环境•农林最新文献

Impact of diamides on structure and functional activities of soil microflora and soil health has not been well studied. Effect of chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole on the activity of dehydrogenase, acidic, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, invertase and urease enzymes in chilli planted soil was assessed. Two applications of chlorantraniliprole @ 30, 37.5 and 60 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and cyantraniliprole @ 60, 75 and 120 g a.i. ha⁻¹resulted in adverse effect. Dehydrogenase activity was reduced by 21.34 and 22.07 per cent on 7^thday, in double dose chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole respectively. Activity of both acidic and alkaline phosphatase enzyme reduced by 4.98 and1.06 per cent at 5th day after application of chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole @30 and 60 g a.i. ha⁻¹ respectively. On the other hand, amylase and invertase activity showed non-significant reduction and urease enzyme activity was slightly reduced (0.02–3.44%). The recommended doses of these two diamides had short term adverse effect on these enzymes, while higher doses led to 20 -30 per cent reduction in enzyme activity). However, activity of enzymes was restored after some time which could be due to adaptive capacity of soil microbes and dissipation of the pesticide residues.

Uneven heat dissipation will affect the reliability and performance attenuation of tram supercapacitor, and reducing the energy consumption of heat dissipation is also a problem that must be solved in supercapacitor engineering applications. This paper takes the vehicle supercapacitor energy storage power supply as the research object, and uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to calculate its internal temperature distribution to solve the problem that the internal heat dissipation of the power supply in the initial design scheme is not uniform, and the maximum temperature of cell capacitors is as high as 67 °C. Filling of heat-conducting silicone film between single cell capacitors inside the module can conduct heat from single cell capacitor in the center of the module to the edge of the module quickly; adding baffles in the cabinet can optimize the air duct, and the temperature between the modules can be uniform; as a result of the combined effect of the two optimization measures, the maximum temperature of the cell capacitors drops to 55.5 °C, which is lower than the allowable operating temperature limit of the capacitor cell 56 °C. For the first time, the scheme of using air-conditioning waste exhaust air to cool supercapacitor energy storage power supply is proposed. Compared with the traditional cooling scheme using special air conditioning units, each energy storage system can save 967.16 kW·h per year using air-conditioning waste exhaust cooling, effectively reducing the overall energy consumption of the vehicle.

The study evaluated calcium-rich deinking paper sludge (DPS) biochar's capability as a viable alternative method to mitigate soil cadmium (Cd) availability. Our analysis of 68 recent studies showed that 75% of the studies focused on contamination levels below 10 mg kg^-1. However, mining and smelting areas exhibit higher levels of Cd contamination (mean value of 57.5 mg kg^-1 with a CV of 128%), necessitating a contamination rate-dependent approach.

Clay loam (CL) and sandy loam (SL) soils were artificially contaminated with Cd to mimic polluted areas (20, 40, 80 mg kg^-1). Soils were aged for six months and then treated with DPS biochar doses of 0%, 1%, and 3% (w/w) for a month. Cd extractability and toxicity were gauged using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid extraction and plant physiology tests. Supplementarily, machine learning algorithms were tested to predict plant physiological parameters and biomass production, leveraging variables from principal component analysis and design parameters.

Biochar application (3%, w/w) reduced soil Cd availability (20.1% in SL, 8.4% in CL; p < .05), attributed to increased soil pH, enhanced microbial activity, and expanded soil surface area. The plants grown in treated soils displayed increased dry matter content, chlorophyll, relative water content, and decreased malondialdehyde levels. The impact varied, being more pronounced in SL soils with high Cd contamination.

This study presents the first report on the use of DPS biochar in Cd-contaminated soils and sets expectations for its outcomes regarding plant physiology and soil microbial activity in a diversified experimental design. DPS biochar appeared as a tool for mitigating soil Cd availability and alleviating plant stress particularly in SL soils. The biochar's efficiency was influenced by its dose, the level of contamination, and the soil type, highlighting the importance of tailored application strategies.

In this study, the adsorption properties of a composite material consisting of polyacrylamide, an inert polymer, and an extract obtained from the water-soluble part of a green walnut shell were investigated for Hg(II) ions. SEM, EDX, FTIR, and PZC analyses were performed to characterize the newly synthesized material. SEM and EDX analyses confirmed that the surface of the synthesized adsorbent became softer and smoother after adsorption, indicating the presence of Hg in its elemental composition. FTIR analysis showed that mercury enters the structure through chemical interactions, and there are changes in bond vibration frequencies in the presence of Hg(II). According to the PZC point analysis, the point at which the surface charge was zero was found to be pH 4. The Langmuir model was used to calculate the adsorption capacity after investigating the effect of concentration on adsorption. The adsorption capacity was found to be 1.808 molkg⁻¹ (362,67 mgg⁻¹) from the Langmuir model, which is very high compared to similar adsorbents. PFO model was used to explain the adsorption kinetics and very fast adsorption kinetics were observed. The adsorption entropy increased, free enthalpy of adsorption was negative, and heat of adsorption was in the energy-consuming direction.

The study investigated the pollution indices and potential ecological risks of heavy metals (HM) occurrence in the soil affected by municipal waste from selected parts of Delta state southern, Nigeria. The heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Heavy metals analyzed for this study are Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, and As. Findings obtained from a heavy metal risk assessment indices such as potential ecological risk assessment (ERI), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), degree of contamination (Cdeg), and Nemerow Pollution (PNI) showed that human activities such as automobile mechanics, dumping of solid waste, and agricultural activities are the major source of heavy metals pollutionin soil within the study area. Findings obtained from Igeo are contrary to findings obtained from ERI which revealed soil samples were unpolluted, implying that the anthropogenic activities within the area had little influence on the ERI. Observation from Cdeg indicated a low contamination degree in the soil. Results from PNI showed that 36.4 %, 27.3 %, and 13.6% of analyzed soil samples were classified to be clean, slightly clean, and moderately polluted respectively. Deduction from Principal Component Analysis PCA analysis and Pearson correlation matrix suggested that anthropogenic activities within the study area have led to the occurrence of heavy metals in soil.

Some parasitic fungi can increase fitness by modifying the behavior of their hosts. These behaviors are known as extended phenotypes because they favor parasitic gene propagation. Here, we studied three lineages of Ophiocordyceps, a fungus that infects ants, altering their conduct before death. According to fungal strategy, ants may die in leaf litter, with entwined legs in branches, under the moss mat, or biting plant tissue. It is critical for parasites that the corpses stay at these places because Ophiocordyceps exhibit iteroparity, possibly releasing spores in multiple life cycles. Thus, we assumed substrate cadaver permanence as a fungi reproductive proxy and corpse height as a proxy of cadaver removal. We hypothesize that biting vegetation and dying in higher places may increase the permanence of ant corpses while avoiding possible corpse predation on the forest floor. We monitored over a year more than 4000 zombie ants in approximately 15 km² of undisturbed tropical forest in central Amazonia. Our results show a longer permanence of corpses with increasing ground height, suggesting that the parasites may have better chances of releasing spores and infecting new hosts at these places. We found that the zombie ants that last longer on the substrate die under the moss mat in tree trunks, not necessarily biting vegetation. The biting behavior appears to be the most derived and complex mechanism among Ophiocordyceps syndromes. Our results put these findings under a new perspective, proposing that seemingly less complex behavioral changes are ecologically equivalent and adaptative for other parasite lineages.