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Morphological and DNA analysis of pollen grains on butterfly individuals reveal their flower visitation history.
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01958-4
Yu Nammoku, Aoi Nikkeshi, Yohey Terai, Atsushi Ushimaru, Michiyo Kinoshita

Many butterfly species are conspicuous flower visitors. However, understanding their flower visitation patterns in natural habitats remains challenging due to the difficulty of tracking individual butterflies. Therefore, we aimed at establishing a protocol to solve the problem using the Common five-ring butterfly, Ypthima argus (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Focusing on the pollen grains attached the butterfly's body surface, we examined validities of two pollen analyses based on pollen morphology and DNA markers (ITS1 and ITS2), in addition to the classical route census method. We captured thirty-nine butterflies from mid-April to early July and collected pollen grains from each individual. Morphological and DNA analyses of collected pollens identified eighteen and thirty-four taxa of insect pollinated plants respectively, including woody plants such as Castanopsis. The DNA analysis detected as many as thirteen plant taxa from a single butterfly, indicating its high sensitivity for detecting flower visitation. We detected more plant taxa in May when many individuals were flying. This is assumingly related to the post emergence days of the butterflies with more foraging experience. We also found that fluctuations of pollen grain numbers of Leucanthemum vulgare and Erigeron philadelphicus on individual butterflies depend on their flowering periods overlapping partly. Consequently, we conclude that pollen morphology and DNA barcoding analysis, and field observations are mutually complementary techniques, providing an integrated pollen analysis method to study the pollination ecology of butterflies.

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引用次数: 0
Developmental basis of natural tooth shape variation in cichlid fishes. 慈鲷自然齿形变化的发育基础。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01964-6
Ryan F Bloomquist

While most dentate non-mammalian vertebrates possess simple conical teeth, some demonstrate complex tooth shapes. Lake Malawi cichlid fishes are an extreme example of this, exhibiting a myriad of tooth shapes driven by an ecologically derived rapid evolution of closely related but distinct species. Tooth shape in mammals is generally considered to be established by signaling centers called primary and secondary enamel knots, which are not believed to be present in non-mammalian vertebrates. In this study, signaling centers of gene expression with epithelial folding with similar molecular patterns to that of mammalian enamel knots are identified, and differences of asymmetric gene expression are identified between fish that possess species specific polymorphisms of either bicuspid or tricuspid teeth. Gene expression is then manipulated indirectly using a small molecule inhibitor of the Notch pathway, resulting in phenotypical aberrations of tooth shape and patterning, including a mimic of a tricuspid tooth in a fish with a naturally occurring bicuspid dentition. This study provides insight into the evolutionary origins of tooth shape and advances our knowledge of the molecular determinants of dental morphology with translational utility in regenerative dentistry.

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引用次数: 0
Discrepancies in the number of lines of arrested growth (LAG) in the tissues of the humerus and phalanx of sea turtles.
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01963-7
Emre Sandık, Bektaş Sönmez, Şükran Yalçın Özdilek

Information on the age of vertebrate species such as sea turtles is crucial for planning management and conservation actions. The age of sea turtles has been estimated by skeletochronological analysis using skeletal growth marks in different bones. This study focused on the consistency of the number of visible lines of arrested growth (LAG) observed from the humerus and phalanx bone used for age estimation in Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta. We collected 67 humeri and phalanges of C. mydas (n = 47) and C. caretta (n = 20) from Samandağ beach, eastern Mediterranean in 2020-2022. LAG in the humerus and phalanx of the same individual were counted by two readers, and their consistency with each other was determined by percent agreement (PA), average percent error (APE), and coefficient of variation (CV). The significance of the difference between them was determined by the McNemar test. The mean number of visible LAG counted from the humerus is greater than the mean number of visible LAG counted from the phalanx, i.e., the humerus contains more growth marks than the phalanx. However, in individuals up to 15 LAG in C. mydas and 10 LAG in C. caretta, the mean number of visible LAG observed in both bone tissues is compatible. This was supported by the differences in the resorption rates calculated in both bones, indicating that the number of LAG lost due to resorption may also differ between these two bone types. It is recommended that the back calculation and/or correction factor applied for the humerus be avoided for the phalanx.

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引用次数: 0
Polarized vision in the eyes of the most effective predators: dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) 最有效的掠食者:蜻蜓和豆娘(蜻蜓科)眼睛的偏振视力
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01959-3
Rodrigo Roucourt Cezário, Vinicius Marques Lopez, Felipe Datto-Liberato, Seth M. Bybee, Stanislav Gorb, Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Polarization is a property of light that describes the oscillation of the electric field vector. Polarized light can be detected by many invertebrate animals, and this visual channel is widely used in nature. Insects rely on light polarization for various purposes, such as water detection, improving contrast, breaking camouflage, navigation, and signaling during mating. Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) are highly visual insects with polarization sensitivity for water detection and likely also navigation. Thus, odonates can serve as ideal models for investigating the ecology and evolution of polarized light perception. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning polarized light sensitivity in these insects. Specifically, we review recent findings related to the ecological, morphological, and physiological causes that enable these insects to perceive polarized light and discuss the optical properties responsible for the reflection of polarized light by their bodies and wings. Finally, we identify gaps in the current research and suggest future directions that can help to further advance our knowledge of polarization sensitivity in odonates.

偏振是光的一种特性,它描述了电场矢量的振荡。偏振光可以被许多无脊椎动物检测到,这种视觉通道在自然界中被广泛使用。昆虫依靠光偏振来实现各种目的,比如探测水、提高对比度、打破伪装、导航和在交配时发出信号。蜻蜓和豆豆蝇(蜻蜓科)是高度视觉的昆虫,具有偏振灵敏度,可以探测水,也可以导航。因此,啮齿动物可以作为研究偏振光感知的生态学和进化的理想模型。我们提供了关于这些昆虫的偏振光敏感性的知识的当前状态的概述。具体来说,我们回顾了这些昆虫感知偏振光的生态、形态和生理原因的最新发现,并讨论了它们的身体和翅膀反射偏振光的光学特性。最后,我们确定了当前研究中的差距,并提出了未来的方向,可以帮助进一步提高我们对齿状体极化敏感性的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Fingerprint resemblance amongst siblings and non-siblings — Forensic and anthropological implications 兄弟姐妹和非兄弟姐妹之间的指纹相似性-法医和人类学含义
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01961-9
Akansha Rana, Damini Siwan, Rakesh Meena, Ritika Verma, Kewal Krishan

Fingerprints hold a crucial position in forensic science, primarily for identification purposes, with thumbprints emerging as the most frequently recovered evidence at crime scenes. The main purpose of the present study was to conduct a comparative analysis of thumbprints of siblings and non-sibling pairs to investigate resemblance and similarities in fingerprint patterns. Thumbprints of 144 individuals (72 siblings and 72 non-siblings) from 36 families were obtained. Jaccard Similarity Index was employed to analyse the similarity between the fingerprint patterns of siblings and non-siblings. The strength of association between the variables is evaluated by chi-square and Cramer’s V tests. The results indicated a significant similarity (69.44%) in thumbprint patterns among sibling pairs, demonstrating congruence in their right thumbprints, while non-sibling pairs exhibited a mere 30.56% similarity in the right thumbprints. Statistical analyses revealed a significant association (p = 0.0002) between sibling pairs, indicating a strong correlation in right-hand thumbprint patterns. The study bears substantial implications across various fields, including anthropology, population genetics, medical genetics and forensic science. Moreover, it may facilitate the examination of population similarities and variations and may aid in enhancing forensic investigations by identifying familial resemblance and similarity.

指纹在法医学中占有至关重要的地位,主要用于身份鉴定,在犯罪现场,指纹是最常被发现的证据。本研究的主要目的是对兄弟姐妹和非兄弟姐妹的指纹进行对比分析,探讨指纹图案的相似性和相似性。采集了36个家庭144人(72名兄弟姐妹和72名非兄弟姐妹)的指纹。采用Jaccard相似指数分析兄弟姐妹和非兄弟姐妹指纹图案的相似度。变量之间的关联强度通过卡方检验和克莱默V检验来评估。结果表明,兄弟姐妹之间的拇指指纹模式具有显著的相似性(69.44%),其右拇指指纹具有一致性,而非兄弟姐妹的右拇指指纹的相似性仅为30.56%。统计分析揭示了兄弟姐妹之间的显著关联(p = 0.0002),表明右手拇指指纹模式有很强的相关性。这项研究对包括人类学、人口遗传学、医学遗传学和法医学在内的各个领域都有重大影响。此外,它可能有助于审查人口的相似性和差异,并可能通过查明家庭的相似性和相似性来帮助加强法医调查。
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引用次数: 0
Life in the dead shell: utilization of dead Pinna shells by the blenny fish Petroscirtes variabilis Cantor, 1849 (Blennidae) 死壳中的生命:油鱼Petroscirtes variabilis Cantor对死壳的利用,1849(油鱼科)
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-025-01960-w
Sanjeevi Prakash, Amit Kumar

The seagrass ecosystem supports a diverse range of marine life, including fish, crabs, and seahorses. It plays a vital role in providing essential services such as habitat creation, nutrient cycling, and shoreline stabilization. In the present study, we conducted line intercept transects to assess the abundance of Pinna shells in seagrass meadows of the Sangumal region in the Palk Bay, India. Among the 30 transects surveyed, we observed a total of 33 Pinna shells. Ten shells were found to be empty, while 6 hosted blenny fish. The fish were identified as saber-tooth blenny Petroscirtes variabilis Cantor, 1849, via integrative taxonomy (morphology + cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene phylogeny). The phylogenetic tree based on the maximum likelihood inference method indicated that P. variabilis clustered together with other sequences of P. variabilis available in the NCBI GenBank. We also revealed the importance of empty Pinna shells acting as refugia for blenny fish, which was evident from the presence of eggs attached to the shells.

海草生态系统支持多种海洋生物,包括鱼类、螃蟹和海马。它在提供栖息地创造、养分循环和海岸线稳定等基本服务方面发挥着至关重要的作用。在本研究中,我们对印度Palk湾Sangumal地区海草草甸中Pinna贝壳的丰度进行了线截样评估。在调查的30个样带中,我们共观察到33个Pinna壳。其中10个贝壳是空的,6个贝壳上有杂杂鱼。通过形态+细胞色素氧化酶亚基I基因系统发育的综合分类,鉴定该鱼为saber-tooth blenny Petroscirtes variabilis Cantor, 1849。基于极大似然推理方法的系统发育树显示,该变异疟原虫与NCBI GenBank中其他变异疟原虫序列聚在一起。我们还揭示了空的耳纳壳作为杂杂鱼避难所的重要性,这从附在壳上的卵的存在可以明显看出。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the neuroanatomy of Massetognathus pascuali (Eucynodontia: Cynognathia) from the early Late Triassic of South America using Neutron Tomography 用中子断层成像技术重述南美晚三叠世早期Massetognathus pascuali(犬齿目:犬齿目)的神经解剖学
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01955-z
Thais G. M. Medina, Agustín G. Martinelli, Leandro C. Gaetano, Lívia Roese-Miron, Aureliano Tartaglione, Alexander Backs, Fernando E. Novas, Leonardo Kerber

This paper analyzes the paleoneurology (cranial endocast and maxillary canal) of Massetognathus pascuali, an iconic non-mammaliaform cynodont from the early Late Triassic of South America, using Neutron Tomography. The application of neutron tomography holds the potential for uncovering more refined anatomical and quantitative data. The newly examined cranial endocast shows a forebrain with a tubular shape without an interhemispheric fissure, presence of a pineal body (with a closed parietal foramen), and a marked unossified zone. In comparison with a smaller, putatively juvenile specimen previously studied (PVL 4016), the new endocast exhibits a similar degree of encephalization, indicating little change in relative brain size between both ontogenetic stages. In the context of cynognathian brain evolution, M. pascuali maintained a low encephalization quotient, typical of early cynognathians, contrasting with the higher values of some Late Triassic taxa. The maxillary canal of M. pascuali is described here for the first time. It is considerably ramified, although slightly less than in some early cynognathians, following the general pattern of non-probainognathians and suggesting the absence of a flexible rhinarium or mobile vibrissae. By integrating endocast data with the maxillary canal, this study offers enhanced insights into the neurosensory ecology of M. pascuali, thereby deepening our understanding of its biology and ecological interactions.

Graphical Abstract

利用中子断层成像技术对南美晚三叠世早期标志性非哺乳动物犬齿兽Massetognathus pascuali的古神经学特征(颅腔和上颌管)进行了分析。中子层析成像的应用具有揭示更精细的解剖和定量数据的潜力。新检查的颅脑内腔显示前脑管状,无半球间裂,存在松果体(有封闭的顶骨孔)和明显的未分化区。与先前研究的一个较小的,假定为幼年的标本(PVL 4016)相比,新的内质细胞表现出相似程度的脑化,表明在两个个体发生阶段之间相对大脑大小的变化很小。在脑进化的背景下,与某些晚三叠世分类群的较高值相比,pascuali保持了较低的脑化商数,这是早期食蟹目动物的典型特征。本文首次对帕斯夸利牙的上颌管进行了描述。它有相当大的分支,尽管比一些早期的犬齿动物略少,遵循非probainognathians的一般模式,表明没有灵活的鼻部或可移动的振动。通过将内腔数据与上颌管相结合,本研究提供了对m.p ascuali神经感觉生态学的深入了解,从而加深了我们对其生物学和生态相互作用的理解。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
Mandibular anatomy of a new specimen of a prozostrodontian cynodont (Eucynodontia: Probainognathia) from the Upper Triassic of Brazil 巴西上三叠统原齿犬齿兽新标本的下颌解剖
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01953-1
Pedro Henrique Dotto, Lívia Roese-Miron, Sérgio F. Cabreira, Lúcio Roberto-da-Silva, Flavio A. Pretto, Leonardo Kerber

Prozostrodontia is a clade of probainognathian cynodonts that exhibit several morphological innovations later inherited by mammals. The earliest representatives of this group have been found in the Upper Triassic deposits of southern Brazil. In this study, we report the discovery of a probainognathian cynodont from the Buriol site (São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone (Late Triassic). This site is well-known for its record of archosauromorphs. The specimen consists of a right dentary preserving one incisor, one canine, and seven postcanine teeth. Its morphology suggests a close relationship with early prozostrodonts, particularly Prozostrodon brasiliensis. Key traits supporting this affinity include the non-fused symphysis, a thin groove for the dental lamina, and distal postcanine with a central cusp slightly distally oriented and showing a lingual cingulum. Unusually, the incisor displays serrations on its mesial and distal margins and the canine on its distal margin, a rare feature among probainognathians. However, the fragmentary nature of the specimen and the limited comparative data preclude a more specific taxonomic assignment. Nevertheless, it contributes to our understanding of the morphological diversity within Carnian probainognathians. It also expands the known fauna of the Buriol site, which now includes cynodonts alongside rhynchosaurs, aetosaurs, early dinosaurs, and lagerpetids.

原齿兽科(Prozostrodontia)是原齿兽类的一个支系,它们在形态上的一些创新后来被哺乳动物所继承。该类群最早的代表发现于巴西南部的上三叠世沉积中。在这项研究中,我们报告了在Buriol遗址(巴西南里奥格兰德州圣若昂-多波利塞内)发现的一种前吻齿兽,该遗址位于三叠纪晚期的Hyperodapedon集合区。该遗址以记录弓龙类而闻名。该标本由一个右齿组成,保存有一颗门齿、一颗犬齿和七颗后犬齿。从形态上看,它与早期的原齿龙,特别是巴西原齿龙关系密切。支持这种亲缘关系的主要特征包括:不融合的骨骺、细长的齿槽、中央尖突略微偏向远端并显示舌尖突的远端后犬齿。不同寻常的是,门齿的中侧和远侧边缘有锯齿,犬齿的远侧边缘也有锯齿,这在始祖鸟中十分罕见。不过,由于标本残缺不全,比较数据有限,因此无法进行更具体的分类。尽管如此,该标本有助于我们了解卡诺河流域长鼻类的形态多样性。它还扩大了布里奥尔遗址已知动物群的范围,现在包括犬齿龙、韵龙、甲龙、早期恐龙和拉格贝类。
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引用次数: 0
Behavioral corroboration that Saitis barbipes jumping spiders cannot discriminate between males’ red and black ornaments 斑纹跳蛛不能区分雄性红、黑色装饰物的行为学证实
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01950-4
Janka Plate, Cynthia Tedore

Physiological or genetic assays and computational modeling are valuable tools for understanding animals’ visual discrimination capabilities. Yet sometimes, the results generated by these methods appear not to jive with other aspects of an animal’s appearance or natural history, and behavioral confirmatory tests are warranted. Here we examine the peculiar case of a male jumping spider that displays red, black, white, and UV color patches during courtship despite the fact that, according to microspectrophotometry and color vision modeling, they are unlikely able to discriminate red from black. To test whether some optical or neurological component could have been missed using these methods, we conduct mate choice experiments. Some females are presented with a choice between males with their red leg coloration painted over with either red or black paint, while other females are presented with a choice between males with the same coloration painted over by either red or white paint. This latter pairing of red and white males should have been easily distinguishable to the spiders and served as a control to ensure our experimental setup was conducive to natural mating behavior. Red males were more likely to mate than white males (P = 0.035), whereas red and black males had identical mating success (P = 1.0). This suggests that previous physiological and computational work on these spiders was correct in concluding that they are unable to discriminate between red and black. Any functional significance of displaying both colors, rather than only black, remains unresolved.

生理或遗传分析和计算建模是了解动物视觉识别能力的宝贵工具。然而,有时,这些方法产生的结果似乎与动物外表或自然历史的其他方面不一致,行为验证测试是有必要的。在这里,我们研究了一只雄性跳蜘蛛的特殊情况,它在求偶期间显示红色、黑色、白色和紫外线色斑,尽管事实上,根据显微分光光度法和色视觉模型,它们不太可能区分红色和黑色。为了测试这些方法是否遗漏了一些视觉或神经成分,我们进行了配偶选择实验。一些雌性被要求在红腿涂上红色或黑色颜料的雄性之间做出选择,而另一些雌性则被要求在同样颜色涂上红色或白色颜料的雄性之间做出选择。后一种红色和白色的雄性蜘蛛应该很容易区分,并作为控制,以确保我们的实验设置有利于自然交配行为。红色雄性比白色雄性更容易交配(P = 0.035),而红色和黑色雄性的交配成功率相同(P = 1.0)。这表明先前对这些蜘蛛的生理和计算工作得出的结论是正确的,即它们无法区分红色和黑色。显示这两种颜色而不仅仅是黑色的任何功能意义仍然没有得到解决。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling a novel morphometric approach in claws and canines for species discrimination and age stratification in leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) 豹(Panthera pardus fusca)爪子和犬齿形态计量学新方法在物种鉴别和年龄分层中的应用
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01957-x
Rajkumar Pavithra, Abu Muhsina Thunnisa, Dhayanithi Vasanthakumari, A. Udhayan

Eurybiomic big cats are facing significant threats from poaching, which is driven by recreation, taxidermy and wildlife trade. Species identification and age estimation are important for effective conservation management and enforcement of wildlife protection regulations. In this study, we present novel comprehensive morphometric methods for species identification and age estimation in leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) using canine and claw, the major trade articles. The study included 42 canines and 135 claw samples from five known age groups collected during post-mortem examination from all over the state of Tamil Nadu in south India. The samples were visually examined, and key morphological traits were accurately examined. Radiographic assessment of canines revealed the chronological age estimation, and tooth wear observation afforded supportive insight and evidence for the standards. Micro-feature observations of canine and claw samples using a scanning electron microscope ascertained the credibility of the samples. Multi-dimensional assessment of species and age of the samples by morphometric method led to the development of a reliable and accessible tool for dealing with confiscated specimens or samples with limited DNA quality. Notably, our novel methodology demonstrates efficacy in identifying illegally traded leopard canines and claws without causing any damage to the sample, thereby fortifying legal efforts against wildlife trafficking. In conclusion, this research introduces a sophisticated framework for species discrimination and age stratification in Panthera pardus fusca, merging cutting-edge technologies with classical morphometric analyses. The derived insights not only advance our understanding of leopard ecology but also furnish critical tools for conservationists and law enforcement agencies combating the illicit wildlife trade.

由娱乐活动、动物标本剥制和野生动物贸易推动的偷猎行为,正使Eurybiomic大型猫科动物面临重大威胁。物种鉴定和年龄估计对于有效的保护管理和野生动物保护法规的执行具有重要意义。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种新的综合形态测量方法,用于豹(Panthera pardus fusca)的物种鉴定和年龄估计。这项研究包括42只狗和135只爪子样本,来自印度南部泰米尔纳德邦的五个已知年龄组,这些样本是在尸检过程中收集的。对样品进行目视检查,并对关键形态特征进行准确检查。犬科动物的放射学评估揭示了实际年龄的估计,牙齿磨损的观察为标准提供了支持性的见解和证据。用扫描电子显微镜对犬爪样品进行微观特征观察,确定了样品的可信性。通过形态计量学方法对样品的物种和年龄进行多维评估,开发了一种可靠且易于使用的工具,用于处理没收的标本或DNA质量有限的样品。值得注意的是,我们的新方法有效地识别了非法交易的豹犬和豹爪,而不会对样本造成任何损害,从而加强了打击野生动物贩运的法律努力。综上所述,本研究将前沿技术与经典形态计量学分析相结合,引入了一个复杂的物种区分和年龄分层框架。由此得出的见解不仅增进了我们对豹子生态的了解,而且为保护主义者和执法机构打击非法野生动物贸易提供了重要的工具。
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引用次数: 0
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