen Ji Wen collected by the Taipei National Palace Museum and Su Wen Kao emendated by Qian Chaochen, and explored the life experience of Nakano Gengo, the author of Su Wen Ji Wen and Kijou Koukan, the author of Su Wen Kao. It can be identified that Nakano Gengo is the author of Su Wen Ji Wen because it was written from his lecture notes when he attended to the lecture Su Wen instructed by Taki Motoyasu. His book Su Wen Ji Wen was completed between 1780 and 1788. It was found that Taki Motoyasu was not a student of Kijou Koukan and did not plagiarise his work. It was also found that the two books were indirect interpretations of the early research of Taki Motoyasu on Suwen. They have important value for the textual research school of Japanese kampo medicine.

The Dunhuang fragment ДX17453 in Dun Huang Literature in Russia (E Cang Dun Huang Wen Xian), was believed to be a related version of Su Wen. It was previously taken as a version based on the Su Wen annotated by Wang Bing. However, the content of ДX17453 differs from the annotated edition by Wang Bing in terms of format and content. It was found that the ДX17453 should be the original version before the annotated edition by Wang Bing, sharing the same original manuscript with the annotated edition by Wang Bing. The format of the fragment ДX17453 took a Tibetan style, which might mean it was produced in the period of the Tibetan regime (786-848). These findings provide references for investigating the popularity of Su Wen before the Song Dynasty.