Large-scale web-search engines are generally designed for linear text. The linear text representation is suboptimal for audio search, where accuracy can be significantly improved if the search includes alternate recognition candidates, commonly represented as word lattices.This paper proposes a method for indexing word lattices that is suitable for large-scale web-search engines, requiring only limited code changes.The proposed method, called Time-based Merging for Indexing (TMI), first converts the word lattice to a posterior-probability representation and then merges word hypotheses with similar time boundaries to reduce the index size. Four alternative approximations are presented, which differ in index size and the strictness of the phrase-matching constraints.Results are presented for three types of typical web audio content, podcasts, video clips, and online lectures, for phrase spotting and relevance ranking. Using TMI indexes that are only five times larger than corresponding linear-text indexes, phrase spotting was improved over searching top-1 transcripts by 25-35%, and relevance ranking by 14%, at only a small loss compared to unindexed lattice search.
{"title":"Towards Spoken-Document Retrieval for the Internet: Lattice Indexing For Large-Scale Web-Search Architectures","authors":"Zhe Zhou, YU Peng, Ciprian Chelba, F. Seide","doi":"10.3115/1220835.1220888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1220835.1220888","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale web-search engines are generally designed for linear text. The linear text representation is suboptimal for audio search, where accuracy can be significantly improved if the search includes alternate recognition candidates, commonly represented as word lattices.This paper proposes a method for indexing word lattices that is suitable for large-scale web-search engines, requiring only limited code changes.The proposed method, called Time-based Merging for Indexing (TMI), first converts the word lattice to a posterior-probability representation and then merges word hypotheses with similar time boundaries to reduce the index size. Four alternative approximations are presented, which differ in index size and the strictness of the phrase-matching constraints.Results are presented for three types of typical web audio content, podcasts, video clips, and online lectures, for phrase spotting and relevance ranking. Using TMI indexes that are only five times larger than corresponding linear-text indexes, phrase spotting was improved over searching top-1 transcripts by 25-35%, and relevance ranking by 14%, at only a small loss compared to unindexed lattice search.","PeriodicalId":62986,"journal":{"name":"山西省考古学会论文集","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86128911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-11-01DOI: 10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.076
S. Hanna, S. H. Mahdavi
In this paper, we introduce a technique by which the internal material properties of an object can be optimised at a microstructural level (5x10-5m) to counteract the forces that are applied to it. These can then be fabricated using the rapid prototyping method of stereolithography. The proposed technique is analogous to principles of mass customization and takes advantage of a flexible module to create complex structures in a manner that is computationally efficient and effective. The process is two-staged, in which a genetic algorithm evolves the topology of the microstructure and a second algorithm incorporating Finite Element Analysis then optimises the geometry. The examples shown are designed specifically for the fabrication technique, but the method and general principles are applicable to structural problems at any scale.
{"title":"Modularity and Flexibility at the Small Scale: Evolving Continuous Material Variation with Stereolithography","authors":"S. Hanna, S. H. Mahdavi","doi":"10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.076","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce a technique by which the internal \u0000material properties of an object can be optimised at a microstructural level (5x10-5m) to counteract the forces that are applied to it. These can then be fabricated using the rapid prototyping method of stereolithography. The proposed technique is analogous to principles of mass customization and takes advantage of a flexible module to create complex structures in a manner that is computationally efficient and effective. The process is two-staged, in which a genetic algorithm evolves the topology of the microstructure and a second algorithm incorporating Finite Element Analysis then optimises the geometry. The examples shown are designed specifically for the fabrication technique, but the method and general principles are applicable to structural problems at any scale.","PeriodicalId":62986,"journal":{"name":"山西省考古学会论文集","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78537556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.256
W. Jabi
The advent of automated manufacturing processes and the possibility of directly translating virtual creations into physical artifacts brought forth the possibility of exploring a digital tectonic: the poetics of digitally conceived, structurally clarified and directly manufactured architecture. CAD/CAM equipment is being rapidly installed in schools of architecture without much thought given to its effect on the tradition of tectonics. To investigate these effects, this paper includes discussions of the tradition of architectural tectonics and of more recent works that illustrate the possibilities of digital tectonics. This discussion is followed by a brief survey of some of the research in the area of analog/digital pedagogy. Additionally, two experiments were conducted in an academic course setting that explored analog, digital, and hybrid approaches to the creation of architectural artifacts. The physical and virtual artifacts from the two experiments were analyzed and commonalities and differences were discerned. The research project reported in this paper further clarifies the notion of digital tectonics as the poetics of digitally constructed assemblages, and points to possible pitfalls of using CAD/ CAM equipment that disregard the materiality of components and their interconnectedness. ACADIA: Education
{"title":"Digital Tectonics: The intersection of the physical and the virtual","authors":"W. Jabi","doi":"10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.256","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of automated manufacturing processes and the possibility of directly translating virtual creations into physical artifacts brought forth the possibility of exploring a digital tectonic: the poetics of digitally conceived, structurally clarified and directly manufactured architecture. CAD/CAM equipment is being rapidly installed in schools of architecture without much thought given to its effect on the tradition of tectonics. To investigate these effects, this paper includes discussions of the tradition of architectural tectonics and of more recent works that illustrate the possibilities of digital tectonics. This discussion is followed by a brief survey of some of the research in the area of analog/digital pedagogy. Additionally, two experiments were conducted in an academic course setting that explored analog, digital, and hybrid approaches to the creation of architectural artifacts. The physical and virtual artifacts from the two experiments were analyzed and commonalities and differences were discerned. The research project reported in this paper further clarifies the notion of digital tectonics as the poetics of digitally constructed assemblages, and points to possible pitfalls of using CAD/ CAM equipment that disregard the materiality of components and their interconnectedness. ACADIA: Education","PeriodicalId":62986,"journal":{"name":"山西省考古学会论文集","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72583537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.034
Marsha Kelmans
The winning entry by Toronto’s Hariri Pontarini Architects (HPA) for the design of the BahAi’A Temple for South America in Santiago, Chile has not gone unnoticed by the architectural community and media. Sumptuous images of the “Temple of Light†described by Gary Michael Dault as “a soap bubble that has alighted, momentarily, on the ground†reveal a dramatic departure from the firm’s portfolio. HPA is responsible for McKinsey & Co. in Toronto and the Schulich School of Business at York University (with RYWA in joint venture). Their work is characterized by close attention to proportion and composition through the meeting of materials. Using conventional methods of construction, the firm is capable of producing a high level of detail refinement.
多伦多的Hariri Pontarini建筑事务所(HPA)为智利圣地亚哥的bahai - A -南美神庙设计的获奖作品并没有被建筑界和媒体忽视。由Gary Michael Dault所描述的华丽的图片，如 œa肥皂泡沫，瞬间落在地面上，揭示了与公司投资组合的戏剧性背离。HPA负责多伦多麦肯锡公司和约克大学舒利克商学院(与RYWA合资)。他们的作品的特点是通过材料的结合密切关注比例和构图。使用传统的施工方法，该公司能够产生高水平的细节细化。
{"title":"Bahá’í Temple temple of ligh","authors":"Marsha Kelmans","doi":"10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.034","url":null,"abstract":"The winning entry by Toronto’s Hariri Pontarini Architects (HPA) for the design of the BahAi’A Temple for South America in Santiago, Chile has not gone unnoticed by the architectural community and media. Sumptuous images of the “Temple of Light†described by Gary Michael Dault as “a soap bubble that has alighted, momentarily, on the ground†reveal a dramatic departure from the firm’s portfolio. HPA is responsible for McKinsey & Co. in Toronto and the Schulich School of Business at York University (with RYWA in joint venture). Their work is characterized by close attention to proportion and composition through the meeting of materials. Using conventional methods of construction, the firm is capable of producing a high level of detail refinement.","PeriodicalId":62986,"journal":{"name":"山西省考古学会论文集","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84318718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.126
Pierre Olsson, Per Eriksson
In the design process, knowledge of structural mechanics is often reduced to its being used to determine whether the object that has been designed is sufficiently strong. Strength testing indicates this directly on a yes or no basis, whereas computations are able to compare the level of stress with the strength of the material. Understanding the interplay between load, form, and material which structural mechanics is able to provide can be of considerable and far-reaching importance, both at an early conceptual design stage and while developing parts and details. The aim of this paper is to show how structural mechanics (in particular, static eigenvalue analysis) can be used to create work methods that provide a common language between the designer and the engineer during the design process. A case study is presented in which the Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to perform static eigenvalue analyses aimed at facilitating a collaborative furniture design process in the creation of a shell-shaped chair. Analysis of this sort was chosen because it can be used in a sketch-like manner. The designer found it easy to incorporate the results of the analysis into his own sketching work. It also enabled him to see how different design changes affected the overall structural behaviour of the chair without him having to create a full-scale prototype for physical testing.
{"title":"STATIC EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS AS AN AID IN FURNITURE DESIGN","authors":"Pierre Olsson, Per Eriksson","doi":"10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.126","url":null,"abstract":"In the design process, knowledge of structural mechanics is often reduced to its being used to determine whether the object that has been designed is sufficiently strong. Strength testing indicates this directly on a yes or no basis, whereas computations are able to compare the level of stress with the strength of the material. Understanding the interplay between load, form, and material which structural mechanics is able to provide can be of considerable and far-reaching importance, both at an early conceptual design stage and while developing parts and details. The aim of this paper is to show how structural mechanics (in particular, static eigenvalue analysis) can be used to create work methods that provide a common language between the designer and the engineer during the design process. A case study is presented in which the Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to perform static eigenvalue analyses aimed at facilitating a collaborative furniture design process in the creation of a shell-shaped chair. Analysis of this sort was chosen because it can be used in a sketch-like manner. The designer found it easy to incorporate the results of the analysis into his own sketching work. It also enabled him to see how different design changes affected the overall structural behaviour of the chair without him having to create a full-scale prototype for physical testing.","PeriodicalId":62986,"journal":{"name":"山西省考古学会论文集","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73386381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.230
S. Johnson
{"title":"Linking Analysis and Architectural Data: Why It's Harder than We Thought","authors":"S. Johnson","doi":"10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.230","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62986,"journal":{"name":"山西省考古学会论文集","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91481269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.294
K. Oosterhuis
{"title":"File to Factory and Real Time Behavior in Architecture","authors":"K. Oosterhuis","doi":"10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.294","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62986,"journal":{"name":"山西省考古学会论文集","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88576624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.244
Karl Daubmann
This paper explains the development of a digital fabrication graduate seminar that has evolved over four semesters. The class attempts to teach at various levels between ‘how to’ considerations of learning hardware and software, while exploring a deeper understanding of the technological implications on design and digital fabrication. At the heart of the course is the belief that the limitations of hardware, software, and materials can be viewed as opportunities during the making of any artifact. A number of teaching models have been employed over the four semesters that include short, abstract, directed miniprojects, which teach one skill to the opposite extreme that develops longer, open-ended research / design projects focused on a technology or technique. The products of the class are used to compare the benefits and deficiencies of various pedagogies. The work is also used to further define the desires of the course related to strategies for materials and making. ACADIA: Education
{"title":"Teaching Digital Fabrication through Design","authors":"Karl Daubmann","doi":"10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.244","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explains the development of a digital fabrication graduate seminar that has evolved over four semesters. The class attempts to teach at various levels between ‘how to’ considerations of learning hardware and software, while exploring a deeper understanding of the technological implications on design and digital fabrication. At the heart of the course is the belief that the limitations of hardware, software, and materials can be viewed as opportunities during the making of any artifact. A number of teaching models have been employed over the four semesters that include short, abstract, directed miniprojects, which teach one skill to the opposite extreme that develops longer, open-ended research / design projects focused on a technology or technique. The products of the class are used to compare the benefits and deficiencies of various pedagogies. The work is also used to further define the desires of the course related to strategies for materials and making. ACADIA: Education","PeriodicalId":62986,"journal":{"name":"山西省考古学会论文集","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78021130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.270
Lisa Iwamoto
This paper discusses work from two digital fabrication seminars taught at the University of California Berkeley: Fabricating Space and Thick Skinned. The full-scale installations explore relationships among the body, digital design, and making. They combine investigations of perceptual and spatial effects with digital modeling processes and full-scale CNC fabrication, focusing in particular on how new media practices forge alternative methods of representing and constructing corporeal and sensorial experience.
{"title":"Embodied Fabrication: Computer Aided Spacemaking","authors":"Lisa Iwamoto","doi":"10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.270","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses work from two digital fabrication seminars taught at the University of California Berkeley: Fabricating Space and Thick Skinned. The full-scale installations explore relationships among the body, digital design, and making. They combine investigations of perceptual and spatial effects with digital modeling processes and full-scale CNC fabrication, focusing in particular on how new media practices forge alternative methods of representing and constructing corporeal and sensorial experience.","PeriodicalId":62986,"journal":{"name":"山西省考古学会论文集","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87048601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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