Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.08.013
Xianju Wu , Zhijun Wei , Yun Wang , Ling zhou , Yunhui Wang , Ningfei Wang
This study investigates the performance boundaries of ramjet and scramjet engines fueled by boron-based propellant through full-scale engine modeling and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. Results show that the performance boundary between ramjets and scramjets occurs near Mach 7. Specifically, at Mach 6, the ramjet exhibits a 1290 m/s higher specific impulse than the scramjet; however, at Mach 7, their performance becomes comparable. The ramjet's higher static temperature promotes boron particle vaporization and B2O2 dissociation, limiting the total temperature increase, unlike in scramjets. The boron vapor mass fraction significantly impacts this temperature difference, with ramjets exhibiting values 8.5 and 3.9 times higher than scramjets at Mach 6 and Mach 7, respectively. Despite lower total temperatures, ramjets achieve more efficient boron combustion due to the combined effects of higher pressures and longer particle residence times. These findings offer valuable insights for engine designers in selecting ramjet or scramjet configurations for boron-fueled propulsion systems.
{"title":"Performance comparison of full-scale ramjet and scramjet using boron-based propellant","authors":"Xianju Wu , Zhijun Wei , Yun Wang , Ling zhou , Yunhui Wang , Ningfei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.08.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.08.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the performance boundaries of ramjet and scramjet engines fueled by boron-based propellant through full-scale engine modeling and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. Results show that the performance boundary between ramjets and scramjets occurs near Mach 7. Specifically, at Mach 6, the ramjet exhibits a 1290 m/s higher specific impulse than the scramjet; however, at Mach 7, their performance becomes comparable. The ramjet's higher static temperature promotes boron particle vaporization and B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> dissociation, limiting the total temperature increase, unlike in scramjets. The boron vapor mass fraction significantly impacts this temperature difference, with ramjets exhibiting values 8.5 and 3.9 times higher than scramjets at Mach 6 and Mach 7, respectively. Despite lower total temperatures, ramjets achieve more efficient boron combustion due to the combined effects of higher pressures and longer particle residence times. These findings offer valuable insights for engine designers in selecting ramjet or scramjet configurations for boron-fueled propulsion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"56 ","pages":"Pages 206-217"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.028
Yuejie Cao , Xiaoyan Tang , Xiang Li , Zhonghuan Huang , Wenjie Yin , Xiangyu Huang , Hongtu Zhang , Zengqiang Cao
This study introduces electromagnetic dynamic self-piercing riveting (ED-SPR), an innovative technique that integrates electromagnetic riveting principles with static self-piercing riveting (S-SPR) for high-performance structural joints. A dedicated methodology and experimental apparatus for ED-SPR were systematically designed and validated. Quantitative comparative analyses between ED-SPR and S-SPR were conducted on three critical material combinations: CFRP/Al, low-strength steel HC340LA/Al, and high-strength steel DP590/Al. Key findings demonstrate that the electromagnetic-driven process reduces installation resistance by 60% and achieves a 30% larger interlock distance at the joint base compared to S-SPR. These quantitative advantages directly contribute to an approximately 30% increase in load-bearing capacity and superior damage tolerance in ED-SPR joints, as evidenced by tensile-shear testing of single-lap joints. Furthermore, distinct failure modes were observed: ED-SPR joints exhibited top plate pull-out failure in CFRP/Al and DP590/Al configurations, contrasting with the predominant rivet pull-out failure in S-SPR counterparts. Surface morphology and damage evolution were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on post-assembly and tensile-failed specimens. The study establishes a foundation for optimizing electromagnetic-driven riveting parameters to mitigate CFRP delamination and further enhance joint reliability in vehicle body and aircraft fuselage structures.
{"title":"Electromagnetic dynamic self-piercing riveting (ED-SPR): A novel approach for enhanced dissimilar material joining","authors":"Yuejie Cao , Xiaoyan Tang , Xiang Li , Zhonghuan Huang , Wenjie Yin , Xiangyu Huang , Hongtu Zhang , Zengqiang Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces electromagnetic dynamic self-piercing riveting (ED-SPR), an innovative technique that integrates electromagnetic riveting principles with static self-piercing riveting (S-SPR) for high-performance structural joints. A dedicated methodology and experimental apparatus for ED-SPR were systematically designed and validated. Quantitative comparative analyses between ED-SPR and S-SPR were conducted on three critical material combinations: CFRP/Al, low-strength steel HC340LA/Al, and high-strength steel DP590/Al. Key findings demonstrate that the electromagnetic-driven process reduces installation resistance by 60% and achieves a 30% larger interlock distance at the joint base compared to S-SPR. These quantitative advantages directly contribute to an approximately 30% increase in load-bearing capacity and superior damage tolerance in ED-SPR joints, as evidenced by tensile-shear testing of single-lap joints. Furthermore, distinct failure modes were observed: ED-SPR joints exhibited top plate pull-out failure in CFRP/Al and DP590/Al configurations, contrasting with the predominant rivet pull-out failure in S-SPR counterparts. Surface morphology and damage evolution were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on post-assembly and tensile-failed specimens. The study establishes a foundation for optimizing electromagnetic-driven riveting parameters to mitigate CFRP delamination and further enhance joint reliability in vehicle body and aircraft fuselage structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"56 ","pages":"Pages 218-230"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.016
Siwei Zhao , Yi Zeng , Xuewen Zhou , Weixing Zhao , Botao Xie , Jianbin Jing , Yan Chen , Yilun Liu
Hypervelocity rocket sled systems are critical for testing advanced military technologies, yet track damage at speeds exceeding Mach 5 remains a significant challenge for system reliability and performance. In this study, we investigated the hypervelocity impact response and protection for high-strength U71Mn or bainitic steel used in rocket sled tracks. Flyer plate impact experiments using a two-stage light-gas gun were conducted to study the hypervelocity collision response, followed by the microstructural characterization via optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron backscatter diffraction to reveal underlying damage mechanisms. Then, the calibrated thermal-mechanical coupled finite element simulations using the Johnson-Cook constitutive model and Mie-Grüneisen equation of state were carried out. Results indicated that bainitic steel exhibits superior impact resistance with predominantly smooth scratch-dominated damage due to its higher ductility. In contrast, U71Mn suffered significant material spallation and crack propagation arising from brittle fracture mechanisms. Zinc-rich epoxy primer coatings effectively mitigated stress concentration and temperature rise in the substrate at impacting velocities below 2.4 km/s, so as to suppress the microstructural damage such as adiabatic shear bands and dynamic recrystallization. However, coating protection diminished at ultra-high-speed impacts due to the coating failure. Dimensional analysis established quantitative relationships of the gouge damage size to projectile mass, impact velocity, and material yield strength. This study provides in-depth insights into damage mechanisms in hypervelocity rail systems, demonstrating that bainitic steel combined with protective coatings can significantly enhance impact resistance and system reliability, offering valuable guidance for the design and optimization of hypervelocity testing platforms.
超高速火箭滑橇系统对于测试先进的军事技术至关重要，然而，超过5马赫的速度对系统可靠性和性能来说仍然是一个重大挑战。本文研究了高强度U71Mn和贝氏体钢用于火箭滑轨的超高速冲击响应和防护性能。利用两级光气枪对飞片进行了超高速撞击实验，并利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子背散射衍射技术对飞片进行了微观结构表征，揭示了飞片的损伤机理。然后，采用Johnson-Cook本构模型和mie - gr neisen状态方程进行了标定后的热-力耦合有限元模拟。结果表明，贝氏体钢具有较高的延展性，具有较好的抗冲击性能，损伤以光滑划痕为主。相比之下，U71Mn由于脆性断裂机制出现了明显的材料剥落和裂纹扩展。富锌环氧底漆能有效减缓冲击速度低于2.4 km/s时基体中的应力集中和温升，从而抑制绝热剪切带和动态再结晶等微观组织损伤。然而，由于涂层失效，涂层保护在超高速撞击下减弱。量纲分析建立了凿击损伤尺寸与弹丸质量、冲击速度和材料屈服强度之间的定量关系。本研究深入探讨了超高速轨道系统的损伤机理，表明贝氏体钢结合防护涂层可显著提高系统的抗冲击性和可靠性，为超高速试验平台的设计和优化提供了有价值的指导。
{"title":"Hypervelocity impact response and protection for the track steels of rocket sled system via light-gas gun experiments","authors":"Siwei Zhao , Yi Zeng , Xuewen Zhou , Weixing Zhao , Botao Xie , Jianbin Jing , Yan Chen , Yilun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypervelocity rocket sled systems are critical for testing advanced military technologies, yet track damage at speeds exceeding Mach 5 remains a significant challenge for system reliability and performance. In this study, we investigated the hypervelocity impact response and protection for high-strength U71Mn or bainitic steel used in rocket sled tracks. Flyer plate impact experiments using a two-stage light-gas gun were conducted to study the hypervelocity collision response, followed by the microstructural characterization via optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron backscatter diffraction to reveal underlying damage mechanisms. Then, the calibrated thermal-mechanical coupled finite element simulations using the Johnson-Cook constitutive model and Mie-Grüneisen equation of state were carried out. Results indicated that bainitic steel exhibits superior impact resistance with predominantly smooth scratch-dominated damage due to its higher ductility. In contrast, U71Mn suffered significant material spallation and crack propagation arising from brittle fracture mechanisms. Zinc-rich epoxy primer coatings effectively mitigated stress concentration and temperature rise in the substrate at impacting velocities below 2.4 km/s, so as to suppress the microstructural damage such as adiabatic shear bands and dynamic recrystallization. However, coating protection diminished at ultra-high-speed impacts due to the coating failure. Dimensional analysis established quantitative relationships of the gouge damage size to projectile mass, impact velocity, and material yield strength. This study provides in-depth insights into damage mechanisms in hypervelocity rail systems, demonstrating that bainitic steel combined with protective coatings can significantly enhance impact resistance and system reliability, offering valuable guidance for the design and optimization of hypervelocity testing platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"56 ","pages":"Pages 282-293"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.023
Liang Ma , Lingxin Hu , Haoxiang Wang , Yichao Yuan , Jian Wei , Xiaoxin Zhao , Kunkun Zeng , Yuze Zhao , Zhiyin Zhao , Jiagui Liu , Shizhao Chen , Jinling Gao
High-performance fiber fabrics and composites experienced transverse compression deformation at ultrahigh strain rates near the impact point when subjected to high-velocity impacts, which significantly affected their ballistic limits. In this paper, a fiber-scale experimental method for characterizing ultrahigh strain-rate transverse compression behavior was proposed. To begin with, in order to measure the extremely low stress and strain in small specimens, the conventional Hopkinson bar was reduced to the hundred-micron scale, thereby achieving wave impedance matching with single fibers. In addition, tangential and normal laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) methods were employed to realize non-contact, high-precision, and high-speed axial velocity measurements of micron-scale incident and transmission bars, respectively. Meanwhile, a microscopic observation system was used to facilitate the installation of miniature fiber samples. The experimental setup and procedures were introduced, and the system accuracy was verified through sample-free loading tests based on one-dimensional stress wave propagation theory. Dynamic compression experiments on Graphene-UHMWPE fibers were carried out, followed by post-compression microstructural characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results demonstrated that successful mechanical characterization was achieved at strain rates exceeding 105, an order of magnitude higher than the previously reported maximum rates. Furthermore, during the loading process, the fibers underwent uniform compression deformation while exhibiting pronounced strain-rate effects. This method offers a novel approach for dynamic mechanical characterization of microscale single fibers, enabling the development of comprehensive strain-rate-dependent material models to guide the design of advanced composites and high-performance fibers.
{"title":"Characterization of ultrahigh-strain-rate compressive behaviors in single 10-μm scale fibers using a micro-scale Hopkinson bar method","authors":"Liang Ma , Lingxin Hu , Haoxiang Wang , Yichao Yuan , Jian Wei , Xiaoxin Zhao , Kunkun Zeng , Yuze Zhao , Zhiyin Zhao , Jiagui Liu , Shizhao Chen , Jinling Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-performance fiber fabrics and composites experienced transverse compression deformation at ultrahigh strain rates near the impact point when subjected to high-velocity impacts, which significantly affected their ballistic limits. In this paper, a fiber-scale experimental method for characterizing ultrahigh strain-rate transverse compression behavior was proposed. To begin with, in order to measure the extremely low stress and strain in small specimens, the conventional Hopkinson bar was reduced to the hundred-micron scale, thereby achieving wave impedance matching with single fibers. In addition, tangential and normal laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) methods were employed to realize non-contact, high-precision, and high-speed axial velocity measurements of micron-scale incident and transmission bars, respectively. Meanwhile, a microscopic observation system was used to facilitate the installation of miniature fiber samples. The experimental setup and procedures were introduced, and the system accuracy was verified through sample-free loading tests based on one-dimensional stress wave propagation theory. Dynamic compression experiments on Graphene-UHMWPE fibers were carried out, followed by post-compression microstructural characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results demonstrated that successful mechanical characterization was achieved at strain rates exceeding 10<sup>5</sup>, an order of magnitude higher than the previously reported maximum rates. Furthermore, during the loading process, the fibers underwent uniform compression deformation while exhibiting pronounced strain-rate effects. This method offers a novel approach for dynamic mechanical characterization of microscale single fibers, enabling the development of comprehensive strain-rate-dependent material models to guide the design of advanced composites and high-performance fibers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"56 ","pages":"Pages 270-281"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.06.001
Xin Gao , Hirofumi Ueda , Meng Qu , Guang Li , Xiaojin Li , Menglin Xu
Pedestrian streets are vital for urban livability, tourism, and cultural identity. This research examines how human-perspective spatial form influences aesthetic perception, using a tourist street in central Luoyang as a case site. Based on perceptual evaluations from participants in Luoyang and Xi'an, the research isolates key structural elements and reveals the underlying relationship between spatial form and tourist aesthetic preferences. Deep learning models were used to extract spatial indicators from real-world streetscapes, aligning them with abstracted representations. Modelling the extracted indicators with a Generalized Additive Model (GAM), the study enables large-scale analysis and captures both individual spatial characteristics and their interactive effects on aesthetic perception. This approach not only models complex nonlinear relationships but also provides a solid foundation for aesthetic prediction and assessment. The findings identify the proportion of sky (PS), ground area (PG), and spatial depth (D) as key factors influencing aesthetic judgments, while the proportion of vertical elements (PV) and the ground-to-vertical ratio (G/V) show high multicollinearity. Additionally, street-level average aesthetics tend to be rated higher than point-wise average aesthetics. These insights allow for the layout and adjustment of spatial form by balancing the aesthetic preferences of local and non-local visitors, ultimately enhancing pedestrian street aesthetics.
{"title":"Reimagining tourism pedestrian street aesthetics through machine learning: Understanding the role of spatial form based on a case study in Luoyang, China","authors":"Xin Gao , Hirofumi Ueda , Meng Qu , Guang Li , Xiaojin Li , Menglin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pedestrian streets are vital for urban livability, tourism, and cultural identity. This research examines how human-perspective spatial form influences aesthetic perception, using a tourist street in central Luoyang as a case site. Based on perceptual evaluations from participants in Luoyang and Xi'an, the research isolates key structural elements and reveals the underlying relationship between spatial form and tourist aesthetic preferences. Deep learning models were used to extract spatial indicators from real-world streetscapes, aligning them with abstracted representations. Modelling the extracted indicators with a Generalized Additive Model (GAM), the study enables large-scale analysis and captures both individual spatial characteristics and their interactive effects on aesthetic perception. This approach not only models complex nonlinear relationships but also provides a solid foundation for aesthetic prediction and assessment. The findings identify the proportion of sky (<em>PS</em>), ground area (<em>PG</em>), and spatial depth (<em>D</em>) as key factors influencing aesthetic judgments, while the proportion of vertical elements (<em>PV</em>) and the ground-to-vertical ratio (<em>G/V</em>) show high multicollinearity. Additionally, street-level average aesthetics tend to be rated higher than point-wise average aesthetics. These insights allow for the layout and adjustment of spatial form by balancing the aesthetic preferences of local and non-local visitors, ultimately enhancing pedestrian street aesthetics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 238-258"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.04.010
Yange Wang, Pengju Zhang
The site selection of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in ancient China was determined by a comprehensive evaluation of multiple factors, and numerous studies have demonstrated that religious culture and geography play major roles; however, this information is primarily derived from qualitative research or case studies. In this paper, based on the locations of 1307 Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in mountainous regions of China, we quantified 11 cultural and geographical factors and applied clustering and principal component analysis to explore the factors influencing site selection. The results indicate that Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in mountainous regions of China can be classified into 3 clusters based on the determinants of their site selection, which correspond to the 3 primary functional uses of monasteries, and they showed distinct site selection considerations of geographical factors. Cluster 1 demonstrates adaptive alignment with plateau topography, with aspect, slope and altitude as primary factors, cluster 2 prioritizes accessibility for lay worshippers, prioritizing proximity to water sources, transportation networks and settlements, cluster 3 emphasizes spiritual isolation for monastic purification, predominantly influenced by sunlight priority in the morning. Unlike earlier research, this study revealed the influence of religious culture on the site selection of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries are not statistically significant. These results serve as a new reference for the study of Tibetan Buddhist monastery site selection.
{"title":"A cultural geographic perspective on the site selection of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in mountainous regions of China","authors":"Yange Wang, Pengju Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2025.04.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2025.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The site selection of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in ancient China was determined by a comprehensive evaluation of multiple factors, and numerous studies have demonstrated that religious culture and geography play major roles; however, this information is primarily derived from qualitative research or case studies. In this paper, based on the locations of 1307 Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in mountainous regions of China, we quantified 11 cultural and geographical factors and applied clustering and principal component analysis to explore the factors influencing site selection. The results indicate that Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in mountainous regions of China can be classified into 3 clusters based on the determinants of their site selection, which correspond to the 3 primary functional uses of monasteries, and they showed distinct site selection considerations of geographical factors. Cluster 1 demonstrates adaptive alignment with plateau topography, with aspect, slope and altitude as primary factors, cluster 2 prioritizes accessibility for lay worshippers, prioritizing proximity to water sources, transportation networks and settlements, cluster 3 emphasizes spiritual isolation for monastic purification, predominantly influenced by sunlight priority in the morning. Unlike earlier research, this study revealed the influence of religious culture on the site selection of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries are not statistically significant. These results serve as a new reference for the study of Tibetan Buddhist monastery site selection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 105-118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.05.004
Heather Mitcheltree , Cleo Valentine , Ian Hosking , Arnold Wilkins , Minna Sunikka-Blank , Koen Steemers
Family and domestic violence (FDV) is an issue that impacts on the health and wellbeing of women and children worldwide. Research shows that trauma-exposed individuals commonly experience heightened sensitivity to sensory triggers within the environmental milieu. Despite interest in trauma-informed design, the impact of visual stress has largely gone unexplored in the design of FDV refuges. This research utilises a novel visual stress analysis tool (ViStA) to examine the presence of potential visual stressors within two purpose-built FDV refuges in Australia. ViStA enables an assessment of visual stress, taking into account the complex interplay of size, spatial frequency, duty cycle, and contrast in the overall visual experience. Through an analysis of refuge images (n = 60), this study mapped the presence potential visual stressors. Through this analysis it was found that ‘high contrast linear elements’ were the most common potential visual stressors in both refuges. Common features among the spaces with the highest peak residuals were “perforated panelling” and “highly patterned surfaces”. Additionally, visual stressors were able to be categorised into eight primary functional categories of architectural features. The exploratory nature of this research underlines its importance as a foundational step towards developing evidence-based design practices for trauma-informed environments.
{"title":"Investigating visual stress within family and domestic violence refuges in Australia","authors":"Heather Mitcheltree , Cleo Valentine , Ian Hosking , Arnold Wilkins , Minna Sunikka-Blank , Koen Steemers","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Family and domestic violence (FDV) is an issue that impacts on the health and wellbeing of women and children worldwide. Research shows that trauma-exposed individuals commonly experience heightened sensitivity to sensory triggers within the environmental milieu. Despite interest in trauma-informed design, the impact of visual stress has largely gone unexplored in the design of FDV refuges. This research utilises a novel visual stress analysis tool (ViStA) to examine the presence of potential visual stressors within two purpose-built FDV refuges in Australia. ViStA enables an assessment of visual stress, taking into account the complex interplay of size, spatial frequency, duty cycle, and contrast in the overall visual experience. Through an analysis of refuge images (<em>n</em> = 60), this study mapped the presence potential visual stressors. Through this analysis it was found that ‘high contrast linear elements’ were the most common potential visual stressors in both refuges. Common features among the spaces with the highest peak residuals were “perforated panelling” and “highly patterned surfaces”. Additionally, visual stressors were able to be categorised into eight primary functional categories of architectural features. The exploratory nature of this research underlines its importance as a foundational step towards developing evidence-based design practices for trauma-informed environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 54-69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.006
Keyan Li , Xin Li , Yu Wu , Zhilong Deng , Yan Wang , Yishuo Meng , Bai Li , Xichao Su , Lei Wang , Xinwei Wang
As carrier aircraft sortie frequency and flight deck operational density increase, autonomous dispatch trajectory planning for carrier-based vehicles demands efficient, safe, and kinematically feasible solutions. This paper presents an Iterative Safe Dispatch Corridor (iSDC) framework, addressing the suboptimality of the traditional SDC method caused by static corridor construction and redundant obstacle exploration. First, a Kinodynamic-Informed-Bidirectional Rapidly-exploring Random Tree Star (KIB-RRT∗) algorithm is proposed for the front-end coarse planning. By integrating bidirectional tree expansion, goal-biased elliptical sampling, and artificial potential field guidance, it reduces unnecessary exploration near concave obstacles and generates kinematically admissible paths. Secondly, the traditional SDC is implemented in an iterative manner, and the obtained trajectory in the current iteration is fed into the next iteration for corridor generation, thus progressively improving the quality of within-corridor constraints. For tractors, a reverse-motion penalty function is incorporated into the back-end optimizer to prioritize forward driving, aligning with mechanical constraints and human operational preferences. Numerical validations on the data of Gerald R. Ford-class carrier demonstrate that the KIB-RRT∗ reduces average computational time by 75% and expansion nodes by 25% compared to conventional RRT∗ algorithms. Meanwhile, the iSDC framework yields more time-efficient trajectories for both carrier aircraft and tractors, with the dispatch time reduced by 31.3% and tractor reverse motion proportion decreased by 23.4% relative to traditional SDC. The presented framework offers a scalable solution for autonomous dispatch in confined and safety-critical environment, and an illustrative animation is available at bilibili.com/video/BV1tZ7Zz6Eyz. Moreover, the framework can be easily extended to three-dimension scenarios, and thus applicable for trajectory planning of aerial and underwater vehicles.
随着舰载机出动频率和飞行甲板操作密度的增加，舰载机自主调度轨迹规划需要高效、安全、运动学可行的解决方案。本文提出了一种迭代安全调度走廊（iSDC）框架，解决了传统SDC方法由于静态走廊建设和冗余障碍物探测而导致的次优性问题。首先，提出了一种动态知情双向快速探索随机树星（KIB-RRT *）算法用于前端粗规划。通过将双向树展开、目标偏置椭圆采样和人工势场引导相结合，减少了在凹障碍物附近不必要的探索，生成了运动上可接受的路径。其次，传统的SDC以迭代的方式实现，将当前迭代中获得的轨迹输入到下一次迭代中进行廊道生成，从而逐步提高了廊道内约束的质量。对于拖拉机，后端优化器中加入了反向运动惩罚功能，以优先考虑向前驾驶，使机械约束和人类操作偏好保持一致。对Gerald R. ford级航母数据的数值验证表明，与传统的RRT∗算法相比，KIB-RRT∗算法平均计算时间减少75%，扩展节点减少25%。与此同时，iSDC框架为舰载机和牵引车提供了更省时的轨迹，与传统的SDC相比，调度时间减少了31.3%，牵引车反向运动比例减少了23.4%。所提出的框架为密闭和安全关键环境中的自主调度提供了可扩展的解决方案，并且可以在bilibili.com/video/BV1tZ7Zz6Eyz上获得说明性动画。此外，该框架可以很容易地扩展到三维场景，因此适用于空中和水下航行器的轨迹规划。
{"title":"Autonomous dispatch trajectory planning of carrier-based vehicles: An iterative safe dispatch corridor framework","authors":"Keyan Li , Xin Li , Yu Wu , Zhilong Deng , Yan Wang , Yishuo Meng , Bai Li , Xichao Su , Lei Wang , Xinwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As carrier aircraft sortie frequency and flight deck operational density increase, autonomous dispatch trajectory planning for carrier-based vehicles demands efficient, safe, and kinematically feasible solutions. This paper presents an Iterative Safe Dispatch Corridor (iSDC) framework, addressing the suboptimality of the traditional SDC method caused by static corridor construction and redundant obstacle exploration. First, a Kinodynamic-Informed-Bidirectional Rapidly-exploring Random Tree Star (KIB-RRT∗) algorithm is proposed for the front-end coarse planning. By integrating bidirectional tree expansion, goal-biased elliptical sampling, and artificial potential field guidance, it reduces unnecessary exploration near concave obstacles and generates kinematically admissible paths. Secondly, the traditional SDC is implemented in an iterative manner, and the obtained trajectory in the current iteration is fed into the next iteration for corridor generation, thus progressively improving the quality of within-corridor constraints. For tractors, a reverse-motion penalty function is incorporated into the back-end optimizer to prioritize forward driving, aligning with mechanical constraints and human operational preferences. Numerical validations on the data of Gerald R. Ford-class carrier demonstrate that the KIB-RRT∗ reduces average computational time by 75% and expansion nodes by 25% compared to conventional RRT∗ algorithms. Meanwhile, the iSDC framework yields more time-efficient trajectories for both carrier aircraft and tractors, with the dispatch time reduced by 31.3% and tractor reverse motion proportion decreased by 23.4% relative to traditional SDC. The presented framework offers a scalable solution for autonomous dispatch in confined and safety-critical environment, and an illustrative animation is available at bilibili.com/video/BV1tZ7Zz6Eyz. Moreover, the framework can be easily extended to three-dimension scenarios, and thus applicable for trajectory planning of aerial and underwater vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"56 ","pages":"Pages 83-95"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.03.008
Ziying Shi, Hang Dai, Yuchi Shen
This paper introduces a concept that adapts natural tree growth mechanisms through an adaptive, hierarchical subdivision of the in-plane design domain, utilizing principal stress lines (PSLs) extracted from feature regions (FRPSLs). The approach integrates architectural interactive design with structural logic, enabling the creation of free-form tree-like structures. A naturally curved tree-like structure is obtained through the superimposition of these patterns and iterative form evolution, with the final shape representing the outward expression of internal forces. Unlike traditional form-finding methods that rely solely on external vertical loading or single load conditions, this method considers vertical plus bi-directional horizontal forces by applying them to generate PSLs patterns. A naturally curved tree-like structure is obtained through the superimposition of these patterns and iterative form evolution, with the final shape representing the outward expression of internal forces. Numerical examples and design cases demonstrate that the proposed method effectively balances aesthetic needs with structural performance, offering a new approach for generating free-form tree-like structures. The results highlight its potential to provide more architectural alternatives with asymmetric, curvilinear forms without compromising structural integrity.
{"title":"A new form-evolving approach for adaptive tree-like structures using feature region principal stress lines method","authors":"Ziying Shi, Hang Dai, Yuchi Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a concept that adapts natural tree growth mechanisms through an adaptive, hierarchical subdivision of the in-plane design domain, utilizing principal stress lines (PSLs) extracted from feature regions (FRPSLs). The approach integrates architectural interactive design with structural logic, enabling the creation of free-form tree-like structures. A naturally curved tree-like structure is obtained through the superimposition of these patterns and iterative form evolution, with the final shape representing the outward expression of internal forces. Unlike traditional form-finding methods that rely solely on external vertical loading or single load conditions, this method considers vertical plus bi-directional horizontal forces by applying them to generate PSLs patterns. A naturally curved tree-like structure is obtained through the superimposition of these patterns and iterative form evolution, with the final shape representing the outward expression of internal forces. Numerical examples and design cases demonstrate that the proposed method effectively balances aesthetic needs with structural performance, offering a new approach for generating free-form tree-like structures. The results highlight its potential to provide more architectural alternatives with asymmetric, curvilinear forms without compromising structural integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 277-304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60603-7
Chuang YANG , Kangjun WANG , Jinzhe LI , Zhongmin LIU
The coupling reactions of methanol and long-chain alkanes (n-dodecane, n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane) over CHA-type molecular sieves were studied in a fixed bed reactor. Over SAPO-34 and SSZ-13, it was found that the induction period of methanol conversion was shortened by the introduction of long-chain alkanes. However, the addition of long-chain alkanes had little influence on the product distribution. Polymethylbenzenes and the derivatives were the main retained species on spent SSZ-13 catalyst, while adamantanes were the main retained species on SAPO-34. This indicates that coking species formation was mainly related to the further transformation of long-chain alkane/methanol coupling products at acid sites of the molecular sieve. These findings provide valuable information of long chain alkanes conversion and methanol reaction behavior of induction period over small pore CHA molecular sieves.
{"title":"Coupling of methanol and long chain alkanes on molecular sieves with CHA structures","authors":"Chuang YANG , Kangjun WANG , Jinzhe LI , Zhongmin LIU","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60603-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60603-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coupling reactions of methanol and long-chain alkanes (<em>n</em>-dodecane, <em>n</em>-tetradecane and <em>n</em>-hexadecane) over CHA-type molecular sieves were studied in a fixed bed reactor. Over SAPO-34 and SSZ-13, it was found that the induction period of methanol conversion was shortened by the introduction of long-chain alkanes. However, the addition of long-chain alkanes had little influence on the product distribution. Polymethylbenzenes and the derivatives were the main retained species on spent SSZ-13 catalyst, while adamantanes were the main retained species on SAPO-34. This indicates that coking species formation was mainly related to the further transformation of long-chain alkane/methanol coupling products at acid sites of the molecular sieve. These findings provide valuable information of long chain alkanes conversion and methanol reaction behavior of induction period over small pore CHA molecular sieves.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (65KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":15956,"journal":{"name":"燃料化学学报","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 20250054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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