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{"title":"Global review of PCBs and chemical flame retardants in e-waste recycling sites: Addressing geographic imbalances","authors":"Moyofoluwa O. Ogunyemi ,&nbsp;Temilola O. Oluseyi ,&nbsp;Aderonke O. Oyeyiola ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah ,&nbsp;Stuart Harrad","doi":"10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Informal e-waste recycling poses substantial environmental and human health risks due to contamination by flame retardants (FRs) and related chemical additives. This study systematically reviews the status of research on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in e-waste recycling sites, with a particular focus on concentration levels and geographic disparities in data availability. Only a few studies have been conducted in Africa and South America and there are significant gaps. This geographic imbalance and other factors impede accurate assessment and comprehensive understanding of global e-waste pollution and associated risks. In examining the concentrations of PCBs and FRs, the study finds notable variations across different countries. For instance, high levels of these toxic chemicals were reported in China and India, which are major hubs for e-waste recycling in Asia. Concentrations in these regions often exceed international safety standards, posing severe risks for workers and local communities. Conversely, data from Africa and South America are sparse, despite the growing presence of informal e-waste recycling activities in these continents. Factors driving these differences include the prevalence of informal recycling practices, variations in waste import volumes, regulatory gaps, and disparities in technological capacity for safe waste management. In developing countries, weaker enforcement of environmental laws and reliance on rudimentary recycling methods lead to higher levels of contamination. However, developed nations with stricter regulations and advanced technologies exhibit lower concentrations of these pollutants. While high concentrations of FRs are documented in environmental matrices, human biomonitoring and epidemiological studies are needed to correlate environmental concentrations with health outcomes, particularly for workers at e-waste sites. In summary, this review emphasizes the critical need for broader geographical coverage, standardized methodologies, and robust regulatory frameworks to mitigate the significant health and environmental risks associated with FRs and PCBs in e-waste recycling sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"11 1","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of PBAT/lignin composite foam materials with excellent foaming performance and mechanical properties via grafting esterification and twin-screw melting free radical polymerization","authors":"Hongsen Xu,&nbsp;Jingwen Shaoyu,&nbsp;Junyang Jin,&nbsp;Ming Li,&nbsp;Lei Ji,&nbsp;Wei Zhuang,&nbsp;Chenglun Tang,&nbsp;Zhiwei Chang,&nbsp;Hanjie Ying,&nbsp;Chenjie Zhu","doi":"10.1186/s42825-024-00177-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-024-00177-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As one of the mainstream biodegradable materials, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) foams offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic foams, effectively reducing environmental pollution. However, the high cost and poor mechanical performance of PBAT foams impede their practical application. Herein, the glycidyl methacrylate-grafted biomass lignin (GML) was used to produce a PBAT/GML composite foam with good foaming performance and mechanical properties at high lignin-filling amounts by twin-screw melting free radical polymerization and supercritical CO₂ foaming process. The compatibility of GML in the PBAT matrix was improved due to the formation of ester bonds in modified lignin, endowing the PBAT/GML (PGML) composite foam with exceptional foaming performance. Additionally, the mechanical properties of PGML composite foam were remarkably enhanced due to the introduction of the abundant aromatic structures of GML and the construction of a stable covalent crosslinking network. The compressive strengths and compression modulus of the PGML foam were improved by 2.53 times and 2.47 times, while its bending strength and bending modulus were improved by 1.27 times and 3.92 times compared to the neat PBAT. This research affords a new strategy for developing low-cost biodegradable biomass PBAT/lignin composite foam materials with good foaming performance and mechanical properties.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://JLSE.SpringerOpen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42825-024-00177-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142443219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of external quality inspection for fruit grading using CNN models","authors":"Luis E. Chuquimarca ,&nbsp;Boris X. Vintimilla ,&nbsp;Sergio A. Velastin","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article reviews the state of the art of recent CNN models used for external quality inspection of fruits, considering parameters such as color, shape, size, and defects, used to categorize fruits according to international marketing levels of agricultural products. The literature review considers the number of fruit images in different datasets, the type of images used by the CNN models, the performance results obtained by each CNNs, the optimizers that help increase the accuracy of these, and the use of pre-trained CNN models used for transfer learning. CNN models have used various types of images in the visible, infrared, hyperspectral, and multispectral bands. Furthermore, the fruit image datasets used are either real or synthetic. Finally, several tables summarize the articles reviewed, which are prioritized according to inspection parameters, facilitating a critical comparison of each work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"Pages 1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sewage sludge as soil amendment in arid soils - A trace metal, nutrient and trace organics perspective","authors":"Saif Uddin ,&nbsp;Mohammad Zaman ,&nbsp;Karell Martínez-Guijarro ,&nbsp;Mohammad Al-Murad ,&nbsp;Montaha Behbehani ,&nbsp;Nazima Habibi ,&nbsp;Ahmed Al-Mutairi","doi":"10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sewage sludge management has emerged as a critical environmental challenge due to the large volumes generated globally. Valorization techniques, including energy production and agricultural applications, offer sustainable solutions, particularly in regions with low soil fertility. The sewage sludge utilization in the Middle East region is low. This paper presents a pragmatic risk-based assessment using the risk-based corrective action approach to evaluate sludge application in desert soils. This methodology focuses on the source-pathway-receptor interaction and assesses the likelihood of contaminants posing a real threat. In arid desert regions like Kuwait, where soil organic content and moisture are extremely low, the application of sewage sludge presents a feasible option to enhance soil quality and valorize unutilized sludge dumps which pose significant environmental concerns but are left to desiccate in the absence of any environmental regulation towards its utilization and due to religious apprehensions. Since the sludge characterization is not well detailed a brief review of the available data was included to establish the bounds of various organic, metal and nutrients that were used for generating the model. This study examines the changes in the physico-chemical properties of desert soils following sludge application, focusing on the likely fate of trace metals and organic contaminants. The alkaline desert soils of Kuwait, with a pH range of 7.7–8.9, are particularly suitable for sludge application due to the low mobility of metals in alkaline conditions. Additionally, sludge application lowers soil pH, improving conditions for plant growth. The region's deeper water table and scant annual precipitation (&lt;0.15 m) further reduce the risk of groundwater contamination and deeper soil profile contamination. The presence of organic content, nitrates, Zn, and Cu in sludge can promote native vegetation growth. However, trace organic contaminants, including PAHs, PCBs, and pharmaceuticals, pose a potential risk to soil contamination, but since the geological section shows intervening impervious layers the contamination is going to be localized, even if there is sufficient leachable fraction. Given the minimal risk of contamination under the unique conditions of arid regions, this approach highlights the potential for eco-friendly sludge valorization, that will improve vegetation cover and arrest the suspended particulate suspension. However, before the large-scale implementation of this modelled concept, a detailed experimental study on the pilot scale or lysimeters is recommended to assess the long-term impacts of sludge application and to obtain data that can inform policy guidelines for sustainable sludge management in desert environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"11 1","pages":"Article 100420"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: The role of ligninolytic enzymes and advances of biosensors for in-situ monitoring","authors":"Eshet Lakew Tesfaye ,&nbsp;Fekadu Mazengiaw Bogale ,&nbsp;Tadele Assefa Aragaw","doi":"10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives are common pollutants that require effective remediation techniques. PAH biodegradation using bacterial and fungal enzymes has gained popularity because it effectively removes these contaminants. Ligninolytic enzymes (LEs), such as laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and versatile peroxidases (VPs), have been studied for their role in PAHs biodegradation. These enzymes, produced by different living organisms, have demonstrated significant potential in degrading complex PAH structures, contributing to cleaner and more sustainable remediation techniques. This review evaluates the biodegradation capacity of PAHs using different strains and/or their LEs and provides an in-depth analysis of their mechanisms and removal efficiencies. In addition, the fundamental catalytic mechanisms governing the biodegradation of PAHs and factors that must be optimized to promote effective breakdown and detoxification are highlighted. This review also highlights recent biosensor developments that provide enhanced sensitivity and specificity for PAH detection. Although some LE-producing strains are efficient in completely biodegrading certain PAH types, further research is needed to explore the complete biodegradation of PAHs with higher molecular structures using genetically modified strains or their LEs. Despite progress, challenges remain in optimizing enzyme activity and integrating biosensors into large-scale use. Future research should focus on enhancing stability and improving field deployment for better environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"11 1","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive inventory of imports of electrical and electronic equipment and related plastics and POPs plastic additives into Nigeria in the past 32 years (1990–2022)","authors":"Joshua O. Babayemi ,&nbsp;Innocent C. Nnorom ,&nbsp;Roland Weber","doi":"10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global management of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and related plastics, and the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) contained in it constitute a global challenge in particular for low-income countries in Africa where monitoring capacity and waste management infrastructure are lacking. While plastic recycling is highlighted as an important part of the solution to plastic pollution, such recycling is threatened by the presence of POPs. Overall, there is a lack of data on POPs in (W)EEE plastics with the exception of PBDEs. The objective of this study was to analyse the overall imports of (W)EEE into Nigeria and estimate the associated amount of plastics and POPs for better planning and management of WEEE plastics. This study assessed all EEE importation categories and compiled the importations of 28 EEE product groups with the highest importation, covering more than 98 % of officially imported EEE based on the United Nations Comtrade Database using harmonized system (HS) codes. The impact factors of POPs and plastic from the UNEP inventory guidance were used for the estimates. Overall, 4568 kilo-tonnes (kt) of EEE were officialy imported between 1990 and 2022 containing 1337 kt of plastic. If considering also the estimated imported WEEE and EEE not covered in the Comtrade statistics, the total imported (W)EEE is estimated to 12,259 kt including 3644 kt of plastics and an estimated 1043 t of hexaBDE/heptaBDE and 8511 t of DecaBDE as major POP additives, and lower levels of 154 t of HBCD, 91 t of SCCPs, 364 t of MCCP, and 146 t of Dechlorane Plus. The study is the first estimate of all major POPs in (W)EEE plastics in a low-income country and provides important information for their management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"11 1","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Research on Application of Quantitative CT in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis.","authors":"Ning Xia, Dong-Fa Liao, Xiang-Wei Li, Da Liu","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantitative CT (QCT) is a method of measuring bone mineral density (BMD) of human based on a CT machine,calibrated by QCT body model and analyzed by professional software.Compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,QCT can not only assess the cortical and cancellous BMD but also exclude the influences of osteophytes and aortic/vascular calcification,thus being capable of accurately reflecting patients' bone mass.In recent years,increasing studies on QCT and osteoporosis (OP) have been carried out,and the application of QCT in the diagnosis of OP,evaluation of vertebral bone conditions,prediction of fracture risks,and assessment of anti-OP treatment is garnering increasing attention from researchers at home and abroad.This article reviews the research progress in this field,aiming to provide a reference for the research on QCT in the diagnosis and treatment of OP.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress of Drugs in Prevention and Treatment of Nephrolithiasis.","authors":"Sha-Sha Xia, Jun Shen, Kai-Wen Shen, Qiang Wang, Wei-Hu Cen","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the improvement of people's living standards,the incidence of nephrolithiasis is increasing year by year.Nephrolithiasis poses a serious threat to the patients due to the unclear etiology,complicated composition of stones,and high recurrence rate after surgery.As the research on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis keeps deepening in recent years,researchers have made achievements in the drug treatment,which has become a hot topic for urologists.This paper reviews the advances in the research on the possible formation mechanism and drug-induced litholysis and prevention for nephrolithiasis,aiming to provide theoretical references for subsequent clinical research.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Ablation of Pulmonary Nodules by Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy Combined With Real-Time CT-Based 3D Fusion Navigation:Report of One Case.","authors":"Yuan Xu, Qun Liu, Chao Guo, Yi-Bo Wang, Xiao-Fang Wu, Chen-Xi Ma, Gui-Ge Wang, Qian-Shu Liu, Nai-Xin Liang, Shan-Qing Li","doi":"10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A nodule in the right middle lobe of the lung was treated by a combination of cone-beam CT,three-dimensional registration for fusion imaging,and electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided thermal ablation.The procedure lasted for 90 min,with no significant bleeding observed under the bronchoscope.The total radiation dose during the operation was 384 mGy.The patient recovered well postoperatively,with only a small amount of blood in the sputum and no pneumothorax or other complications.A follow-up chest CT on the first day post operation showed that the ablation area completely covered the lesion,and the patient was discharged successfully.</p>","PeriodicalId":6919,"journal":{"name":"中国医学科学院学报","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic location and recognition of horse freezing brand using rotational YOLOv5 deep learning network","authors":"Zhixin Hua ,&nbsp;Yitao Jiao ,&nbsp;Tianyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zheng Wang ,&nbsp;Yuying Shang ,&nbsp;Huaibo Song","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Individual livestock identification is of great importance to precision livestock farming. Liquid nitrogen freezing labeled horse brand is an effective way for livestock individual identification. Along with various technological developments, deep-learning-based methods have been applied in such individual marking recognition. In this research, a deep learning method for oriented horse brand location and recognition was proposed. Firstly, Rotational YOLOv5 (R-YOLOv5) was adopted to locate the oriented horse brand, then the cropped images of the brand area were trained by YOLOv5 for number recognition. In the first step, unlike classical detection methods, R-YOLOv5 introduced the orientation into the YOLO framework by integrating Circle Smooth Label (CSL). Besides, Coordinate Attention (CA) was added to raise the attention to positional information in the network. These improvements enhanced the accuracy of detecting oriented brands. In the second step, number recognition was considered as a target detection task because of the requirement of accurate recognition. Finally, the whole brand number was obtained according to the sequences of each detection box position. The experiment results showed that R-YOLOv5 outperformed other rotating target detection algorithms, and the AP (Average Accuracy) was 95.6 %, the FLOPs were 17.4 G, the detection speed was 14.3 fps. As for the results of number recognition, the mAP (mean Average Accuracy) was 95.77 %, the weight size was 13.71 MB, and the detection speed was 68.6 fps. The two-step method can accurately identify brand numbers with complex backgrounds. It also provides a stable and lightweight method for livestock individual identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"14 ","pages":"Pages 21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}