Considering the extremely high content of soil mineral elements in high geological background areas, it is crucial to understand the transportation and health risks of mineral elements in soil-plant systems. In this study, 30 soil and apple-paired samples were collected from the main apple production areas of Yunnan's high geological background region to determine the contents of mineral elements. The aim was to research the enrichment characteristics, nutritional values, and health risks associated with 12 mineral elements in apples. The results revealed that Cd, As, Pb and Cr contents in soil samples exceeded their corresponding risk screening values with percentages of 50%, 17%, 48%, and 30%, respectively. However, only 13.3% of Pb content in apple samples exceeded the safety limit (0.1 mg·kg-1, fresh fruit). In addition to the toxic elements, apples had higher contents of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn, with average contents of 1.241 g·kg-1, 0.045 g·kg-1, 0.061 g·kg-1, 0.648 mg·kg-1, and 0.944 mg·kg-1, respectively. The nutritional evaluation results showed that the index (INQ) of K and Cu were higher than 2 through the consumption of apples, suggesting that apple consumption was one of the primary sources of K and Cu intake. The health risk assessment revealed that the target hazard quotient (THQ) of a single heavy metal was: Cu > As > Cr > Pb > Zn > Cd; the hazard index (HI) of all heavy metals was far lower than 1, indicating that apple consumption did not pose significant heavy metal exposure risks. The results of this study will provide a scientific insight into the nutritional aspects and health risks associated with mineral elements in soil-plant systems within high geological background areas.
{"title":"[Enrichment and Nutrition/Health Risks Assessment of Mineral Elements in Apples Growing in Yunnan's High Geological Background Area].","authors":"Yan Liu, Yu Fan, Jiang Liu, Zhi-Wei Jia, Ya-Nan Wan, Hua-Fen Li, Fan-Qiao Meng, Qi Wang, Zhong Zhuang","doi":"10.13227/j.hjkx.202309181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202309181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Considering the extremely high content of soil mineral elements in high geological background areas, it is crucial to understand the transportation and health risks of mineral elements in soil-plant systems. In this study, 30 soil and apple-paired samples were collected from the main apple production areas of Yunnan's high geological background region to determine the contents of mineral elements. The aim was to research the enrichment characteristics, nutritional values, and health risks associated with 12 mineral elements in apples. The results revealed that Cd, As, Pb and Cr contents in soil samples exceeded their corresponding risk screening values with percentages of 50%, 17%, 48%, and 30%, respectively. However, only 13.3% of Pb content in apple samples exceeded the safety limit (0.1 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, fresh fruit). In addition to the toxic elements, apples had higher contents of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn, with average contents of 1.241 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>, 0.045 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>, 0.061 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>, 0.648 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, and 0.944 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The nutritional evaluation results showed that the index (INQ) of K and Cu were higher than 2 through the consumption of apples, suggesting that apple consumption was one of the primary sources of K and Cu intake. The health risk assessment revealed that the target hazard quotient (THQ) of a single heavy metal was: Cu > As > Cr > Pb > Zn > Cd; the hazard index (HI) of all heavy metals was far lower than 1, indicating that apple consumption did not pose significant heavy metal exposure risks. The results of this study will provide a scientific insight into the nutritional aspects and health risks associated with mineral elements in soil-plant systems within high geological background areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":35937,"journal":{"name":"Huanjing Kexue/Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-08DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202310097
Ying He, Yong Zhang, Song Lin, Fang-Fang Du, Jia-Qi Dong, Yu-You Zhi, Wei-Jun Fu, Jia-Sen Wu, Zeng Wang
Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) serve as important indicators of the elemental balance within forest ecosystems reflecting soil fertility and quality. Accurate knowledge regarding the spatial variability of regional SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio and their influencing factors is of great significance for precise fertilization and soil health. In this study, a total of 117 topsoil samples (0-20 cm in depth) based on a 1 km×1 km grid were collected in the Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii plantation in Zhejiang Province. A combination of multi-dimensional statistical approaches (random forest model, structural equation model, redundancy analysis, and variation partitioning analysis) and diverse spatial analytical techniques (geostatistics, Moran's I index, etc.) were applied to reveal the spatial distributions and influencing factors of SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio in the Torreya. grandis cv. Merrillii region. The results showed that the average ω(SOC), ω(STN), and C∶N ratio were 17.63 g·kg-1, 1.48 g·kg-1, and 12.65, respectively, and their coefficients of variation were 68.08%, 67.41%, and 46.03%, respectively, indicating a moderate degree of variability. In general, the SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio of the Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii plantations were at an intermediate level in the national plantation. The semi-variance results showed that the nugget/sill values of SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio were 49.98%, 45.88%, and 49.93%, respectively, demonstrating a moderate level of spatial autocorrelation. The spatial distribution results showed that SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio decreased from northeast to southwest, with the majority of the region exhibiting above-medium fertility levels of SOC. The results of correlation analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that AN, AP, and AK were significantly correlated with both SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio (P<0.05). The results of random forest, structural equation model, and variation partitioning analysis evidenced that the main influencing factors of SOC and STN were soil-available nutrients (AN, AP, and AK). Therefore, our results could provide important insights for enhancing soil carbon and nitrogen pools in special plantations in Zhejiang Province, enhancing the capacity of plantations to adapt to regional climate change through ecological measures such as appropriate fertilization practices and strategic understory vegetation cultivation.
{"title":"[Spatial Heterogeneity and Key Influencing Factors of Soil Organic Carbon, Soil Total Nitrogen, and Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio in main plantations of <i>Torreya grandis</i> cv. Merrillii].","authors":"Ying He, Yong Zhang, Song Lin, Fang-Fang Du, Jia-Qi Dong, Yu-You Zhi, Wei-Jun Fu, Jia-Sen Wu, Zeng Wang","doi":"10.13227/j.hjkx.202310097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202310097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) serve as important indicators of the elemental balance within forest ecosystems reflecting soil fertility and quality. Accurate knowledge regarding the spatial variability of regional SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio and their influencing factors is of great significance for precise fertilization and soil health. In this study, a total of 117 topsoil samples (0-20 cm in depth) based on a 1 km×1 km grid were collected in the <i>Torreya grandis</i> cv. Merrillii plantation in Zhejiang Province. A combination of multi-dimensional statistical approaches (random forest model, structural equation model, redundancy analysis, and variation partitioning analysis) and diverse spatial analytical techniques (geostatistics, Moran's <i>I</i> index, etc.) were applied to reveal the spatial distributions and influencing factors of SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio in the <i>Torreya. grandis</i> cv. Merrillii region. The results showed that the average <i>ω</i>(SOC), <i>ω</i>(STN), and C∶N ratio were 17.63 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>, 1.48 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>, and 12.65, respectively, and their coefficients of variation were 68.08%, 67.41%, and 46.03%, respectively, indicating a moderate degree of variability. In general, the SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio of the <i>Torreya grandis</i> cv. Merrillii plantations were at an intermediate level in the national plantation. The semi-variance results showed that the nugget/sill values of SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio were 49.98%, 45.88%, and 49.93%, respectively, demonstrating a moderate level of spatial autocorrelation. The spatial distribution results showed that SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio decreased from northeast to southwest, with the majority of the region exhibiting above-medium fertility levels of SOC. The results of correlation analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that AN, AP, and AK were significantly correlated with both SOC, STN, and C∶N ratio (<i>P</i><0.05). The results of random forest, structural equation model, and variation partitioning analysis evidenced that the main influencing factors of SOC and STN were soil-available nutrients (AN, AP, and AK). Therefore, our results could provide important insights for enhancing soil carbon and nitrogen pools in special plantations in Zhejiang Province, enhancing the capacity of plantations to adapt to regional climate change through ecological measures such as appropriate fertilization practices and strategic understory vegetation cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35937,"journal":{"name":"Huanjing Kexue/Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clarifying the temporal and spatial changes in the carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area and exploring the spatial correlation of land use carbon budget are of great significance for realizing the regional "double carbon" goal. Using 21 districts and counties in Chongqing metropolitan area as the research scale, the IPCC inventory method, carbon emission coefficient method, Gini coefficient, gravity model, and social network analysis were used to estimate the net carbon emissions from land use in Chongqing metropolitan area from 2000 to 2020, and the spatial correlation of the carbon budget was obtained. The results revealed that: ① In the past 20 years, the carbon budget of the Chongqing metropolitan area showed an overall upward trend, with an average annual growth rate of 2.83%, and the spatial distribution was "higher in the north and south, higher in the east and west, and lower in the middle." ② During the past 20 years, the spatial difference of net carbon emissions in the Chongqing metropolitan area became highly average, and the overall Gini coefficient decreased by 11.42%, whereas the intra-group difference was the largest in key development zones. ③ In the past 20 years, the overall structure of the spatial correlation network of land use carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area has become stable and complex, and the network density and network correlation number have increased by 0.43 and 180, respectively, the network correlation degree has increased to 1, and the network health degree has improved. ④ In the individual network structure of land use carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area, the degree centrality of each district and county has increased, and the increase in the central urban area was the most significant, with an increase of 81, whereas the decline in intermediate centrality and proximity centrality has promoted the regional coordinated development and integration process in the metropolitan area. ⑤ In the past 20 years, the density of net carbon emissions in the Chongqing metropolitan area has increased as a whole, with the density of the core area increasing by 0.35 and the density of the core-edge area increasing by 0.34. By exploring the change and spatial correlation of land use carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area, this study clarified the spatial distribution difference of carbon budget and provided support for regional green development.
{"title":"[Spatial Correlation of Land Use Carbon Budget Based on Social Network Analysis: A Case Study of Chongqing Metropolitan Area].","authors":"Hong-Ran Luo, Qi-Gang Zhou, Hui Li, Long-Jiang Wu, Yong-Fa Mao, Yu-Song Xia, Fang-Yan Chen","doi":"10.13227/j.hjkx.202308150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202308150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clarifying the temporal and spatial changes in the carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area and exploring the spatial correlation of land use carbon budget are of great significance for realizing the regional \"double carbon\" goal. Using 21 districts and counties in Chongqing metropolitan area as the research scale, the IPCC inventory method, carbon emission coefficient method, Gini coefficient, gravity model, and social network analysis were used to estimate the net carbon emissions from land use in Chongqing metropolitan area from 2000 to 2020, and the spatial correlation of the carbon budget was obtained. The results revealed that: ① In the past 20 years, the carbon budget of the Chongqing metropolitan area showed an overall upward trend, with an average annual growth rate of 2.83%, and the spatial distribution was \"higher in the north and south, higher in the east and west, and lower in the middle.\" ② During the past 20 years, the spatial difference of net carbon emissions in the Chongqing metropolitan area became highly average, and the overall Gini coefficient decreased by 11.42%, whereas the intra-group difference was the largest in key development zones. ③ In the past 20 years, the overall structure of the spatial correlation network of land use carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area has become stable and complex, and the network density and network correlation number have increased by 0.43 and 180, respectively, the network correlation degree has increased to 1, and the network health degree has improved. ④ In the individual network structure of land use carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area, the degree centrality of each district and county has increased, and the increase in the central urban area was the most significant, with an increase of 81, whereas the decline in intermediate centrality and proximity centrality has promoted the regional coordinated development and integration process in the metropolitan area. ⑤ In the past 20 years, the density of net carbon emissions in the Chongqing metropolitan area has increased as a whole, with the density of the core area increasing by 0.35 and the density of the core-edge area increasing by 0.34. By exploring the change and spatial correlation of land use carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area, this study clarified the spatial distribution difference of carbon budget and provided support for regional green development.</p>","PeriodicalId":35937,"journal":{"name":"Huanjing Kexue/Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-08DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202310118
Ling Li, Wei Hu, Ping-Jiang Lü, Dan Zhang, Qin Xu, Rui Yuan, Xue Jiang, Zhen-Liang Li
To improve the phenomenon of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) odor pollution nuisance in industrial parks and to promote the synergistic control of atmospheric VOCs and their odor-causing substances, based on the field observation of atmospheric VOCs in residential living areas and five different types of industrial clusters in industrial parks, we analyzed the pollution characteristics of atmospheric VOCs and their odor-causing volatile organic compounds (O-VOCs) in the residential living areas and each industrial cluster, evaluated the characteristics of the odor activity of the O-VOCs in the industrial parks, and identified the key odor-causing species and their main sources. The results showed that the mean values of atmospheric φ (TVOCs) and φ(O-VOCs) in the residential living area of the industrial park were 102.57×10-9 and 72.33×10-9, respectively. φ(TVOCs) and φ(O-VOCs) were significantly higher in the industrial clusters of basic chemical industry and pharmaceutics than in the other industrial clusters, and the sum (OAVsum) and maximum (OAVmax) of the odor activity values of these two clusters were relatively high, with a potential risk of odor nuisance. Overall, the O-VOCs species with higher odor intensity were similar in residential living areas and the five industrial clusters, and effective control of O-VOCs species such as acrolein, p-diethylbenzene, p-xylene, and 1,3-diethylbenzene is essential to mitigate or eliminate organic odor pollution. The results of the source apportionment of O-VOCs in the residential area showed that the sources of O-VOCs in the residential area were mainly influenced by natural gas chemical and pharmaceutics, and the coefficients of divergence (CDO-VOCs) between the O-VOC chemical profiles from residential areas and those from natural gas chemical and pharmaceutics were 0.31 and 0.38, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) also confirmed this result, with residential O-VOCs mainly originating from natural gas chemicals and pharmaceutics, followed by iron and steel manufacturing and automobile manufacturing, with the lowest contribution from the basic chemicals.
{"title":"[Pollution Characterization and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Odor-causing Species in Industrial Parks].","authors":"Ling Li, Wei Hu, Ping-Jiang Lü, Dan Zhang, Qin Xu, Rui Yuan, Xue Jiang, Zhen-Liang Li","doi":"10.13227/j.hjkx.202310118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202310118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To improve the phenomenon of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) odor pollution nuisance in industrial parks and to promote the synergistic control of atmospheric VOCs and their odor-causing substances, based on the field observation of atmospheric VOCs in residential living areas and five different types of industrial clusters in industrial parks, we analyzed the pollution characteristics of atmospheric VOCs and their odor-causing volatile organic compounds (O-VOCs) in the residential living areas and each industrial cluster, evaluated the characteristics of the odor activity of the O-VOCs in the industrial parks, and identified the key odor-causing species and their main sources. The results showed that the mean values of atmospheric <i>φ</i> (TVOCs) and <i>φ</i>(O-VOCs) in the residential living area of the industrial park were 102.57×10<sup>-9</sup> and 72.33×10<sup>-9</sup>, respectively. <i>φ</i>(TVOCs) and <i>φ</i>(O-VOCs) were significantly higher in the industrial clusters of basic chemical industry and pharmaceutics than in the other industrial clusters, and the sum (OAV<sub>sum</sub>) and maximum (OAV<sub>max</sub>) of the odor activity values of these two clusters were relatively high, with a potential risk of odor nuisance. Overall, the O-VOCs species with higher odor intensity were similar in residential living areas and the five industrial clusters, and effective control of O-VOCs species such as acrolein, p-diethylbenzene, p-xylene, and 1,3-diethylbenzene is essential to mitigate or eliminate organic odor pollution. The results of the source apportionment of O-VOCs in the residential area showed that the sources of O-VOCs in the residential area were mainly influenced by natural gas chemical and pharmaceutics, and the coefficients of divergence (CD<sub>O-VOCs</sub>) between the O-VOC chemical profiles from residential areas and those from natural gas chemical and pharmaceutics were 0.31 and 0.38, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) also confirmed this result, with residential O-VOCs mainly originating from natural gas chemicals and pharmaceutics, followed by iron and steel manufacturing and automobile manufacturing, with the lowest contribution from the basic chemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":35937,"journal":{"name":"Huanjing Kexue/Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-08DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202310153
Yue Shi, Lu Luan, Xi-Zhi Jiang, Lei Xu, Ying-Cong Ye, Qin Zhang, Yu-Ji Jiang
To determine the optimal film management technique for garlic planting, this study aimed to investigate the effects of various film cover methods on soil quality and garlic yield in garlic cropping systems. To achieve these goals, trials with different film cover methods were conducted at the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Nanjing. To investigate the impact of changes in soil quality and garlic yield, we set up four treatments: no film treatment (CK), black polyethylene film treatment (HPE), black poly(butylene- adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with straw composite film treatment (HSJ), and white PBAT film treatment (BJ) in a garlic cropping system. Our results indicated that specific mulch coverings had a positive effect on both soil quality and garlic yield. The film cover treatments resulted in significant changes in soil physicochemical properties and bacterial and fungal biomasses and indirectly improved soil quality. Compared to that under the no film treatment, the BJ treatment boosted soil quality by 70%, with the most significant impact, followed by that under the HPE and HSJ treatments, with improvements of 52% and 36%. Random forest modeling indicated that soil organic matter and total nitrogen were the most important factors influencing soil quality. The different film covers significantly increased the diameter of garlic bulbs and single quality. The HSJ treatment exhibited the most significant increase in garlic yield, with 46%, 19%, and 6% improvement compared to that in the CK, HPE, and BJ treatments, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that soil quality under film cover was significantly correlated with the starch content of garlic bulbs, garlic diameter, and single quality. This study highlights that selecting the appropriate mulch film aids in the production of garlic and helps to develop farmland that produces both high-quality and high-yield crops.
{"title":"[Effects of Film Mulching on Soil Quality, Garlic Yield, and Garlic Quality].","authors":"Yue Shi, Lu Luan, Xi-Zhi Jiang, Lei Xu, Ying-Cong Ye, Qin Zhang, Yu-Ji Jiang","doi":"10.13227/j.hjkx.202310153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202310153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To determine the optimal film management technique for garlic planting, this study aimed to investigate the effects of various film cover methods on soil quality and garlic yield in garlic cropping systems. To achieve these goals, trials with different film cover methods were conducted at the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Nanjing. To investigate the impact of changes in soil quality and garlic yield, we set up four treatments: no film treatment (CK), black polyethylene film treatment (HPE), black poly(butylene- adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with straw composite film treatment (HSJ), and white PBAT film treatment (BJ) in a garlic cropping system. Our results indicated that specific mulch coverings had a positive effect on both soil quality and garlic yield. The film cover treatments resulted in significant changes in soil physicochemical properties and bacterial and fungal biomasses and indirectly improved soil quality. Compared to that under the no film treatment, the BJ treatment boosted soil quality by 70%, with the most significant impact, followed by that under the HPE and HSJ treatments, with improvements of 52% and 36%. Random forest modeling indicated that soil organic matter and total nitrogen were the most important factors influencing soil quality. The different film covers significantly increased the diameter of garlic bulbs and single quality. The HSJ treatment exhibited the most significant increase in garlic yield, with 46%, 19%, and 6% improvement compared to that in the CK, HPE, and BJ treatments, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that soil quality under film cover was significantly correlated with the starch content of garlic bulbs, garlic diameter, and single quality. This study highlights that selecting the appropriate mulch film aids in the production of garlic and helps to develop farmland that produces both high-quality and high-yield crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":35937,"journal":{"name":"Huanjing Kexue/Environmental Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.06.002
The risk of forest fires is substantial due to uneven precipitation distributions and abnormal climate change. This study employs cellular automata principles to analyze forest fire behavior, taking into account meteorological elements, combustible material types, and terrain slopes. The Wang Zhengfei model is utilized to compute fire spread speed, and a multifactor coupled forest fire model is developed. Comparisons with experimental data show a mean calculated fire spread speed of 0.69 m/min, which is consistent with the experimental results. Using the forest fire in Anning city, Yunnan Province, as a case study with a mean burned area of 2281 ha, the burned area, rate of change in burned area, and burning area demonstrated an increasing trend, with fluctuating states in the rate of change of the burning area. Employing the controlled variable method to examine forest fire spreading patterns under varying factors such as wind speed, vegetation type, and maximum slope reveals that under wind influence, the fire site adopts an elliptical shape with the downwind direction as the major axis. Quantitatively, when the wind speed increases from 2 m/s to 10 m/s, the burned area expands by a factor of 1.37. The ratio of the combustible material configuration coefficient to the burned area remains consistent across the different vegetation types, and the burned area increases by a factor of 1.92 when the maximum slope increases from 5° to 25°.
{"title":"Multi-factor coupled forest fire model based on cellular automata","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The risk of forest fires is substantial due to uneven precipitation distributions and abnormal climate change. This study employs cellular automata principles to analyze forest fire behavior, taking into account meteorological elements, combustible material types, and terrain slopes. The Wang Zhengfei model is utilized to compute fire spread speed, and a multifactor coupled forest fire model is developed. Comparisons with experimental data show a mean calculated fire spread speed of 0.69 m/min, which is consistent with the experimental results. Using the forest fire in Anning city, Yunnan Province, as a case study with a mean burned area of 2281 ha, the burned area, rate of change in burned area, and burning area demonstrated an increasing trend, with fluctuating states in the rate of change of the burning area. Employing the controlled variable method to examine forest fire spreading patterns under varying factors such as wind speed, vegetation type, and maximum slope reveals that under wind influence, the fire site adopts an elliptical shape with the downwind direction as the major axis. Quantitatively, when the wind speed increases from 2 m/s to 10 m/s, the burned area expands by a factor of 1.37. The ratio of the combustible material configuration coefficient to the burned area remains consistent across the different vegetation types, and the burned area increases by a factor of 1.92 when the maximum slope increases from 5° to 25°.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666449624000422/pdfft?md5=258753683f3aa032bf0211fc586ac4f6&pid=1-s2.0-S2666449624000422-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improving energy efficiency and cost reduction is a perennial challenge in engineering. Natural biological systems have evolved unique functional surfaces or special physiological functions over centuries to adapt to their complex environments. Among these biological wonders, fish, one of the oldest vertebrate groups, has garnered significant attention due to its exceptional fluid dynamics capabilities. Researchers are actively exploring the potential of fish skin's distinctive structural and material characteristics in reducing resistance. In this study, models of biomimetic imbricated fish scale are established, and the evolution characteristics of the flow field and drag reduction performance on these bionic surfaces are investigated. The results showed a close relationship between the high–low velocity stripes generated and the fluid motion by the imbricated fish scale surface. The stripes' prominence increases with the spacing of the adjacent scales and tilt angle of the fish scale, and the velocity amplitude of the stripes decreases as the exposed length of the imbricated fish scale surface increases. Moreover, the biomimetic imbricated fish scale surface can decrease the velocity gradient and thereby reduce the wall shear stress. The insights gained from the fish skin-inspired imbricated fish surface provide valuable perspectives for an in-depth analysis of fish hydrodynamics and offer fresh inspiration for drag reduction and antifouling strategies in engineering applications.
{"title":"Flow field characteristics and drag reduction performance of high–low velocity stripes on the biomimetic imbricated fish scale surfaces","authors":"Dengke Chen, XianXian Cui, Huawei Chen","doi":"10.1049/bsb2.12083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/bsb2.12083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Improving energy efficiency and cost reduction is a perennial challenge in engineering. Natural biological systems have evolved unique functional surfaces or special physiological functions over centuries to adapt to their complex environments. Among these biological wonders, fish, one of the oldest vertebrate groups, has garnered significant attention due to its exceptional fluid dynamics capabilities. Researchers are actively exploring the potential of fish skin's distinctive structural and material characteristics in reducing resistance. In this study, models of biomimetic imbricated fish scale are established, and the evolution characteristics of the flow field and drag reduction performance on these bionic surfaces are investigated. The results showed a close relationship between the high–low velocity stripes generated and the fluid motion by the imbricated fish scale surface. The stripes' prominence increases with the spacing of the adjacent scales and tilt angle of the fish scale, and the velocity amplitude of the stripes decreases as the exposed length of the imbricated fish scale surface increases. Moreover, the biomimetic imbricated fish scale surface can decrease the velocity gradient and thereby reduce the wall shear stress. The insights gained from the fish skin-inspired imbricated fish surface provide valuable perspectives for an in-depth analysis of fish hydrodynamics and offer fresh inspiration for drag reduction and antifouling strategies in engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":52235,"journal":{"name":"Biosurface and Biotribology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/bsb2.12083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1186/s43238-024-00145-0
Christina E. Mediastika, Anugrah S. Sudarsono, Sentagi S. Utami, Teguh Setiawan, James G. Mansell, Revianto B. Santosa, Army Wiratama, Ressy J. Yanti, Laurence Cliffe
Kotagede, the capital of the ancient Mataram Kingdom and currently an area in the Yogyakarta Province of Indonesia, is known as a ‘real living museum’. It was previously a residential area with many vital premises and heritage buildings that became a tourist area. Its locally established activities enrich the visual and sound environment of the vicinity. However, it has gradually lost its distinguishing sounds. A series of studies aims to improve the possibility of restoring past soundmarks to preserve the intangible heritage and make living museums as rich as possible. This paper reports the initial stage of the series, which focuses on capturing the rich historical sounds of Kotagede. The study was carefully designed to collect comprehensive data on heritage sounds using qualitative methods consisting of an initial focus group discussion (FGD), in-depth interviews, and a final FGD. These methods resulted in a large amount of data that were processed and classified using the descriptive phenomenology approach with the Colaizzi protocol. The study found that Kotagede has various soundmarks grouped into local and outside sounds. The locally rooted sounds can be grouped into eight categories, some of which can be extended as past and present sounds and a few that have persisted from the past to the present. In the subsequent stage, this classification and local leaders' concerns helped the researchers select and prioritise sounds for preservation and tourism purposes. The study emphasises the importance of choosing suitable participants to provide detailed and comprehensive information.
{"title":"The sound heritage of Kotagede: the evolving soundscape of a living museum","authors":"Christina E. Mediastika, Anugrah S. Sudarsono, Sentagi S. Utami, Teguh Setiawan, James G. Mansell, Revianto B. Santosa, Army Wiratama, Ressy J. Yanti, Laurence Cliffe","doi":"10.1186/s43238-024-00145-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-024-00145-0","url":null,"abstract":"Kotagede, the capital of the ancient Mataram Kingdom and currently an area in the Yogyakarta Province of Indonesia, is known as a ‘real living museum’. It was previously a residential area with many vital premises and heritage buildings that became a tourist area. Its locally established activities enrich the visual and sound environment of the vicinity. However, it has gradually lost its distinguishing sounds. A series of studies aims to improve the possibility of restoring past soundmarks to preserve the intangible heritage and make living museums as rich as possible. This paper reports the initial stage of the series, which focuses on capturing the rich historical sounds of Kotagede. The study was carefully designed to collect comprehensive data on heritage sounds using qualitative methods consisting of an initial focus group discussion (FGD), in-depth interviews, and a final FGD. These methods resulted in a large amount of data that were processed and classified using the descriptive phenomenology approach with the Colaizzi protocol. The study found that Kotagede has various soundmarks grouped into local and outside sounds. The locally rooted sounds can be grouped into eight categories, some of which can be extended as past and present sounds and a few that have persisted from the past to the present. In the subsequent stage, this classification and local leaders' concerns helped the researchers select and prioritise sounds for preservation and tourism purposes. The study emphasises the importance of choosing suitable participants to provide detailed and comprehensive information.","PeriodicalId":33925,"journal":{"name":"Built Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ephedra-type alkaloids represent a large class of natural and synthetic phenylpropanolamine molecules with great pharmaceutical values. However, the existing methods typically rely on chemical approaches to diversify the N-group modification of Ephedra-type alkaloids. Herein, we report a 2-step enzymatic assembly line for creating structurally diverse Ephedra-type alkaloids to replace the conventional chemical modification steps. We first identified a new carboligase from Bacillus subtilis (BsAlsS, acetolactate synthase) as a robust catalyst to yield different phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) analogs from diverse aromatic aldehydes with near 100% conversions. Subsequently, we screened imine reductases (IREDs) for the reductive amination of PAC analogs. It was found that IRG02 from Streptomyces albidoflavus had good activities with conversions ranging from 37% to 84% for the reductive alkylamination with diverse amine partners such as allylamine, propargylamine, and cyclopropylamine. Overall, 3 new bio-modifications at the N-group of Ephedra-type alkaloids were established. Taken together, our work lays a foundation for the future implementation of biocatalysis for synthesizing structurally diverse Ephedra-type alkaloids with potential new pharmaceutical applications.
麻黄类生物碱是一大类天然和合成的苯丙羟胺分子,具有极高的药用价值。然而,现有的方法通常依赖化学方法对麻黄类生物碱的 N 基进行多样化修饰。在此,我们报告了一种分两步进行的酶组装生产线,用于制造结构多样化的麻黄类生物碱,以取代传统的化学修饰步骤。我们首先从枯草芽孢杆菌(BsAlsS,乙酰乳酸合成酶)中发现了一种新的碳酰化酶,它是一种强大的催化剂,能从不同的芳香醛中生成不同的苯乙酰基卡宾醇(PAC)类似物,转化率接近 100%。随后,我们筛选了亚胺还原酶(IREDs)用于 PAC 类似物的还原胺化。结果发现,来自白化链霉菌的 IRG02 具有良好的活性,在与烯丙基胺、丙炔基胺和环丙基胺等不同胺伙伴进行还原性烷基化反应时,转化率从 37% 到 84% 不等。总之,我们在麻黄类生物碱的 N 基上建立了 3 种新的生物改性。综上所述,我们的研究工作为今后利用生物催化合成结构多样的麻黄类生物碱奠定了基础,并具有潜在的新医药应用前景。
{"title":"Biosynthesis of Diverse Ephedra-Type Alkaloids via a Newly Identified Enzymatic Cascade.","authors":"Peiling Wu, Ding Luo, Yuezhou Wang, Xiaoxu Shang, Binju Wang, Xianming Deng, Jifeng Yuan","doi":"10.34133/bdr.0048","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bdr.0048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ephedra-type alkaloids represent a large class of natural and synthetic phenylpropanolamine molecules with great pharmaceutical values. However, the existing methods typically rely on chemical approaches to diversify the <i>N</i>-group modification of Ephedra-type alkaloids. Herein, we report a 2-step enzymatic assembly line for creating structurally diverse Ephedra-type alkaloids to replace the conventional chemical modification steps. We first identified a new carboligase from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (<i>Bs</i>AlsS, acetolactate synthase) as a robust catalyst to yield different phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) analogs from diverse aromatic aldehydes with near 100% conversions. Subsequently, we screened imine reductases (IREDs) for the reductive amination of PAC analogs. It was found that IRG02 from <i>Streptomyces albidoflavus</i> had good activities with conversions ranging from 37% to 84% for the reductive alkylamination with diverse amine partners such as allylamine, propargylamine, and cyclopropylamine. Overall, 3 new bio-modifications at the <i>N</i>-group of Ephedra-type alkaloids were established. Taken together, our work lays a foundation for the future implementation of biocatalysis for synthesizing structurally diverse Ephedra-type alkaloids with potential new pharmaceutical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":56832,"journal":{"name":"生物设计研究(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11371322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vegetable tannins are environmentally friendly tanning agents. However, they generally impart a dark colour to the tanned leather and highly contribute to the organic load in wastewaters. In this study, we employed a purification protocol separately on chestnut tannin (CT) and sulfited quebracho tannin (QT) to obtain the purified fractions (PCT and PQT). These samples were characterised by GPC, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and HPLC–DAD techniques and applied for tanning tests. Through the purification process, non-tannin components and smaller molecules such as gallic acid, glucopyranose, and catechin were effectively removed from CT and QT, which consequently led to the reduced moisture content, pH value, and lighter colour of purified fractions. The crust leathers processed with PCT and PQT showed desirable light shades. Moreover, the organic loads in PCT and PQT tanning wastewater were reduced by 13.5% and 19.1%, respectively, when compared to those in traditional CT and QT tanning wastewater. Additionally, the physical and mechanical characteristics of crust leathers processed with PCT and PQT were comparable to those processed with CT and QT. Thus, purification of vegetable tannins may serve as a feasible strategy for producing light-colored vegetable-tanned leather while minimizing organic pollutant discharge during the vegetable tanning process.