Tsubasa Ishizaki, Dai Kamiyoshihara, Minami Saito, Masashi Shinkai, Kodai Nakamori, Tatsumi Nabekawa, Atsuki Furukawa, T. Akitsu
{"title":"Chemical Fires Associated with Two Major Earthquakes in Japan","authors":"Tsubasa Ishizaki, Dai Kamiyoshihara, Minami Saito, Masashi Shinkai, Kodai Nakamori, Tatsumi Nabekawa, Atsuki Furukawa, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.3210/fst.42.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.42.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74476106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quoc Tuan Phan, M. Kohno, Y. Murakami, Hoang Long Nguyen
Creeps is a significant component affecting steel's behavior at elevated temperatures. This paper describes an approach for using Abaqus finite element models to investigate the creep behavior of high strength steel H-SA700 with a yield strength of at least 700 MPa under high temperature conditions. The creep models developed in this research were used to characterize the creep behavior of steel column. They were based on a set of tensile tests conducted at temperatures ranging from 23 ° C to 600 ° C under constant temperature conditions. The mechanical properties of steel were adopted from the tensile test specified by JIS G 0567. The results of the tensile tests indicated that creep effects occur when the temperature of steel exceeds 400 ° C and the creep effect is regarded to be strongest at 500 ° C. Additionally, a user subroutine CREEP was designed to account for the creep effect of the high strength steel H-SA700. The factors affecting the time-dependent behavior of high strength steel, including the initial imperfection of columns, have been explored. The thermal expansion coefficients of this steel have been also identified. Taking creep behavior into account, it could be able to reasonably simulate the behavior of H-SA700 column during a fire test. Furthermore, this paper develops and explains a process for determining steel creep parameters without creep tests, which can be used to forecast the time-dependent behavior of other steel structures. on the general high temperature tensile test without doing creep test. The application of the developed method in considering thermal creep of steel at elevated temperatures conditions is further shown through the study of time dependent response of a column subjected to a fire. Finally, this paper develops and discusses the procedure for determining steel creep parameters and applying them to predict the creep behavior of other steel structures.
蠕变是影响钢在高温下性能的一个重要因素。本文介绍了一种利用Abaqus有限元模型研究屈服强度700mpa以上高强度钢H-SA700在高温条件下蠕变行为的方法。采用所建立的蠕变模型对钢柱的蠕变行为进行了表征。它们是基于在恒温条件下在23°C至600°C的温度范围内进行的一组拉伸试验。钢的力学性能采用JIS G 0567规定的拉伸试验。拉伸试验结果表明，当钢的温度超过400℃时，徐变效应就会发生，而在500℃时徐变效应最强。此外，还设计了一个用户子程序creep来解释H-SA700高强度钢的徐变效应。探讨了影响高强钢时效性能的因素，包括柱的初始缺陷。还确定了这种钢的热膨胀系数。考虑蠕变特性，可以合理地模拟H-SA700柱在火灾试验中的行为。此外，本文还开发并解释了一种无需蠕变试验即可确定钢结构蠕变参数的方法，该方法可用于预测其他钢结构的随时间变化的性能。对一般高温拉伸试验不做蠕变试验。该方法在高温条件下考虑钢的热蠕变时的应用，通过对火灾下柱的时效响应的研究进一步得到了证明。最后，本文发展和讨论了确定钢结构蠕变参数的方法，并将其应用于预测其他钢结构的蠕变行为。
{"title":"Modeling of Creep Behavior of High Strength Steel H-SA700 Columns at Elevated Temperature","authors":"Quoc Tuan Phan, M. Kohno, Y. Murakami, Hoang Long Nguyen","doi":"10.3210/fst.41.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.41.1","url":null,"abstract":"Creeps is a significant component affecting steel's behavior at elevated temperatures. This paper describes an approach for using Abaqus finite element models to investigate the creep behavior of high strength steel H-SA700 with a yield strength of at least 700 MPa under high temperature conditions. The creep models developed in this research were used to characterize the creep behavior of steel column. They were based on a set of tensile tests conducted at temperatures ranging from 23 ° C to 600 ° C under constant temperature conditions. The mechanical properties of steel were adopted from the tensile test specified by JIS G 0567. The results of the tensile tests indicated that creep effects occur when the temperature of steel exceeds 400 ° C and the creep effect is regarded to be strongest at 500 ° C. Additionally, a user subroutine CREEP was designed to account for the creep effect of the high strength steel H-SA700. The factors affecting the time-dependent behavior of high strength steel, including the initial imperfection of columns, have been explored. The thermal expansion coefficients of this steel have been also identified. Taking creep behavior into account, it could be able to reasonably simulate the behavior of H-SA700 column during a fire test. Furthermore, this paper develops and explains a process for determining steel creep parameters without creep tests, which can be used to forecast the time-dependent behavior of other steel structures. on the general high temperature tensile test without doing creep test. The application of the developed method in considering thermal creep of steel at elevated temperatures conditions is further shown through the study of time dependent response of a column subjected to a fire. Finally, this paper develops and discusses the procedure for determining steel creep parameters and applying them to predict the creep behavior of other steel structures.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88733259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Cone Calorimeter—ISO 5660 and ASTM E1354—has been the primary bench-scale test for measuring the heat release rate for fires ever since the early 1990s. The technical details of how to construct and operate the instrument has been well documented in the standards, in reports, and in published papers. But the background for its development had not been earlier published. Because the Cone Calorimeter represented a ground-breaking, new approach to heat release studies, the present paper describes some of the historical context and laboratory developments which led to the invention of the calorimeter.
锥形量热仪- iso 5660和ASTM e1354 -自20世纪90年代初以来一直是测量火灾热释放率的主要实验尺度测试。如何构建和操作仪器的技术细节在标准、报告和发表的论文中都有很好的记录。但其发展背景此前并未公布。由于锥式量热计代表了一种开创性的热释放研究新方法，因此本文描述了导致量热计发明的一些历史背景和实验室发展。
{"title":"The Early History of the Cone Calorimeter","authors":"Vyto Babrauskas","doi":"10.3210/fst.41.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.41.21","url":null,"abstract":"The Cone Calorimeter—ISO 5660 and ASTM E1354—has been the primary bench-scale test for measuring the heat release rate for fires ever since the early 1990s. The technical details of how to construct and operate the instrument has been well documented in the standards, in reports, and in published papers. But the background for its development had not been earlier published. Because the Cone Calorimeter represented a ground-breaking, new approach to heat release studies, the present paper describes some of the historical context and laboratory developments which led to the invention of the calorimeter.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82782922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. K. Cheong, J. J. Lau, L. W Lim, M. Thong, K.W Leong
{"title":"Heat Release Rate Estimate of Goods-Vehicle Fire Using the Singapore Fire Test Programme","authors":"M. K. Cheong, J. J. Lau, L. W Lim, M. Thong, K.W Leong","doi":"10.3210/fst.40.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.40.39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83230409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soron Yamauchi, Shunsuke Aoki, M. Mizuno, T. Akitsu
This report comprehensively explores the risks of organic solvents as both fire and health hazards based on the results of “working environment measurements”, as specified in Japan’s safety and health laws. The results in 2018 and 2019 in our chemical laboratory determined that the lids of many waste solvent containers were open, which may potentially result in both fire and health hazards. When organic solvents volatilize to fill a laboratory, the vapor may be markedly harmful to human health. Although the conditions in our laboratory have improved by 2020, our laboratory mainly uses methanol and acetone, both of which are highly flammable and could ignite to cause a fire. It should be noted that vaporizing liquid organic solvents and other gases are not under the purview of the Fire Service Act on Hazardous Materials (in Japan), which is limited to condensed or liquid phases with ignition and explosive properties. In this context, herein, we summarized the health hazards and fire hazards of organic solvents (category 4), including methanol, acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide, by analyzing the results of working environment measurements in our laboratory over a period of several years. From the perspective of health and fire safety, it is imperative to focus on strategies to mitigate the risks of organic solvents in chemical laboratories. The correlation of both aspects is also discussed based on the results.
{"title":"Risk of Fire and Health Hazards Due to Organic Solvents in Chemical Laboratories","authors":"Soron Yamauchi, Shunsuke Aoki, M. Mizuno, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.3210/fst.40.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.40.15","url":null,"abstract":"This report comprehensively explores the risks of organic solvents as both fire and health hazards based on the results of “working environment measurements”, as specified in Japan’s safety and health laws. The results in 2018 and 2019 in our chemical laboratory determined that the lids of many waste solvent containers were open, which may potentially result in both fire and health hazards. When organic solvents volatilize to fill a laboratory, the vapor may be markedly harmful to human health. Although the conditions in our laboratory have improved by 2020, our laboratory mainly uses methanol and acetone, both of which are highly flammable and could ignite to cause a fire. It should be noted that vaporizing liquid organic solvents and other gases are not under the purview of the Fire Service Act on Hazardous Materials (in Japan), which is limited to condensed or liquid phases with ignition and explosive properties. In this context, herein, we summarized the health hazards and fire hazards of organic solvents (category 4), including methanol, acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide, by analyzing the results of working environment measurements in our laboratory over a period of several years. From the perspective of health and fire safety, it is imperative to focus on strategies to mitigate the risks of organic solvents in chemical laboratories. The correlation of both aspects is also discussed based on the results.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89928463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Texts of Fire Accidents in University Chemistry Experiments Using AI Text Mining","authors":"Natsuki Date, Kohei Yokosuka, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.3210/fst.40.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.40.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72522596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soron Yamauchi, Ryuya Okubo, Han-Mog Ko, Kaneyoshi Okada, Shizuya Saito, Momoka Hosoi, Shinichi Miki, Yuya Murakami, M. Mizuno, T. Akitsu
In recent years, large-scale forest fires and wildfires have become an increasingly major problem globally. In addition to the devastating damage inflicted by the fires, the use of harmful fire extinguishing agents has also caused serious environmental problems. Forest fires also constitute an environmental problem in terms of the generation of deleterious products, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins, as well as the disappearance of forests. Herein, based on examples of forest fires in Japan, we describe the chemical properties of fire extinguishing agents and flame retardants that potentially cause environmental problems, as well as prospects for new technologies that are both effective and environmentally-benign.
{"title":"Environmental Chemistry Related to Forest Fires and Fire Extinguishers","authors":"Soron Yamauchi, Ryuya Okubo, Han-Mog Ko, Kaneyoshi Okada, Shizuya Saito, Momoka Hosoi, Shinichi Miki, Yuya Murakami, M. Mizuno, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.3210/fst.40.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.40.25","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, large-scale forest fires and wildfires have become an increasingly major problem globally. In addition to the devastating damage inflicted by the fires, the use of harmful fire extinguishing agents has also caused serious environmental problems. Forest fires also constitute an environmental problem in terms of the generation of deleterious products, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins, as well as the disappearance of forests. Herein, based on examples of forest fires in Japan, we describe the chemical properties of fire extinguishing agents and flame retardants that potentially cause environmental problems, as well as prospects for new technologies that are both effective and environmentally-benign.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87862489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firefighting is one of the most physically demanding and hazardous occupations in any country. When the firefighting activity continues for extended periods of time, firefighters are at risk for a decline in their physical and mental work ability. To ensure their safety, it is important for firefighters to be knowledgeable regarding their own physical condition. We have introduced an index of cardiorespiratory load that reflects respiratory metabolism state, the reflection index of respiration ( RIR ). This index is derived based on data, obtained under designed load activities, performed in a shuttle run test and bicycle ergometer test. Therefore, the applicability and effectiveness of this index to activities involving severe physical activities at a firefighting site, have not yet been evaluated. The RIR was applied in a simulated firefighting activity test, conducted according to a standardized protocol. This standardized firefighting test protocol consisted of 13 activities and required continuous physical activity for 26 min. The following results were obtained. First, RIR showed a good response to load intensity even when the activity loads varied irregularly in time. Second, the variation of the RIR demonstrated a good correlation, both, with the respiratory metabolic state and the blood lactate levels. Third, the RIR presented high sensitivity in response to firefighters’ changes in body movements and respiration, during the simulated firefighting activity test. The proposed index, providing objective information that supplements a firefighter’s subjective assessment of his or her own physical state, could be applied in the prevention of overexertion and is expected to improve the occupational safety of firefighters.
{"title":"Applicability of the Reflection Index of Respiration Based on Heart Rate Variability Analysis to Firefighting Activity","authors":"Yushi Ito, Y. Oka, Y. Kuriyama","doi":"10.3210/fst.39.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.39.1","url":null,"abstract":"Firefighting is one of the most physically demanding and hazardous occupations in any country. When the firefighting activity continues for extended periods of time, firefighters are at risk for a decline in their physical and mental work ability. To ensure their safety, it is important for firefighters to be knowledgeable regarding their own physical condition. We have introduced an index of cardiorespiratory load that reflects respiratory metabolism state, the reflection index of respiration ( RIR ). This index is derived based on data, obtained under designed load activities, performed in a shuttle run test and bicycle ergometer test. Therefore, the applicability and effectiveness of this index to activities involving severe physical activities at a firefighting site, have not yet been evaluated. The RIR was applied in a simulated firefighting activity test, conducted according to a standardized protocol. This standardized firefighting test protocol consisted of 13 activities and required continuous physical activity for 26 min. The following results were obtained. First, RIR showed a good response to load intensity even when the activity loads varied irregularly in time. Second, the variation of the RIR demonstrated a good correlation, both, with the respiratory metabolic state and the blood lactate levels. Third, the RIR presented high sensitivity in response to firefighters’ changes in body movements and respiration, during the simulated firefighting activity test. The proposed index, providing objective information that supplements a firefighter’s subjective assessment of his or her own physical state, could be applied in the prevention of overexertion and is expected to improve the occupational safety of firefighters.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76565834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natsuki Date, Atoki Sato, Kazuya Takeuchi, Toshihiro Mori, Kohei Yokosuka, Yuki Ito, K. Shima, Keigo Suzuki, H. Taguchi, Tomohiro Chiyozaki, Kento Yanagawa, Tom Giles, T. Akitsu
This literature review deals with lead materials in fire and related environmental issues based on inorganic chemistry. In 2019, the Notre Dame Cathedral fire raised not only the issue of damage to historical building, but also the issue of the impact of lead materials on the environment as well as human health. Three months after the fire, French media reported that lead contamination had been detected in the area around the cathedral, with lead levels 500-800 times higher than the safety requirements. More than 200 tons of lead used in the roofs and spire melted in the fire. Besides this French fire case, chemical aspects of lead (element and compounds), usage of lead as building materials (Japanese castle, paint for a highway bridge, and protection against radioactive rays) on past architectural fires, energy materials (gasoline, lead-acid battery, and Perovskites solar cells in future) and their potential fire risk, and impact to human are also reviewed in this paper.
{"title":"Fire at Notre Dame Cathedral and Lead Materials in the Environment","authors":"Natsuki Date, Atoki Sato, Kazuya Takeuchi, Toshihiro Mori, Kohei Yokosuka, Yuki Ito, K. Shima, Keigo Suzuki, H. Taguchi, Tomohiro Chiyozaki, Kento Yanagawa, Tom Giles, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.3210/fst.39.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.39.17","url":null,"abstract":"This literature review deals with lead materials in fire and related environmental issues based on inorganic chemistry. In 2019, the Notre Dame Cathedral fire raised not only the issue of damage to historical building, but also the issue of the impact of lead materials on the environment as well as human health. Three months after the fire, French media reported that lead contamination had been detected in the area around the cathedral, with lead levels 500-800 times higher than the safety requirements. More than 200 tons of lead used in the roofs and spire melted in the fire. Besides this French fire case, chemical aspects of lead (element and compounds), usage of lead as building materials (Japanese castle, paint for a highway bridge, and protection against radioactive rays) on past architectural fires, energy materials (gasoline, lead-acid battery, and Perovskites solar cells in future) and their potential fire risk, and impact to human are also reviewed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85021901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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