Many fungi play a vital role in the decomposition of wood in nature and nutrient cycling, yet some afflict serious damage to cultivated tree crops and forestry. Tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) is affected by Hypoxylon wood rot (HWR) disease caused by the Hypoxylon sp. Pers ex Fr. In the recent years; there have been reports on increase of the disease in Kenya. This study aimed at determining disease incidence and biodegradation by 59 Hypoxylon isolates from diverse tea growing counties of Kenya on wood, from resistant (TRFK 6/25) and susceptible (TRFK 6/129) tea cultivars. The disease incidence varied (p less than or eqaul to 0.05) in different counties (6.7 to 77.5%) and was more prevalent in tea cultivars (77.5%) than seedling type of teas (15.7%). Bio-degradation of wood was performed in Falcon tubes for 40 days. The 59 Hypoxylon isolates significantly (p less than or eqaul to 0.05) bio-degraded tea wood. The weight loss ranged from 4.84 to 16.44% in the susceptible and 4.61 to 12.64% in the resistant cultivars. The results indicate the potential use of biodegradation to evaluate resistance of tea cultivars to damage by Hypoxylon sp. This study concludes that biodegradation is potentially usable technique to screen tea cultivars for resistance to HWR.
许多真菌在自然界木材的分解和养分循环中起着至关重要的作用，但有些真菌对栽培的树木作物和林业造成严重损害。近年来，茶树(Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze)遭受了由矮杉木(Hypoxylon sp. Pers ex Fr.)引起的木腐病(HWR)。有报道称肯尼亚的疫情有所增加。本研究旨在测定来自肯尼亚不同产茶县的59株耐药(TRFK 6/25)和易感(TRFK 6/129)茶叶品种的低氧ylon在木材上的发病率和生物降解情况。各县发病率差异显著(p < 0.05)(6.7 ~ 77.5%)，以茶树品种发病率(77.5%)高于茶树苗型发病率(15.7%)。木材的生物降解在Falcon试管中进行了40天。59株Hypoxylon对茶木有显著降解(p≤0.05)。易感品种的失重幅度为4.84 ~ 16.44%，抗性品种的失重幅度为4.61 ~ 12.64%。研究结果表明，生物降解技术可用于茶叶品种对褐枯病菌的抗性评价，是筛选茶叶品种对褐枯病菌抗性的有效技术。
{"title":"Biodegradation of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze Wood by Hypoxylon sp. Isolates from Diverse Tea Growing Counties of Kenya","authors":"J. Langat, R. Ramkat, R. Mose","doi":"10.20425/IJTS1511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS1511","url":null,"abstract":"Many fungi play a vital role in the decomposition of wood in nature and nutrient cycling, yet some afflict serious damage to cultivated tree crops and forestry. Tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) is affected by Hypoxylon wood rot (HWR) disease caused by the Hypoxylon sp. Pers ex Fr. In the recent years; there have been reports on increase of the disease in Kenya. This study aimed at determining disease incidence and biodegradation by 59 Hypoxylon isolates from diverse tea growing counties of Kenya on wood, from resistant (TRFK 6/25) and susceptible (TRFK 6/129) tea cultivars. The disease incidence varied (p less than or eqaul to 0.05) in different counties (6.7 to 77.5%) and was more prevalent in tea cultivars (77.5%) than seedling type of teas (15.7%). Bio-degradation of wood was performed in Falcon tubes for 40 days. The 59 Hypoxylon isolates significantly (p less than or eqaul to 0.05) bio-degraded tea wood. The weight loss ranged from 4.84 to 16.44% in the susceptible and 4.61 to 12.64% in the resistant cultivars. The results indicate the potential use of biodegradation to evaluate resistance of tea cultivars to damage by Hypoxylon sp. This study concludes that biodegradation is potentially usable technique to screen tea cultivars for resistance to HWR.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74140535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5376/jtsr.2020.10.0001
Xiuxiu Zhao, Yangen Fan, Yueyue Tian, Hanyue Wang, Lixia Zhang, Min Li
The chloroplast-targeted ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (LFNR) is a hydrophilic flavin protein located at the end of the photosynthesis electron delivery chain in higher plants. It’s a hub for linking photosynthesis electronic transportation with chloroplast redox metabolism. In order to explore the relationship between LFNR gene and yellowing of ‘Huangjinya’controlled by light, we took separately one bud two leaves of ‘Huangjinya’ ‘Shuchazao’(CK) as the material to clone CsLFNR gene and then we obtained the sequence with a similarity of 100%, named CsLFNR1.1 (GenBank accession no. MT311318). Throw bioinformatics analysis, we know its cDNA gene length is 1 095 bp, coding 364 amino acids, The protein molecular weight is 40.623KDa, the theoretical isoelectric point is 8.86.CsLFNR1.1 is a alkaline protein without transmembrane structure and signal peptide, it has a chloroplast transport peptide (cTP), the secondary structure contains 23.35% alpha helix, 5.49% beta-corner, 28.85% extension chain and 42.31% irregular curling, It locates in the chloroplast. Through the Nucleotide BLAST, Protein BLAST and DNAMAN software, we found that CsLFNR1.1 and its translated amino acid sequences had 4 bases and 3 amino acid differences with NCBI ‘Shuchazao’ Gene CsLFNR1 (XM_028233617.1) and Protein (XP_028089418.1), the similarity reached 99.63% and 99.18%. CsLFNR1.1 and CsLFNR1 have small differences in the physical and chemical properties and secondary structure, the tertiary structure prediction template of them is consistent. In addition, they have the same conserved domain and active site. We took different shade ‘Huangjinya’ blades as the material for qRT-PCR, the result showed that the expression of CsLFNR1.1 gene response to the light intensity, its expression increased with the increase of light intensity. This study provides a theoretical basis and scientific basis for further exploring the role of CsLFNR1.1 gene in the light regulation process of the new shoots and leaves of ‘Huangjinya’.
{"title":"Cloning and Expression Analysis of Chloroplast-targeted Ferredoxin-NADP+ Oxidoreductase Gene of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) cv.Huangjinya","authors":"Xiuxiu Zhao, Yangen Fan, Yueyue Tian, Hanyue Wang, Lixia Zhang, Min Li","doi":"10.5376/jtsr.2020.10.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jtsr.2020.10.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The chloroplast-targeted ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (LFNR) is a hydrophilic flavin protein located at the end of the photosynthesis electron delivery chain in higher plants. It’s a hub for linking photosynthesis electronic transportation with chloroplast redox metabolism. In order to explore the relationship between LFNR gene and yellowing of ‘Huangjinya’controlled by light, we took separately one bud two leaves of ‘Huangjinya’ ‘Shuchazao’(CK) as the material to clone CsLFNR gene and then we obtained the sequence with a similarity of 100%, named CsLFNR1.1 (GenBank accession no. MT311318). Throw bioinformatics analysis, we know its cDNA gene length is 1 095 bp, coding 364 amino acids, The protein molecular weight is 40.623KDa, the theoretical isoelectric point is 8.86.CsLFNR1.1 is a alkaline protein without transmembrane structure and signal peptide, it has a chloroplast transport peptide (cTP), the secondary structure contains 23.35% alpha helix, 5.49% beta-corner, 28.85% extension chain and 42.31% irregular curling, It locates in the chloroplast. Through the Nucleotide BLAST, Protein BLAST and DNAMAN software, we found that CsLFNR1.1 and its translated amino acid sequences had 4 bases and 3 amino acid differences with NCBI ‘Shuchazao’ Gene CsLFNR1 (XM_028233617.1) and Protein (XP_028089418.1), the similarity reached 99.63% and 99.18%. CsLFNR1.1 and CsLFNR1 have small differences in the physical and chemical properties and secondary structure, the tertiary structure prediction template of them is consistent. In addition, they have the same conserved domain and active site. We took different shade ‘Huangjinya’ blades as the material for qRT-PCR, the result showed that the expression of CsLFNR1.1 gene response to the light intensity, its expression increased with the increase of light intensity. This study provides a theoretical basis and scientific basis for further exploring the role of CsLFNR1.1 gene in the light regulation process of the new shoots and leaves of ‘Huangjinya’.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83085426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2020.10.0002
Yanyan Li, Wei Huang, Jia-Sian Lin, Chuanpeng Nie
With the development of research for DNA barcoding, its application has attracted more and more attention. In this study, 100 tea tree samples were selected as subjects, the partial sequences of chloroplast matK and rbcL genes were used to investigate the molecular barcodes suitable for tea tree The results showed that the rbcL sequences of 100 tea samples were identical, the matK sequences were different, the genetic distance ranged from 0.000 to 0.032, the sequences could be divided into 14 haplotypes, Hd and Pi were 0.604 and 0.23×10-2, at the same time, the construction analysis of the sequence is carried out. The results showed that the matK sequence could be used in the development and utilization of DNA barcoding of tea tree field genebank.
{"title":"Analysis of DNA Barcoding Suitable for Tea Tree Field Genebank","authors":"Yanyan Li, Wei Huang, Jia-Sian Lin, Chuanpeng Nie","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2020.10.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2020.10.0002","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of research for DNA barcoding, its application has attracted more and more attention. In this study, 100 tea tree samples were selected as subjects, the partial sequences of chloroplast matK and rbcL genes were used to investigate the molecular barcodes suitable for tea tree The results showed that the rbcL sequences of 100 tea samples were identical, the matK sequences were different, the genetic distance ranged from 0.000 to 0.032, the sequences could be divided into 14 haplotypes, Hd and Pi were 0.604 and 0.23×10-2, at the same time, the construction analysis of the sequence is carried out. The results showed that the matK sequence could be used in the development and utilization of DNA barcoding of tea tree field genebank.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76188017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5376/jtsr.2020.10.0003
Shasha Wei, J. Peng, Zhidan Chen, Weijiang Sun, Lin Lin, Renquan Wu
In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity by using ISSR markers in four populations with 37 DNA samples of Youxi Kucha. In total, 66 alleles were amplified using 8 ISSR primers. A total of 66 bands were detected, of which 63 bands were polymorphic with a polymorphic proportion of 95.24 %. At the population level, the average PPL of the four populations of Youxi Kucha is 76.19 %, and the average values of Nei's gene diversity index (H) and Shannon diversity index (I) are 0.204 5 and 0.367 7 respectively. At the species levelm the H and I are 0.305 1 and 0.465 0 respectively respectively. Youxi Kucha maintained a relatively high genetic variability at the population level and species level bothly. The genetic differentiation within the population was significantly higher than that between populations,but the genetic differentiation between the populations has also reached higher level (Φst = 0.17> 0.15), the differentiation is extremely significant (P <0.01). A mantel test indicated there was no significant relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance among the populations studied. Correlation analysis shows that the diversity index has little relationship with altitude. This study carried out the molecular identification of the germplasm resources of Youxi bitter tea accurately, which can provide a theoretical basis for the protection of Youxi bitter tea and the breeding of improved tea varieties.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity Analysis of Youxi Bitter Tea Resources Based on ISSR Molecular Markers","authors":"Shasha Wei, J. Peng, Zhidan Chen, Weijiang Sun, Lin Lin, Renquan Wu","doi":"10.5376/jtsr.2020.10.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jtsr.2020.10.0003","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity by using ISSR markers in four populations with 37 DNA samples of Youxi Kucha. In total, 66 alleles were amplified using 8 ISSR primers. A total of 66 bands were detected, of which 63 bands were polymorphic with a polymorphic proportion of 95.24 %. At the population level, the average PPL of the four populations of Youxi Kucha is 76.19 %, and the average values of Nei's gene diversity index (H) and Shannon diversity index (I) are 0.204 5 and 0.367 7 respectively. At the species levelm the H and I are 0.305 1 and 0.465 0 respectively respectively. Youxi Kucha maintained a relatively high genetic variability at the population level and species level bothly. The genetic differentiation within the population was significantly higher than that between populations,but the genetic differentiation between the populations has also reached higher level (Φst = 0.17> 0.15), the differentiation is extremely significant (P <0.01). A mantel test indicated there was no significant relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance among the populations studied. Correlation analysis shows that the diversity index has little relationship with altitude. This study carried out the molecular identification of the germplasm resources of Youxi bitter tea accurately, which can provide a theoretical basis for the protection of Youxi bitter tea and the breeding of improved tea varieties.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85870561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-14DOI: 10.5376/jtsr.2018.08.0001
D. Dutta, Libeesh Lukose, A. Bajpai, Uttam Kumar Bhunia, R. Singh, Sourav Samanta
One of the factors determining tea quality is shadow casting by the shade trees. Besides regulating incoming solar radiation shade trees also helps maintaining the moisture in soil and nutrient recycling. However the optimum shade density depends upon the elevation, slope and aspect. In the present study image segmentation technique was employed on Cartosat-1 data to capture the vertical crown density of the shade trees. Significant positive correlations (r 2 =0.91) were found between observed and measured vertical crown density. Based upon the crown density the tea gardens were classified. Further the relation between crown density and terrain parameters has been analysed. Significant negative correlation was observed with elevation (-0.590) and slope (-0.627) which indicates that to increase in elevation and/or percent slope the shade density decreases.
{"title":"Cartosat-1 Image Segmentation Technique for Shade Tree Crown Density in Tea Gardens of East India in Relation to Terrain Geometry","authors":"D. Dutta, Libeesh Lukose, A. Bajpai, Uttam Kumar Bhunia, R. Singh, Sourav Samanta","doi":"10.5376/jtsr.2018.08.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jtsr.2018.08.0001","url":null,"abstract":"One of the factors determining tea quality is shadow casting by the shade trees. Besides regulating incoming solar radiation shade trees also helps maintaining the moisture in soil and nutrient recycling. However the optimum shade density depends upon the elevation, slope and aspect. In the present study image segmentation technique was employed on Cartosat-1 data to capture the vertical crown density of the shade trees. Significant positive correlations (r 2 =0.91) were found between observed and measured vertical crown density. Based upon the crown density the tea gardens were classified. Further the relation between crown density and terrain parameters has been analysed. Significant negative correlation was observed with elevation (-0.590) and slope (-0.627) which indicates that to increase in elevation and/or percent slope the shade density decreases.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75412069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-01DOI: 10.20425/IJTS.V13I01-02.11397
Nelson M. Lubang’a, S. Kamunya, O. Kiplagat, J. Wanyoko, R. Chalo
{"title":"Heterosis for Catechins and Caffeine in Kenyan Tea (Camellia sinensis) (L.) O. Kuntze).","authors":"Nelson M. Lubang’a, S. Kamunya, O. Kiplagat, J. Wanyoko, R. Chalo","doi":"10.20425/IJTS.V13I01-02.11397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS.V13I01-02.11397","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82384756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.5376/jtsr.2017.07.0011
N. Hajra
The increasing demand from the consumers of Germany, United Kingdom, Japan and USA for organic teas, few conventional tea gardens of India, Sri Lanka and China have converted to organic processes during 1980s and subsequently it has been spread to different tea producing countries. Still the organic tea sector is a very small part of the tea industry, accounting of less than 1.3% by volume but the number of organic tea producers and the volume of organic tea traded in the world market have recorded high growth over the last couple of years. The annual growth rate has since cooled to 6%. It has a niche market where the produce sells at a premium price. The global organic tea market can be segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and rest of the world. Asia-Pacific region has the major market share followed by Europe. The domestic market for organic tea does not yet exist in India and Sri Lanka. But there is strong domestic market for organic green tea in China. China is exporting organic tea to Japan, the Europe and the United States. India leads the world in organic black tea output. Based on the higher demand for healthy beverages, the import and export of organic tea in the developed countries is found to rise at a steady growth rate. Around 75-80% of organic teas were exported to the United States and Germany followed by France, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Japan and Holland. In the US, organic tea is the fastest growing section of the tea industry and North America was at the peak of a growth burst in 2015, reinforcing its importance as the largest global market in terms of region, with Western Europe and Asia Pacific lagged slightly behind. Different global market research firm have predicted that the organic tea will continue to dominate and expected to increase by a CAGR of 5-13% next five years in U.S. In the present paper, the development of organic tea, global market and trade are discussed.
{"title":"Organic Tea: Global Market and Forecast Sales","authors":"N. Hajra","doi":"10.5376/jtsr.2017.07.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jtsr.2017.07.0011","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing demand from the consumers of Germany, United Kingdom, Japan and USA for organic teas, few conventional tea gardens of India, Sri Lanka and China have converted to organic processes during 1980s and subsequently it has been spread to different tea producing countries. Still the organic tea sector is a very small part of the tea industry, accounting of less than 1.3% by volume but the number of organic tea producers and the volume of organic tea traded in the world market have recorded high growth over the last couple of years. The annual growth rate has since cooled to 6%. It has a niche market where the produce sells at a premium price. The global organic tea market can be segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and rest of the world. Asia-Pacific region has the major market share followed by Europe. The domestic market for organic tea does not yet exist in India and Sri Lanka. But there is strong domestic market for organic green tea in China. China is exporting organic tea to Japan, the Europe and the United States. India leads the world in organic black tea output. Based on the higher demand for healthy beverages, the import and export of organic tea in the developed countries is found to rise at a steady growth rate. Around 75-80% of organic teas were exported to the United States and Germany followed by France, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Japan and Holland. In the US, organic tea is the fastest growing section of the tea industry and North America was at the peak of a growth burst in 2015, reinforcing its importance as the largest global market in terms of region, with Western Europe and Asia Pacific lagged slightly behind. Different global market research firm have predicted that the organic tea will continue to dominate and expected to increase by a CAGR of 5-13% next five years in U.S. In the present paper, the development of organic tea, global market and trade are discussed.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87698072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-22DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2017.07.0010
P. Baruah
Teas are classified in various ways depending manufacturing process, convention, technique and market available form. An exhaustive classification based on market available forms classifies Indian teas into eleven broad categories. Assam is a place of origin of tea, wild tea plants were discovered in Assam in 1823 and tea plantations started since 1837. Some of the indigenous tribal people of Assam had the habit of drinking tea prepared in their traditional form and the Singphos call such tea as phalap. Entrepreneurs of small tea growers who are a major force to reckon with in Assam tea at present are producing organic (called natural) handmade and traditional forms of teas which are gaining popularity world over. Organic certification, technical guidance in production and marketing are some of the problems faced by the producers of the handmade and traditional teas who are almost entirely small tea growers. Such teas are of special character with high quality. Demand for these teas is growing both internally and in global market and has huge market potential. Entrepreneurial handmade and traditional tea producers are putting their efforts to popularize and market such forms of tea in India and globally overcoming the challenges.
{"title":"Types of Indian Tea, Production and Marketing of Traditional and Handmade Teas of Assam, India","authors":"P. Baruah","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2017.07.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2017.07.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Teas are classified in various ways depending manufacturing process, convention, technique and market available form. An exhaustive classification based on market available forms classifies Indian teas into eleven broad categories. Assam is a place of origin of tea, wild tea plants were discovered in Assam in 1823 and tea plantations started since 1837. Some of the indigenous tribal people of Assam had the habit of drinking tea prepared in their traditional form and the Singphos call such tea as phalap. Entrepreneurs of small tea growers who are a major force to reckon with in Assam tea at present are producing organic (called natural) handmade and traditional forms of teas which are gaining popularity world over. Organic certification, technical guidance in production and marketing are some of the problems faced by the producers of the handmade and traditional teas who are almost entirely small tea growers. Such teas are of special character with high quality. Demand for these teas is growing both internally and in global market and has huge market potential. Entrepreneurial handmade and traditional tea producers are putting their efforts to popularize and market such forms of tea in India and globally overcoming the challenges.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89077650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-14DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2017.07.0009
D. Biswas, N. C. Roy
Presently, Indian tea plantation industry has been confronted stiff competition due to reduction of tariff barrier and relaxation of the quantity restriction on import because of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) policy promulgated in 1991. Tea estates of the North Bengal have been forced on reducing labour cost to be in stable position, not only that, due to the low profitability, most of the estates are not in a position to mitigate their responsibilities towards the workers as prescribed by the labour legislations. As a result of that the workers, who are mainly dependent on the tea plantation to survive, had to live hand to mouth. To have a two square meal in a day, they have resorted to sell their child also in different tea estates. Death of tea workers due to malnutrition in this region have become common phenomenon. All these have led to the workers to become more violent, resorts to strike to pressurize on the management, etc. have increased significantly. The present study highlights the pattern of human resource management during the pre and post globalization era in tea plantation industry in North Bengal region. Primary data has been used mainly in this study and collection of which has done with the help of stratified random sampling technique from the selected tea estates. Thereafter analysis and conclusions have made accordingly.
{"title":"Management of Human Resources during Pre and Post-Globalized Regime: An Empirical Study in Tea Industry of North Bengal","authors":"D. Biswas, N. C. Roy","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2017.07.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2017.07.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Presently, Indian tea plantation industry has been confronted stiff competition due to reduction of tariff barrier and relaxation of the quantity restriction on import because of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) policy promulgated in 1991. Tea estates of the North Bengal have been forced on reducing labour cost to be in stable position, not only that, due to the low profitability, most of the estates are not in a position to mitigate their responsibilities towards the workers as prescribed by the labour legislations. As a result of that the workers, who are mainly dependent on the tea plantation to survive, had to live hand to mouth. To have a two square meal in a day, they have resorted to sell their child also in different tea estates. Death of tea workers due to malnutrition in this region have become common phenomenon. All these have led to the workers to become more violent, resorts to strike to pressurize on the management, etc. have increased significantly. The present study highlights the pattern of human resource management during the pre and post globalization era in tea plantation industry in North Bengal region. Primary data has been used mainly in this study and collection of which has done with the help of stratified random sampling technique from the selected tea estates. Thereafter analysis and conclusions have made accordingly.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82845777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-19DOI: 10.20425/ijts.v13i01-02.9984
S. O. Ochanda, J. Wanyoko, D. Kamau, A. Faraj, C. Onyango
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