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Photocatalytic degradation of textile dye with titanium (IV) doped tungsten oxide nanoparticles 掺杂钛 (IV) 的纳米氧化钨光催化降解纺织染料
Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.62638/zasmat1037
Shree H.K. Ranjin, Nidhi Pathak, Charu Lata Dube Dube
Water pollution from textile industries is a major concern with respect to the availability of clean drinking water. The removal of textile (organic) dyes through photocatalytic degradation with pure WO3 and titanium (IV) doped tungsten oxide [Ti (IV)-WO3] nanospheres were studied under visible light. The WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 nanospheres were synthesized via microwave-assisted method at microwave power of 160 W for the duration of 20 mins. The as synthesised WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 nanospheres were characterized for their structural, microstructural, and spectroscopic properties by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The X-ray diffractograms confirmed the formation of highly pure WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 nanospheres. The average crystallite size of WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 nanospheres were calculated as 53.37 nm and 35.24 nm respectively using Debye Scherrer equation. The bandgap of Ti (IV)-WO3 was found to be decreased to 2.5 eV from 3.2 eV (WO3) respectively. It can be deduced that Ti (IV)-WO3 can be utilized as efficient visible light (λ>420 nm) driven photocatalyst as the bandgap was < 3 eV. The agglomerated spherical nanoparticles were seen for WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 in the HR-TEM images. The photocatalytic activity of textile dye was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer under visible light. The photocatalytic organic dye degradation was investigated. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of titanium (IV) doped tungsten oxide (10 wt%) was observed to be ~100% in 100 mins. This makes titanium (IV) doped tungsten oxide nanospheres, a potential nanomaterial for water purification.
纺织工业造成的水污染是人们对能否获得清洁饮用水的一大担忧。研究了纯 WO3 和掺杂钛(IV)的氧化钨 [Ti (IV)-WO3] 纳米球在可见光下通过光催化降解去除纺织品(有机)染料的情况。WO3 和 Ti (IV)-WO3 纳米球是通过微波辅助法合成的,微波功率为 160 W,持续时间为 20 分钟。利用粉末 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、紫外-可见 (UV-Vis) 光谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 和高分辨率透射电子显微镜 (HR-TEM) 对合成的 WO3 和 Ti (IV) -WO3 纳米球的结构、微观结构和光谱特性进行了表征。X 射线衍射图证实了高纯度 WO3 和 Ti (IV)-WO3 纳米球的形成。利用 Debye Scherrer 方程计算出 WO3 和 Ti (IV)-WO3 纳米球的平均结晶尺寸分别为 53.37 nm 和 35.24 nm。发现 Ti (IV)-WO3 的带隙分别从 3.2 eV(WO3)降至 2.5 eV。由此推断,由于带隙小于 3 eV,Ti (IV)-WO3 可用作高效的可见光(λ>420 nm)驱动光催化剂。在 HR-TEM 图像中,WO3 和 Ti (IV)-WO3 的纳米颗粒呈团聚球形。在可见光下,用紫外可见分光光度计分析了纺织染料的光催化活性。研究了有机染料的光催化降解。在 100 分钟内,观察到掺杂钛(IV)的氧化钨(10 wt%)的光催化活性增强了约 100%。这使得掺杂钛 (IV) 的氧化钨纳米球成为一种潜在的水净化纳米材料。
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引用次数: 0
ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIX ALUMINUM GALVANIC ANODE ALLOYS IN THE SEA 海中六种铝电阳极合金的电化学特性
Pub Date : 1971-09-01 DOI: 10.3323/JCORR1954.21.8_376
T. Lennox, R. Groover, M. Peterson
THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIX TYPES OF ALUMINUM GALVANIC ANODE ALLOYS UNDER SIMILAR SERVICE CONDITIONS IN SEA WATER ARE DISCUSSED AND ARE COMPARED WITH ZINC ANODES AND PREVIOUSLY REPORTED DATA FOR ALUMINUM ANODES. THE DATA WERE OBTAINED ON COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION ANODES. THE EXPERIMENT INCLUDED 41 ALUMINUM ANODES AND 3 ZINC CONTROL ANODES. /MPP/
讨论了6种铝电阳极合金在海水中相似使用条件下的电化学特性,并与锌阳极和铝阳极进行了比较。数据是在商业化生产的阳极上获得的。实验采用41个铝阳极和3个锌对照阳极。/ MPP /
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引用次数: 2
DISSOLVED HYDROGEN ANALYZER--A TOOL FOR BOILER CORROSION STUDIES 溶解氢分析仪——锅炉腐蚀研究的工具
Pub Date : 1971-05-01 DOI: 10.3323/JCORR1954.21.11_530
C. Jacklin, D G Wiltsey
Several types of waterside corrosion can attack a boiler. In many cases, the only evidence of this corrosion before tube failure is increased hydrogen in the steam. A continuous record of this hydrogen can be obtained with dissolved hydrogen analyzers which utilize the hydrogen's high thermal conductivity to detect as little as 0.2 ppb in steam. Rate of metal loss can be calculated from the amount of hydrogen in the steam, and the pattern of hydrogen release often indicates the type of corrosion. A well planned test program includes tests for sources of hydrogen other than corrosion.
有几种类型的水边腐蚀会侵蚀锅炉。在许多情况下,管道失效前腐蚀的唯一证据是蒸汽中氢的增加。这种氢的连续记录可以通过溶解氢分析仪获得,该分析仪利用氢的高导热性来检测蒸汽中低至0.2 ppb的氢。金属的损失率可以通过蒸汽中氢的含量来计算,氢释放的模式往往表明腐蚀的类型。一个计划良好的测试方案包括对除腐蚀以外的氢源的测试。
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引用次数: 0
PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS COATING SYSTEMS IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT 各种涂层系统在海洋环境中的性能
Pub Date : 1970-11-01 DOI: 10.3323/jcorr1954.21.3_129
W. Singleton
TESTS WITH COATED STEEL PANELS THAT WERE IMMERSED, SEMI- IMMERSED, AND EXPOSED AT THE SPLASH ZONE LEVEL IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT ARE DISCUSSED. PERFORMANCE OF THE COATINGS TESTED WAS NOTED ON VARIOUS SURFACE PREPARATIONS. DATA ARE RELATED TO COMPARATIVE COSTS, MAKING ECONOMIC EVALUATION POSSIBLE. /AUTHOR/
讨论了在海洋环境中浸没、半浸没和暴露在飞溅区水平的涂覆钢板的试验。在不同的表面处理中,测试了涂层的性能。数据与比较成本有关,使经济评价成为可能。/作者/
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引用次数: 2
FAILURE-SAFE DESIGN WITH HIGH STRENGTH STEELS FOR SALT WATER APPLICATIONS 采用高强度钢的故障安全设计,适用于盐水应用
Pub Date : 1970-08-01 DOI: 10.3323/JCORR1954.20.11-12_539
R. Judy, R. J. Goode
PROCEDURES WERE DEVELOPED FOR DETERMINING THE APPROXIMATE FLAW SIZE-STRESS LEVEL REQUIREMENTS FOR FAST FRATCURE, WHICH HAVE PROVEN USEFUL FOR ENGINEERING USAGE OF STEELS. THIS REPORT PROVIDES A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPRETABILITY OF FRACTURE MECHANICS METHODS TO FAILURE SAFE DESIGN FOR STRUCTURES OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS SUBJECT TO SALT WATER STRESS CORROSION CRACKING. /AUTHOR/
制定了确定快速断裂的近似缺陷尺寸-应力水平要求的程序,这些程序已被证明对钢的工程使用很有用。本文初步分析了断裂力学方法对高强度钢结构受盐水应力腐蚀开裂失效安全设计的可解释性。/作者/
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引用次数: 0
Research on Notch Plasticity May Contribute to the Understanding of Stress Corrosion Cracking 对缺口塑性的研究有助于对应力腐蚀开裂的认识
Pub Date : 1969-05-01 DOI: 10.5006/0010-9312-25.5.193
J. Spretnak, C. A. Griffis
RESEARCH JUST COMPLETED AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY ON FACTORS LIMITING PLASTIC STRAIN UNDER A NOTCH (OR CRACK) MAY PROVE IMPORTANT IN ELUCIDATING CERTAIN ASPECTS OF PLASTIC ZONE BEHAVIOR IN STRESS CORROSION CRACKING. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE PLASTIC ZONE AT THE TIP OF THE CRACK EXPANDS ON LOADING UNTIL A CRITICAL STRAIN AT THE NOTCH ROOT IS ATTAINED. AT THIS STRAIN, THE MATERIAL UNDERGOES A RHEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION INTO FLUID-LIKE FLOW (VISCO- PLASTIC), IN WHICH IT IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO LOCALIZATION OF FLOW ALONG "CHARACTERISTICS" (SLIP LINES IN FIELDS), WHICH ARE DIRECTIONS OF CRITICAL MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS AND ALSO DIRECTION OF PURE SHEAR. PLASTIC INSTABILITIES MAY BE MOUNTED ALONG THESE DIRECTIONS. WEAK INSTABILITIES LEAD TO STABLE SLOW CRACK PROPAGATION; STRONG INSTABILITIES LEAD TO UNSTABLE FAST PROPAGATION (BRITTLE FRACTURE). AGGRESSIVE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS MAY AFFECT ONE OR BOTH OF THESE NEW MATERIAL PARAMETERS WHICH HAVE BEEN DISCLOSED, NAMELY THE CRITICAL STRAIN AT WHICH FLOW IS CONCENTRATED ALONG CHARACTERISTICS AND THE NATURE OF THE INSTABILITIES (STRONG OR WEAK) THAT CAN BE GENERATED ALONG CHARACTERISTICS. PLASTIC ZONE BEHAVIOR, THUS, INVOLVES METALLURGICAL STRUCTURE, RHEOLOGY, AND FORMAL PLASTICITY THEORY. /AUTHOR/
俄亥俄州立大学刚刚完成的一项关于缺口(或裂纹)下限制塑性应变的因素的研究,可能对阐明应力腐蚀开裂中塑性区行为的某些方面具有重要意义。结果表明,裂纹尖端的塑性区在加载过程中不断扩大,直至缺口根部达到临界应变。在此应变下,材料经历流变转变为类流体流动(粘塑性),在此过程中,材料容易受到沿“特征”(场中的滑移线)流动的局部化影响,这些“特征”是临界最大剪切应力方向,也是纯剪切方向。塑性不稳定性可以沿着这些方向安装。弱失稳导致稳定的缓慢裂纹扩展;强不稳定性导致不稳定快速扩展(脆性断裂)。腐蚀性化学环境可能会影响已披露的这些新材料参数中的一个或两个,即沿特征流动集中的临界应变和沿特征可能产生的不稳定性(强或弱)的性质。因此,塑性区行为涉及到金相组织、流变学和形式塑性理论。/作者/
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引用次数: 2
CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR ALUMINUM 铝用缓蚀剂
Pub Date : 1966-07-01 DOI: 10.3323/JCORR1954.15.11_495
A. Roebuck, T. R. Pritchett
INHIBITORS PROVIDING CATHODIC PROTECTION, ANODIC PROTECTION OF OVERALL GROSS PROTECTION MAY BE CHOSEN BY AN EVALUATION OF THEIR CURRENT-POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS AS DERIVED BY POTENTIODYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS. INHIBITORS MUST BE CAREFULLY CHOSEN TO FIT THE PARTICULAR APPLICATION REQUIRED. THE 5000 SERIES ALLOYS, CONTAINING MAGNESIUM AS THE MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT, ARE SHOWN TO HAVE GREATER CORROSION RESISTANCE IN SALINE MEDIA THAN DO THE 1100 OR HIGH-PURITY ALLOYS. JEL-TYPE INHIBITORS SUCH AS AGAR-AGAR, BLOCK THE CATHODIC REACTIONS, CAUSING MARKED CATHODIC POLARIZATION. AMINE INHIBITORS ALSO AFFECT THE CATHODIC CHARACTERISTICS. THEY SHOULD PROVE USEFUL IN INHIBITING ALUMINUM CORROSION IN ACID MEDIA. CHROMATES ARE EFFECTIVE ANODIC INHIBITORS. THE INCREASED EFFECTIVENESS OF NICKEL CHROMATE OVER POTASSIUM CHROMATE INDICATED THAT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHROMATES WAS NOT ENTIRELY DUE TO THEIR OXIDIZING ABILITY. /AUTHOR/
提供阴极保护、阳极保护或总体总保护的抑制剂,可通过评估其由动电位测量得出的电流-电位关系来选择。抑制剂必须仔细选择,以适应特定的应用要求。含有镁作为主要合金元素的5000系列合金在盐水介质中具有比1100或高纯度合金更强的耐腐蚀性。凝胶型抑制剂,如琼脂,阻断阴极反应,引起明显的阴极极化。胺类抑制剂也会影响阴极特性。它们在抑制铝在酸性介质中的腐蚀方面是有用的。铬酸盐是有效的阳极抑制剂。铬酸镍的有效性高于铬酸钾,这表明铬酸盐的有效性并不完全是由于它们的氧化能力。/作者/
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引用次数: 1
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING BRIDGE PAINTING CYCLES 确定桥梁粉刷周期的方法
Pub Date : 1965-06-01 DOI: 10.3323/JCORR1954.15.2_72
C. Kirsch
FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVENESS, COST, AND TIME CYCLES FOR BRIDGE PAINTING ARE DISCUSSED. STRUCTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL , AND CHEMICAL FACTORS OF THE PAINT SYSTEM ARE CONSIDERED IN THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL DESCRIBED. HOW MATHEMATICAL EVALUATION CAN AFFECT THE DECISION OF OPTIMUM PAINTING CYCLE TIMES IS SHOWN. THE PROCEDURE HAS BEEN USED BY PORT OF NEW YORK AUTHORITY, TUNNELS AND BRIDGES DEPARTMENT, TO EVALUATE PAINTING CYCLES FOR NEW YORK BRIDGES.
讨论了影响桥梁涂装效果、成本和时间周期的因素。所描述的数学模型考虑了涂料系统的结构、环境和化学因素。说明了数学评价如何影响最佳喷涂周期时间的确定。该程序已被纽约港务局、隧道和桥梁部门用于评估纽约桥梁的油漆周期。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Materials protection
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