Background: Rosemary-derived triterpene acids (TAs), primarily composed of ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and betulinic acid, exhibit multiple bioactive properties. However, their effects on lipid metabolism and the underlying regulatory pathways remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with TAs on the growth performance, digestive and absorptive function, and hepatic lipid metabolism in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
Methods: In this trial, 2,160 juvenile grass carp (average weight 13.04 ± 0.02 g) were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments, each comprising six replicates with 60 fish per replicate. Fish were fed diets supplemented with increasing concentrations of TAs (0, 58.80, 179.30, 261.90, 312.00, and 390.00 mg/kg) for 70 d. At the end of the trial, relevant samples were collected for subsequent analyses.
Results: The results demonstrated that dietary supplementation with TAs significantly increased specific growth rate (SGR), whole-body crude protein (CP) levels, and protein retention value (PRV) in juvenile grass carp, while reducing whole-body ether extract (EE) levels. Moreover, dietary supplementation with TAs significantly enhanced the activities of intestinal digestive enzymes and brush-border enzymes, thereby improving the digestive and absorptive capacity of juvenile grass carp. In the liver, dietary supplementation with TAs markedly inhibited lipid synthesis while promoting lipid utilization. The effects of TAs on lipid metabolism were associated with activation of the hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway, involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1). Furthermore, TAs modulated the gut-liver axis by inhibiting the intestinal FXR-sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3)-ceramide pathway, which may contribute to reduced hepatic lipid deposition. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the optimal dietary TAs supplementation levels were 245.00 mg/kg (SGR), 218.33 mg/kg (intestinal lipase activity), and 267.64 mg/kg (hepatic hormone-sensitive lipase activity).
Conclusions: The addition of TAs to the diet improved growth performance, digestive and absorptive capacity, and liver lipid utilization in juvenile grass carp. This work reveals the potential application of TAs in aquaculture and provides a theoretical basis for the development of functional feed additives.
{"title":"Rosemary-derived triterpene acids improve growth and lipid metabolism in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) through the gut-liver axis by tissue-specifically regulating the farnesoid X receptor.","authors":"Zixuan Wu, Xiaoqiu Zhou, Lin Feng, Pei Wu, Hongyun Zhang, Yaobin Ma, Yang Liu, Caimei Wu, Jiayong Tang, Ruinan Zhang, Weidan Jiang","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01351-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-025-01351-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rosemary-derived triterpene acids (TAs), primarily composed of ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and betulinic acid, exhibit multiple bioactive properties. However, their effects on lipid metabolism and the underlying regulatory pathways remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with TAs on the growth performance, digestive and absorptive function, and hepatic lipid metabolism in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this trial, 2,160 juvenile grass carp (average weight 13.04 ± 0.02 g) were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments, each comprising six replicates with 60 fish per replicate. Fish were fed diets supplemented with increasing concentrations of TAs (0, 58.80, 179.30, 261.90, 312.00, and 390.00 mg/kg) for 70 d. At the end of the trial, relevant samples were collected for subsequent analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results demonstrated that dietary supplementation with TAs significantly increased specific growth rate (SGR), whole-body crude protein (CP) levels, and protein retention value (PRV) in juvenile grass carp, while reducing whole-body ether extract (EE) levels. Moreover, dietary supplementation with TAs significantly enhanced the activities of intestinal digestive enzymes and brush-border enzymes, thereby improving the digestive and absorptive capacity of juvenile grass carp. In the liver, dietary supplementation with TAs markedly inhibited lipid synthesis while promoting lipid utilization. The effects of TAs on lipid metabolism were associated with activation of the hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway, involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1). Furthermore, TAs modulated the gut-liver axis by inhibiting the intestinal FXR-sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3)-ceramide pathway, which may contribute to reduced hepatic lipid deposition. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the optimal dietary TAs supplementation levels were 245.00 mg/kg (SGR), 218.33 mg/kg (intestinal lipase activity), and 267.64 mg/kg (hepatic hormone-sensitive lipase activity).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The addition of TAs to the diet improved growth performance, digestive and absorptive capacity, and liver lipid utilization in juvenile grass carp. This work reveals the potential application of TAs in aquaculture and provides a theoretical basis for the development of functional feed additives.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147437742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.1038/s41377-026-02194-9
Kang Li, Guofeng Yan, Kangrui Wang, Chengkun Cai, Min Yang, Guangze Wu, Weike Zhao, Yingying Peng, Yaocheng Shi, Daoxin Dai, Jian Wang
Optical communications have emerged as a promising solution for high-speed modern communication systems and built an important infrastructure for the global information superhighway. Although recent efforts to enhance optical communications have penetrated from long-distance fiber-optic to ultra-short-reach chip-scale data transmission, “Trans-Scale” high-capacity data transmission remains great challenges. In addition to data transmission, data processing is also of great importance for flexible data management in optical communication systems. However, a “Digital Divide” (capacity gap) exists between high-capacity data transmission in fiber links and low-speed data processing at network nodes, hindering the flourishing development of optical communications. Here, we implement “Trans-Scale” high-capacity bridging between few-mode fiber and silicon multimode waveguide using a diverse hybrid integrated coupler, which includes a 3D silica fs-laser direct writing photonic chip and a 2D silicon photonic integrated circuit. On this basis, we leverage a large-scale silicon reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) with over 2000 elements to construct a multi-dimensional fiber-chip system, enabling 192-channel (3 modes, 2 polarizations, 32 wavelengths) and 20-Tbit/s trans-scale multi-dimensional data transmission and processing. This demonstration provides a superior trans-scale architecture for multi-dimensional data transmission and processing in next-generation optical communications.
{"title":"Harnessing diverse hybrid integration for bridging trans-scale multi-dimensional fiber-chip data transmission and processing","authors":"Kang Li, Guofeng Yan, Kangrui Wang, Chengkun Cai, Min Yang, Guangze Wu, Weike Zhao, Yingying Peng, Yaocheng Shi, Daoxin Dai, Jian Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02194-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02194-9","url":null,"abstract":"Optical communications have emerged as a promising solution for high-speed modern communication systems and built an important infrastructure for the global information superhighway. Although recent efforts to enhance optical communications have penetrated from long-distance fiber-optic to ultra-short-reach chip-scale data transmission, “Trans-Scale” high-capacity data transmission remains great challenges. In addition to data transmission, data processing is also of great importance for flexible data management in optical communication systems. However, a “Digital Divide” (capacity gap) exists between high-capacity data transmission in fiber links and low-speed data processing at network nodes, hindering the flourishing development of optical communications. Here, we implement “Trans-Scale” high-capacity bridging between few-mode fiber and silicon multimode waveguide using a diverse hybrid integrated coupler, which includes a 3D silica fs-laser direct writing photonic chip and a 2D silicon photonic integrated circuit. On this basis, we leverage a large-scale silicon reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) with over 2000 elements to construct a multi-dimensional fiber-chip system, enabling 192-channel (3 modes, 2 polarizations, 32 wavelengths) and 20-Tbit/s trans-scale multi-dimensional data transmission and processing. This demonstration provides a superior trans-scale architecture for multi-dimensional data transmission and processing in next-generation optical communications.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"196 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1038/s41377-026-02200-0
Qing-Xin Ji, Hanfei Hou, Jinhao Ge, Yan Yu, Maodong Gao, Warren Jin, Joel Guo, Lue Wu, Peng Liu, Avi Feshali, Mario Paniccia, John Bowers, Kerry Vahala
In microcombs, solitons can drive non-soliton-forming modes to induce optical gain. Under specific conditions, a regenerative secondary temporal pulse coinciding in time and space with the exciting soliton pulse will form at a new spectral location. A mechanism involving Kerr-induced pulse interactions has been proposed theoretically, leading to multicolor solitons containing constituent phase-locked pulses. However, the occurrence of this phenomenon requires dispersion conditions that are not naturally satisfied in conventional optical microresonators. Here, we report the experimental observation of multicolor pulses from a single optical pump in a way that is closely related to the concept of multicolor solitons. The individual soliton pulses share the same repetition rate and could potentially be fully phase-locked. They are generated using interband coupling in a compound resonator.
{"title":"Multicolor interband solitons in microcombs","authors":"Qing-Xin Ji, Hanfei Hou, Jinhao Ge, Yan Yu, Maodong Gao, Warren Jin, Joel Guo, Lue Wu, Peng Liu, Avi Feshali, Mario Paniccia, John Bowers, Kerry Vahala","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02200-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02200-0","url":null,"abstract":"In microcombs, solitons can drive non-soliton-forming modes to induce optical gain. Under specific conditions, a regenerative secondary temporal pulse coinciding in time and space with the exciting soliton pulse will form at a new spectral location. A mechanism involving Kerr-induced pulse interactions has been proposed theoretically, leading to multicolor solitons containing constituent phase-locked pulses. However, the occurrence of this phenomenon requires dispersion conditions that are not naturally satisfied in conventional optical microresonators. Here, we report the experimental observation of multicolor pulses from a single optical pump in a way that is closely related to the concept of multicolor solitons. The individual soliton pulses share the same repetition rate and could potentially be fully phase-locked. They are generated using interband coupling in a compound resonator.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advancement of nanophotonic devices is significantly dependent on achieving high-precision inverse design capabilities, which are critical for identifying optimal structural configurations that enable enhanced and multifunctional performances. The process of inverse design confronts a one-to-many relationship due to the complex mapping between optical performance and structure. Though several approaches, including tandem networks, mixture density networks (MDN), and conditional generative adversarial networks, have shown promising outcomes, they still face accuracy limitations when confronted with structures with higher degrees of freedom. Here, we propose a sampling-enhanced MDN called a mixture probability sampling network (MPSN), that outputs mixture Gaussian distributions (MGDs) of structural parameters through an end-to-end framework. The results of multiple samples drawn from the MGDs are fed into a pre-trained network, and the sample that minimizes the error relative to the real data is selected for network training. We benchmark the high performance in nanophotonics through the structural color design, achieving a high precision of up to 99.9% and a mean absolute error of less than 0.002. This work paves the way for resolving intricate inverse design problems in nanophotonics.
{"title":"Ultraprecision, high-capacity, and wide-gamut structural colors enabled by a mixture probability sampling network.","authors":"Zeyong Wei,Weijie Xu,Siyu Dong,Xiaojia Liang,Jingyuan Zhu,Hui Zhang,Kaixuan Li,Lei Jin,Zhanshan Wang,Yuzhi Shi,Gang Yan,Cheng-Wei Qiu,Xinbin Cheng","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02122-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02122-3","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of nanophotonic devices is significantly dependent on achieving high-precision inverse design capabilities, which are critical for identifying optimal structural configurations that enable enhanced and multifunctional performances. The process of inverse design confronts a one-to-many relationship due to the complex mapping between optical performance and structure. Though several approaches, including tandem networks, mixture density networks (MDN), and conditional generative adversarial networks, have shown promising outcomes, they still face accuracy limitations when confronted with structures with higher degrees of freedom. Here, we propose a sampling-enhanced MDN called a mixture probability sampling network (MPSN), that outputs mixture Gaussian distributions (MGDs) of structural parameters through an end-to-end framework. The results of multiple samples drawn from the MGDs are fed into a pre-trained network, and the sample that minimizes the error relative to the real data is selected for network training. We benchmark the high performance in nanophotonics through the structural color design, achieving a high precision of up to 99.9% and a mean absolute error of less than 0.002. This work paves the way for resolving intricate inverse design problems in nanophotonics.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147383549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integration of crystallographic control into solution-processed perovskite films remains a challenge for efficient light emission, as disordered optical dipoles fundamentally limit photon extraction, a bottleneck constraining both classical and quantum planar optoelectronic devices. Here, we address this by developing an in situ formation strategy for oriented quasi-2D perovskite nanosheets within films via ligand-engineered crystallization. By designing and orchestrating steric hindrance and π-π interactions of ligands, we direct the crystallization kinetics to yield regular face-on nanosheets exhibiting enhanced horizontal transition dipole moment orientation compared to conventional isotropic films. The in situ architectural control also elevates both the photoluminescence quantum yield beyond 90% and carrier mobility comparable to 3D perovskite levels. These synergies enable perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 31.2% for pure-red emission at 635 nm, comparing favorably to other pure-red PeLEDs. Concurrently, the peak luminance and operational stability of the in situ nanosheet PeLEDs exhibit significant improvements.
{"title":"In-situ formation of oriented perovskite nanosheets with tailored optical dipoles enabling >30% EQE in pure-red LEDs.","authors":"Shaowei Liu,Dezhong Zhang,Lei Wang,Binhe Li,Wei Yuan,Ziheng Xiong,Kai Chen,Helong Zhu,Wenping Wu,Shuang Li,Liu Yang,Yunzhuo Liu,Hongmei Zhan,Chuanli Qin,Jiaqi Zhang,Jun Liu,Lixiang Wang,Chuanjiang Qin","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02184-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02184-x","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of crystallographic control into solution-processed perovskite films remains a challenge for efficient light emission, as disordered optical dipoles fundamentally limit photon extraction, a bottleneck constraining both classical and quantum planar optoelectronic devices. Here, we address this by developing an in situ formation strategy for oriented quasi-2D perovskite nanosheets within films via ligand-engineered crystallization. By designing and orchestrating steric hindrance and π-π interactions of ligands, we direct the crystallization kinetics to yield regular face-on nanosheets exhibiting enhanced horizontal transition dipole moment orientation compared to conventional isotropic films. The in situ architectural control also elevates both the photoluminescence quantum yield beyond 90% and carrier mobility comparable to 3D perovskite levels. These synergies enable perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 31.2% for pure-red emission at 635 nm, comparing favorably to other pure-red PeLEDs. Concurrently, the peak luminance and operational stability of the in situ nanosheet PeLEDs exhibit significant improvements.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147383550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01347-x
Do-Young Kim, Byeonghwi Lim, Rajesh Kumar Pathak, Woncheoul Park, Jong-Eun Park, Jun-Mo Kim
Background: Fat metabolism in pigs is controlled by tissue-specific molecular mechanisms that ultimately affect growth performance and meat quality. Understanding how epigenetic modifications interact with gene expression across key metabolic and fat-depositing tissues is essential for identifying regulatory processes and potential biomarkers to improve pork quality traits. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate tissue specific epigenetic regulation of fat metabolism by integrating DNA methylation and gene expression profiles from liver, backfat, and loin (longissimus dorsi) tissues at two physiologically developmental stages (10 and 26 weeks), representing the early post-weaning growth phase and near-market weight, respectively. By explicitly comparing these ages and tissues, the study was designed to capture the transition from muscle-dominated growth to increased lipid deposition and to identify tissue- and stage-specific regulatory signatures that may serve as biomarkers for pork quality.
Results: Genome-wide DNA methylation exhibited weak clustering by tissue, whereas gene expression showed clear tissue separation. The liver harbored fewer genes with differential methylation across stage and tissue but a greater number of genes with differential expression than backfat and loin, suggesting distinct regulatory modes. Integrative analysis of the overlap genes between methylation and expression signals highlighted epigenetically mediated regulation of extracellular matrix organization, lipid metabolism, and muscle development pathways. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed distinct tissue-specific correlations between co-methylated and co-expressed modules, with enrichment in cholesterol biosynthesis, muscle contractility, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Together, these findings suggest that methylation changes are more subtle than transcriptional shifts, yet they are aligned with key functional pathways, consistent with a role for methylation as a fine-tuning mechanism that shapes tissue-specific transcriptional networks during growth.
Conclusions: Across liver, backfat, and loin, DNA methylation modulates transcriptional programs in a tissue-dependent manner, prioritizing pathways central to lipid handling, extracellular matrix remodeling, and muscle function. This integrated multi-omics framework highlights candidate epigenetic markers and regulatory modules with potential utility for improving pork quality traits through selection or management strategies.
{"title":"Tissue-specific epigenetic regulation of fat metabolism in pigs through integrated analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression networks.","authors":"Do-Young Kim, Byeonghwi Lim, Rajesh Kumar Pathak, Woncheoul Park, Jong-Eun Park, Jun-Mo Kim","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01347-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-025-01347-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fat metabolism in pigs is controlled by tissue-specific molecular mechanisms that ultimately affect growth performance and meat quality. Understanding how epigenetic modifications interact with gene expression across key metabolic and fat-depositing tissues is essential for identifying regulatory processes and potential biomarkers to improve pork quality traits. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate tissue specific epigenetic regulation of fat metabolism by integrating DNA methylation and gene expression profiles from liver, backfat, and loin (longissimus dorsi) tissues at two physiologically developmental stages (10 and 26 weeks), representing the early post-weaning growth phase and near-market weight, respectively. By explicitly comparing these ages and tissues, the study was designed to capture the transition from muscle-dominated growth to increased lipid deposition and to identify tissue- and stage-specific regulatory signatures that may serve as biomarkers for pork quality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genome-wide DNA methylation exhibited weak clustering by tissue, whereas gene expression showed clear tissue separation. The liver harbored fewer genes with differential methylation across stage and tissue but a greater number of genes with differential expression than backfat and loin, suggesting distinct regulatory modes. Integrative analysis of the overlap genes between methylation and expression signals highlighted epigenetically mediated regulation of extracellular matrix organization, lipid metabolism, and muscle development pathways. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed distinct tissue-specific correlations between co-methylated and co-expressed modules, with enrichment in cholesterol biosynthesis, muscle contractility, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Together, these findings suggest that methylation changes are more subtle than transcriptional shifts, yet they are aligned with key functional pathways, consistent with a role for methylation as a fine-tuning mechanism that shapes tissue-specific transcriptional networks during growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Across liver, backfat, and loin, DNA methylation modulates transcriptional programs in a tissue-dependent manner, prioritizing pathways central to lipid handling, extracellular matrix remodeling, and muscle function. This integrated multi-omics framework highlights candidate epigenetic markers and regulatory modules with potential utility for improving pork quality traits through selection or management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12977806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147437769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial Intelligence models pose serious challenges to intensive computing and high-bandwidth communication for conventional electronic circuit-based computing clusters. Silicon photonic technologies, due to their high speed, low latency, large bandwidth, and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatibility, have been widely implemented for data transmission and actively explored as photonic neural networks in AI clusters. However, current silicon photonic integrated chips lack adaptability for multifunctional use and hardware-software systematic coordination, which is adverse to the development of photo-electronic AI clusters. Here, we develop a reconfigurable silicon photonic chip with 40 programmable unit cells integrating over 160 components, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to realize diverse functions for AI clusters with a chip, from computing acceleration and signal processing to network switching and secure encryption. Using a self-developed testing, compilation, and adjustment framework to the chip without in-chip monitoring photodetectors, we have demonstrated (1) 4 × 4 bi-direction unitary and 3 × 3 uni-direction non-unitary matrix multiplications, achieving a speed of over 1.92 TOPS with 6.22-bit precision and energy efficiency of 1.875 pJ MAC-1, and neural networks for image recognition with a latency of 260 ps; (2) micro-ring modulator wavelength locking in the 5 to 32 Gb s-1 transmission systems; (3) 4 × 4 photonic channel switching with low to -44 dB inter-channel crosstalk; (4) silicon photonic physical unclonable functions. This optoelectronic processing system, incorporating the photonic chip and its software stack, paves the way for both advanced photonic system-on-chip design and the construction of photo-electronic AI clusters.
{"title":"LightIN: a versatile silicon-integrated photonic field programmable gate array with an intelligent configuration framework for next-generation AI clusters.","authors":"Ying Zhu,Yifan Liu,Xinyu Yang,Kailai Liu,Xin Hua,Ming Luo,Jia Liu,Siyao Chang,Jie Yan,Shengxiang Zhang,Miao Wu,Zhicheng Wang,Hongguang Zhang,Dong Wang,Daigao Chen,Xi Xiao,Shaohua Yu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02209-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02209-5","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence models pose serious challenges to intensive computing and high-bandwidth communication for conventional electronic circuit-based computing clusters. Silicon photonic technologies, due to their high speed, low latency, large bandwidth, and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatibility, have been widely implemented for data transmission and actively explored as photonic neural networks in AI clusters. However, current silicon photonic integrated chips lack adaptability for multifunctional use and hardware-software systematic coordination, which is adverse to the development of photo-electronic AI clusters. Here, we develop a reconfigurable silicon photonic chip with 40 programmable unit cells integrating over 160 components, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to realize diverse functions for AI clusters with a chip, from computing acceleration and signal processing to network switching and secure encryption. Using a self-developed testing, compilation, and adjustment framework to the chip without in-chip monitoring photodetectors, we have demonstrated (1) 4 × 4 bi-direction unitary and 3 × 3 uni-direction non-unitary matrix multiplications, achieving a speed of over 1.92 TOPS with 6.22-bit precision and energy efficiency of 1.875 pJ MAC-1, and neural networks for image recognition with a latency of 260 ps; (2) micro-ring modulator wavelength locking in the 5 to 32 Gb s-1 transmission systems; (3) 4 × 4 photonic channel switching with low to -44 dB inter-channel crosstalk; (4) silicon photonic physical unclonable functions. This optoelectronic processing system, incorporating the photonic chip and its software stack, paves the way for both advanced photonic system-on-chip design and the construction of photo-electronic AI clusters.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-10DOI: 10.1186/s40104-026-01362-6
Diana Luise, Federico Correa, Gabriele Rocchetti, Barbara Polimeni, Michela Errico, Antonio Gallo, Francesca Bonelli, Andrea Serra, Marcello Mele, Paolo Trevisi
Background: Colostrum is recognised as the "golden elixir of health" due to its optimal chemical, immunological and nutraceutical properties for newborns, but little is known about its nature in the pig. This study aims to provide a multi-omics characterisation of pig colostrum from different parities (gilts, n = 7, second, n = 7 and mature, n = 6 sows) to identify the most relevant bioactive compounds associated with piglet survival and average daily gain (ADG) and faecal microbiota till d 6 and d 24.
Results: Nine hundred and fifty metabolites (108 chemically confirmed) and 71 fatty acids (FAs) were characterised in colostrum. Parity class was the main driver for piglet survivability (P < 0.001; highest in second parity), metabolomics (R2 = 0.97; Q2 = 0.52; > 200 discriminated metabolites) and lipidomic profile (22 discriminated FAs) and piglet faecal microbiota (beta diversity P < 0.05 at d 6 and d 24). Colostrum composition allowed clustering for piglet mortality from d 0 to d 6 (Q2 > 0.50). Mortality classes at d 6 were discriminated by 177 metabolites and 2 FAs and 248 metabolites and 21 FAs at d 24. At both timepoints a higher abundance of C18:2 8trans,10cis discriminated for lower mortality (importance = 1 for d 6 and 0.34 for d 24). Pathway analysis at d 6 and d 24 indicated arginine biosynthesis and alpha-linoleic acid metabolism as most enriched metabolism in swine colostrum related to higher survivability. The multi-omics integration analysis revealed that a higher faecal abundance of Lachnospiraceae_FCS020, Holdemania, Roseburia, and a higher colostrum abundance of C18:2 8trans,10cis, and the C18:1 5trans and salicylic acid as metabolites were the most associated with a lower mortality. The ADG classes d 0-24 were discriminated by 151 metabolites and 33 FAs. Higher ADG (240 g/d) was discriminated by colostrum vitamin E, histidine, and branched-chain amino acids (VIP score > 1), while L-kynurenine and gamma-aminobutyric acid were linked to lower growth, suggesting maternal stress.
Conclusion: This study confirms the importance of parity order in shaping colostrum composition and identifies several bioactive compounds, some parity-dependent and others parity-independent, that may be associated with improved piglet survival and gut microbiota maturation. The findings may also support the development of next-generation artificial colostrum supplements.
{"title":"Multi-omics profiling of sow colostrum and faecal microbiota reveals parity-dependent and independent factors associated with piglet survival and growth.","authors":"Diana Luise, Federico Correa, Gabriele Rocchetti, Barbara Polimeni, Michela Errico, Antonio Gallo, Francesca Bonelli, Andrea Serra, Marcello Mele, Paolo Trevisi","doi":"10.1186/s40104-026-01362-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-026-01362-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Colostrum is recognised as the \"golden elixir of health\" due to its optimal chemical, immunological and nutraceutical properties for newborns, but little is known about its nature in the pig. This study aims to provide a multi-omics characterisation of pig colostrum from different parities (gilts, n = 7, second, n = 7 and mature, n = 6 sows) to identify the most relevant bioactive compounds associated with piglet survival and average daily gain (ADG) and faecal microbiota till d 6 and d 24.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine hundred and fifty metabolites (108 chemically confirmed) and 71 fatty acids (FAs) were characterised in colostrum. Parity class was the main driver for piglet survivability (P < 0.001; highest in second parity), metabolomics (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.97; Q<sup>2</sup> = 0.52; > 200 discriminated metabolites) and lipidomic profile (22 discriminated FAs) and piglet faecal microbiota (beta diversity P < 0.05 at d 6 and d 24). Colostrum composition allowed clustering for piglet mortality from d 0 to d 6 (Q<sup>2</sup> > 0.50). Mortality classes at d 6 were discriminated by 177 metabolites and 2 FAs and 248 metabolites and 21 FAs at d 24. At both timepoints a higher abundance of C18:2 8trans,10cis discriminated for lower mortality (importance = 1 for d 6 and 0.34 for d 24). Pathway analysis at d 6 and d 24 indicated arginine biosynthesis and alpha-linoleic acid metabolism as most enriched metabolism in swine colostrum related to higher survivability. The multi-omics integration analysis revealed that a higher faecal abundance of Lachnospiraceae_FCS020, Holdemania, Roseburia, and a higher colostrum abundance of C18:2 8trans,10cis, and the C18:1 5trans and salicylic acid as metabolites were the most associated with a lower mortality. The ADG classes d 0-24 were discriminated by 151 metabolites and 33 FAs. Higher ADG (240 g/d) was discriminated by colostrum vitamin E, histidine, and branched-chain amino acids (VIP score > 1), while L-kynurenine and gamma-aminobutyric acid were linked to lower growth, suggesting maternal stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirms the importance of parity order in shaping colostrum composition and identifies several bioactive compounds, some parity-dependent and others parity-independent, that may be associated with improved piglet survival and gut microbiota maturation. The findings may also support the development of next-generation artificial colostrum supplements.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12973933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147391527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, we have made ultraviolet (UV) light visible by proposing and fabricating an integrated optoelectronic device. The demonstrated device consists of a GaN-based blue mini-light-emitting diode (mini-LED) and a phototransistor. The phototransistor is specially designed with an Al0.20Ga0.80N polarization gate. The background electrons can be depleted by the polarization gate to enable the normally-off state for the integrated optoelectronic device when there is no UV illumination. Our measured results show that when the polarization-gated phototransistor is switched off, the current for the integrated optoelectronic device is as low as 1.4 × 10−4 mA even when the device is biased to 10 V. Upon the 12.7 mW UV excitation, the current for the integrated device can be increased to 44.4 mA at the bias of 10.0 V. This enables the GaN-based visible mini-LED to generate the optical power of 81.1 mW. The largest power ratio between the UV excitation light and the mini-LED light of 49.8 times can be achieved, indicating the advantage of monitoring weak UV light by using the proposed design.
{"title":"Making UV light visible by exciting polarization-gate phototransistor to achieve energy transfer into GaN-based blue emission","authors":"Chunshuang Chu, Yao Jiang, Conglin He, Wenjie Li, Kangkai Tian, Yonghui Zhang, Xiaowei Sun, Zi-Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02242-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02242-4","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we have made ultraviolet (UV) light visible by proposing and fabricating an integrated optoelectronic device. The demonstrated device consists of a GaN-based blue mini-light-emitting diode (mini-LED) and a phototransistor. The phototransistor is specially designed with an Al0.20Ga0.80N polarization gate. The background electrons can be depleted by the polarization gate to enable the normally-off state for the integrated optoelectronic device when there is no UV illumination. Our measured results show that when the polarization-gated phototransistor is switched off, the current for the integrated optoelectronic device is as low as 1.4 × 10−4 mA even when the device is biased to 10 V. Upon the 12.7 mW UV excitation, the current for the integrated device can be increased to 44.4 mA at the bias of 10.0 V. This enables the GaN-based visible mini-LED to generate the optical power of 81.1 mW. The largest power ratio between the UV excitation light and the mini-LED light of 49.8 times can be achieved, indicating the advantage of monitoring weak UV light by using the proposed design.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147381712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-10DOI: 10.1038/s41377-026-02230-8
Zhicheng Zhang, Wenbo Zhan, Yao Xiao, Chen Luo, Hao Zhou, Wenfan Yang, Yang Cheng, Hao Yu, Quanling Li, Xiao Li, Chaofan Zhang, Jun Wang
High-brightness yellow lasers are in high demand for applications such as atomic cooling and trapping, optogenetics, and sodium laser guide stars. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) for the rapid mass production of high-strain 1.2 μm InGaAs quantum well vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs). Two distinct growth strategies were explored, with a primary focus on enhancing crystal thermal stability and mitigating indium segregation. The as-grown gain chips achieved over 45 W of output power and a slope efficiency exceeding 50%. Furthermore, we verified the feasibility of generating yellow second harmonic generation (SHG), attaining a 590 nm CW power of ~6.2 W with a slope efficiency of 17%. The beam quality factor (M²) was <1.1, approaching diffraction-limited performance, corresponding to a brightness of ~1.65 GW cm−2 sr−1. Overall, these investigations not only expand the performance envelope of MOCVD-grown semiconductor lasers but also deepen the understanding of indium segregation behaviors.
{"title":"Over 1.65 GW cm−2 sr−1 brightness 590 nm yellow second-harmonic generation in MOCVD-grown high-strain InGaAs/GaAs quantum well VECSEL","authors":"Zhicheng Zhang, Wenbo Zhan, Yao Xiao, Chen Luo, Hao Zhou, Wenfan Yang, Yang Cheng, Hao Yu, Quanling Li, Xiao Li, Chaofan Zhang, Jun Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02230-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02230-8","url":null,"abstract":"High-brightness yellow lasers are in high demand for applications such as atomic cooling and trapping, optogenetics, and sodium laser guide stars. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) for the rapid mass production of high-strain 1.2 μm InGaAs quantum well vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs). Two distinct growth strategies were explored, with a primary focus on enhancing crystal thermal stability and mitigating indium segregation. The as-grown gain chips achieved over 45 W of output power and a slope efficiency exceeding 50%. Furthermore, we verified the feasibility of generating yellow second harmonic generation (SHG), attaining a 590 nm CW power of ~6.2 W with a slope efficiency of 17%. The beam quality factor (M²) was <1.1, approaching diffraction-limited performance, corresponding to a brightness of ~1.65 GW cm−2 sr−1. Overall, these investigations not only expand the performance envelope of MOCVD-grown semiconductor lasers but also deepen the understanding of indium segregation behaviors.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147381708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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