Carbon Resources Conversion最新文献

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IF 7.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/S2588-9133(25)00085-7

引用次数: 0

Design and synthesis of novel ionic liquids with unique structures and excellent catalytic activity for transesterification 具有独特结构和优异催化活性的新型离子液体的设计与合成

IF 7.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100264

Dan Wang , Zhentao Zhao , Yuxin Wang , Zhanguo Zhang , Jinggang Zhao , Peng Zheng , Guangwen Xu , Lei Shi

A series of novel ionic liquids (ILs) with near-neutrality, moderate nucleophilicity, and zwitterionic structure were synthesized using a one-step method. Notably, these ILs could be successfully synthesized by activating 1-methylimidazole with carbonate, carboxylic, and oxalate esters. The structures and properties of the synthesized ILs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹H/¹³C, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry, and Hammett indicator. A mechanism was proposed for activating 1-methylimidazole, and the negative charge densities of the ILs were calculated. Considering MI-EC as an example, the best conditions for the synthesis of ILs were optimized reaction at 85 °C for 18 h, and the synthesis pathway was determined through density functional theory calculations. Herein, MI-EC exhibited excellent catalytic activity for transesterification reactions, and the corresponding ethylene carbonate (EC) conversion, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) yield, and turnover frequency (TOF) reached 50.4 %, 30.5 %, and 127.8 h⁻¹, respectively, with a catalytic reaction of only 30 min. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the transesterification reaction catalyzed by MI-EC was investigated. The catalytic activity and structure of MI-EC remained unchanged after six reuses, demonstrating its better stability. In addition, MI-EC displayed a wide range of substrate universality, such as carbonates, oxalates, and acetic esters. Thus, this study not only provides a theoretical and practical support foundation for designing and synthesizing ILs, but also provides a new perspective for preparing alkaline catalysts.

采用一步法合成了一系列具有近中性、中等亲核性和两性离子结构的新型离子液体。值得注意的是，这些il可以通过碳酸酯、羧酸酯和草酸酯活化1-甲基咪唑成功合成。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、1H/13C、核磁共振光谱、热重质谱和Hammett指示剂对合成的ILs的结构和性质进行定性和定量分析。提出了1-甲基咪唑的活化机理，并计算了其负电荷密度。以MI-EC为例，优化了合成il的最佳条件，在85℃下反应18 h，通过密度泛函理论计算确定了合成途径。其中，MI-EC在酯交换反应中表现出优异的催化活性，相应的碳酸乙酯（EC）转化率、碳酸二甲酯（DMC）产率和周转频率（TOF）分别达到50.4%、30.5%和127.8 h−1，催化反应时间仅为30 min。进一步探讨了MI-EC催化酯交换反应的机理。6次重复使用后，MI-EC的催化活性和结构保持不变，表明其具有较好的稳定性。此外，MI-EC显示出广泛的底物普遍性，如碳酸盐，草酸盐和乙酸酯。因此，本研究不仅为设计和合成il提供了理论和实践支持基础，而且为制备碱性催化剂提供了新的视角。

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Outside Back Cover 外封底

IF 7.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2588-9133(25)00066-3

引用次数: 0

Review and comparison of the methodology adopted for biodiesel production 生物柴油生产方法的回顾和比较

IF 7.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-06-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100343

Milap G. Nayak

Biodiesel is a versatile energy source synthesized by trans esterifying various edible or nonedible oils using catalysts. It is preferable to diesel because of its higher flash points, reduced sulphur content, and biodegradability. Biodiesel synthesis by esterification or transesterification methods involves conventional homogeneous or heterogeneous, enzymatic, supercritical, ultrasound, and microwave techniques. Since the operating conditions and mechanisms in each method differ, a comprehensive evaluation is necessary. This manuscript examines and covers a comprehensive summary of conventional heating, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. A review of enzymatic, supercritical, microwave, electrolysis, and ultrasound-assisted biodiesel synthesis techniques is also included. The comparative study of a microwave with a conventional system shows that it is superior to the latter due to inverse temperature gradient, high thermal efficiency, and reduction in activation energy, resulting in improved product purity and operating time. It performs better than slower enzymatic processes that involve product inhibition. It outperforms supercritical transesterification, which involves high operating conditions (temperature 200 to 300 °C, pressure 20 to 30 MPa) and product deterioration. When compared to alternative approaches, microwave-aided transesterification significantly reduces response time and outperforms other methods. Techno-economic study and green chemistry principles are also favors in microwave-assisted biodiesel synthesis. Use of oleaginous microorganisms and microalgae as a feedstock, and process integration using valorization of waste glycerol, improved the sustainability of biodiesel synthesis.

生物柴油是利用催化剂将各种食用或非食用油脂进行反式酯化而合成的一种多功能能源。它比柴油更可取，因为它的闪点更高，硫含量更低，而且可生物降解。通过酯化或酯交换方法合成生物柴油涉及传统的均相或非均相、酶、超临界、超声波和微波技术。由于每种方法的运行条件和机制不同，因此有必要进行综合评价。这篇手稿检查并涵盖了传统加热，均相和多相催化系统的全面总结。综述了酶、超临界、微波、电解和超声辅助生物柴油合成技术。通过与传统系统的对比研究表明，微波系统具有温度梯度反、热效率高、活化能降低等优点，从而提高了产品纯度和操作时间。它比涉及产物抑制的较慢的酶促过程表现更好。它优于超临界酯交换，超临界酯交换涉及高操作条件（温度200至300℃，压力20至30 MPa）和产品变质。与其他方法相比，微波辅助酯交换反应显著缩短了反应时间，优于其他方法。技术经济研究和绿色化学原理也有利于微波辅助生物柴油的合成。利用产油微生物和微藻作为原料，并利用废甘油进行工艺整合，提高了生物柴油合成的可持续性。

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引用次数: 0

Carbon sequestration from high-BOD wastewater for efficient supercapacitor electrode 高效超级电容器电极对高生化需氧量废水的固碳研究

IF 7.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100341

Supapit Rawisod , Thi Tuong Vi Tran , Chanatip Samart , Guoqing Guan , Prasert Reubroycharoen , Lalita Attanatho , Yoothana Thanmongkhon , Suwadee Kongparakul

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising techno-economic method for biomass waste valorization owing to its advantages over other thermochemical processes. This study focused on carbon sequestration from sugarcane bioethanol distillery wastewater via HTC and chemical activation to produce activated carbon (AC). The resulting AC was then applied as an active material for supercapacitor electrodes. The introduction of redox molecules, such as 1,4-anthraquinone (AQ) and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ), on AC increased charge storage capability via redox transformation and enhanced the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor electrode. Electrochemical testing showed that AC loaded with 16 wt% PQ achieved the highest specific capacitance of 488.21 F g⁻¹ with remarkable capacitance retention of 95.3 % after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. N-doped AC obtained from the HTC of wastewater and melamine presented a slightly enhanced specific capacitance. Various commercial LEDs with a voltage range of 1.8–3.0 V were illuminated simultaneously by connecting them to two series of symmetric supercapacitors, demonstrating the potential application of our proposed strategy in energy storage systems. This study proposes a simple and efficient strategy to utilize wastewater and achieve net-zero emission goals in a Bio-Circular-Green Economy model.

水热炭化是一种很有前途的技术经济方法，具有其他热化学方法无法比拟的优越性。本研究主要针对甘蔗生物乙醇蒸馏废水进行碳固存和化学活化制备活性炭（AC）的研究。由此产生的交流电随后被用作超级电容器电极的活性材料。在交流电极上引入1,4-蒽醌（AQ）和9,10-菲醌（PQ）等氧化还原分子，通过氧化还原转化提高了电荷存储能力，提高了超级电容器电极的电化学性能。电化学测试表明，负载16 wt% PQ的交流电容达到了最高的488.21 F g−1，在1000次充放电循环后电容保持率达到了95.3%。从废水和三聚氰胺的HTC中获得的n掺杂交流电的比电容略有增强。通过将电压范围为1.8-3.0 V的各种商用led连接到两组对称超级电容器上同时照明，证明了我们提出的策略在储能系统中的潜在应用。本研究提出了一种简单有效的策略来利用废水，并在生物循环-绿色经济模型中实现净零排放目标。

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引用次数: 0

Upcycling PET plastic waste into bacterial nanocellulose based electro catalyst efficient in direct methanol fuel cells 将PET塑料垃圾升级为细菌纳米纤维素电催化剂，在直接甲醇燃料电池中效率高

IF 7.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-06-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100340

Sanja Stevanovic , Jelena Milovanovic , Ramesh Babu Padamati , Vladan R. Cosovic , Dragana Milosevic , Christos Argirusis , Georgia Sourkouni , Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic , Marijana Ponjavic

Bio-upcycling is an emerging end-of-life strategy for the polymer waste treatment that uses the power of microorganisms to biocatalyticaly convert the pre-treated polymer waste monomers into high-added materials. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), one of the leading synthetic polyesters in the global polymer market, produced from petrol based feedstock, still has no completely green alternative to meet global demand. Therefore, putting the PET based waste into a circular loop has become one of the major challenges of plastic waste management. In that context, the present study addressed the conversion of PET containing hydrolysates collected after the thermal pretreatment into bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), nowadays one of the most promising biopolymers produced in a sustainable manner. After the optimization of the BNC production cultivated under different conditions in PET hydrolysates, in a static way, the optimal conditions (yield of 3.0 mg/ml) was applied for scaling up. To further open the applicative potential of the BNC produced from PET containing plastic waste, platinum nanoparticles were deposited onto BNC developing new catalyst active in the methanol oxidation reaction. In order to enhance BNC ability to support Pt nanoparticles, it was blended with poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, producing new PVA/BNC composites, recognized as an improved solid support, rich in hydroxyl groups that serve as an anchor points to Pt deposition. Due to the enrichment of BNC by PVA, it was possible to prepare highly active Pt-based catalyst with only 3 wt% of loaded Pt, which significantly reduce the cost of catalyst production. The cost-effective catalyst was prepared using sodium boron hydride as a reducing agent associated with film casting and fully characterized using FTIR, TGA, XRD, XPS, TEM, SEM-EDX analysis and its potential was confirmed in methanol oxidation reaction. This study explored the circular pathway from PET plastic waste to BNC and further to its potential application in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC).

生物升级回收是一种新兴的聚合物废物处理的报废策略，它利用微生物的力量将预处理的聚合物废物单体生物催化转化为高添加量的材料。聚对苯二甲酸乙酯（PET）是全球聚合物市场上领先的合成聚酯之一，由汽油为原料生产，目前仍没有完全绿色的替代品来满足全球需求。因此，将PET基废物放入循环中已成为塑料废物管理的主要挑战之一。在此背景下，本研究解决了热预处理后收集的含有PET水解物转化为细菌纳米纤维素（BNC）的问题，这是目前以可持续方式生产的最有前途的生物聚合物之一。对不同条件下PET水解产物培养的BNC进行优化后，在静态条件下，以产率3.0 mg/ml为最佳条件进行放大。为了进一步开发PET废塑料制备BNC的应用潜力，将铂纳米颗粒沉积在BNC上，开发出具有甲醇氧化反应活性的新型催化剂。为了增强BNC对Pt纳米颗粒的负载能力，将其与聚乙烯醇、PVA混合，制备出新的PVA/BNC复合材料，该复合材料被认为是一种改进的固体载体，富含羟基，可作为Pt沉积的锚点。由于PVA对BNC的富集，仅用3 wt%的负载Pt就可以制备出高活性的Pt基催化剂，大大降低了催化剂的生产成本。以氢化硼钠为还原剂，浇铸成膜，制备了具有成本效益的催化剂，并通过FTIR、TGA、XRD、XPS、TEM、SEM-EDX等分析对催化剂进行了表征，证实了其在甲醇氧化反应中的应用潜力。本研究探索了PET塑料废弃物转化为BNC的循环途径，并进一步探讨了其在直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）中的潜在应用。

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引用次数: 0

Insight into the catalytic role of industrial solid waste in improving gas quality during biomass pyrolysis 深入了解工业固体废弃物对改善生物质热解过程中气体质量的催化作用

IF 7.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100339

Chunhong Huang, Chuyang Tang, Jiaqi Liu, Xinyuan An, Shankun Zhou

This study investigated the catalytic pyrolysis of peanut shells (PNS) by employing three steel-industry solid wastes as catalysts: desulfurized ash (DA), mill scale (MS), and leaching solution of iron tailings (TLS). The objective was to enhance pyrolysis gas quality and yield while lowering catalyst cost, both critical for sustainable energy production. The catalytic effects on gas distribution and quality were investigated at 600 °C. Experimental results indicated that DA, MS, and TLS significantly increased the yield of pyrolysis gas, with TLS exhibiting the most pronounced effect. When the concentration of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ in TLS-PNS was 15 wt%, the yield of pyrolysis gas reached a maximum of 42.26 wt% (daf). This value exceeds the yields obtained from pyrolysis of PNS alone and under catalysis of DA or MS. Comparing to pyrolysis of PNS alone, catalytic pyrolysis at a DA/PNS ratio of 40/100 increased the contents of CH₄ and H₂ in pyrolysis gas by 51.27 % and 77.30 %, respectively. Additionally, Ca(OH)₂ in the DA absorbed CO₂ generated during the DA-catalyzed pyrolysis of PNS, thereby improving the quality of the gas. The effect of CH₄ and H₂ enrichment and CO₂ reduction resulted in a lower heating value (LHV) of 8.15 MJ/m³ for DA-catalyzed pyrolysis of PNS, which was 1.1 times higher than that pyrolysis of PNS alone (7.43 MJ/m³). Morphological and structural analyses of the biochar revealed that the integration of DA, MS, and TLS facilitated the thermal decomposition of PNS. This process resulted in increased porosity. The potential catalytic mechanisms of DA were further investigated using model compounds. These findings offer valuable insights into the use of low-cost catalysts for optimizing biomass pyrolysis, thereby contributing to the development of environmentally friendly energy sources.

以脱硫灰（DA）、磨渣（MS）和铁尾矿浸出液（TLS）三种钢铁工业固体废弃物为催化剂，对花生壳（PNS）的催化热解进行了研究。目标是提高热解气体的质量和产量，同时降低催化剂成本，这对可持续能源生产至关重要。在600℃下考察了催化作用对气体分布和质量的影响。实验结果表明，DA、MS和TLS均能显著提高热解气的产率，其中TLS的效果最为显著。当ls - pns中Fe2(SO4)3的浓度为15 wt%时，热解气的产率最高可达42.26 wt% （daf）。与PNS单独热解相比，DA/PNS比为40/100时，热解气体中CH4和H2的含量分别提高了51.27%和77.30%。此外，DA中的Ca(OH)2吸收了DA催化PNS热解过程中产生的CO2，从而提高了气体的质量。由于CH4和H2富集以及CO2还原的作用，da催化PNS热解的热值LHV较低，为8.15 MJ/m3，比单独热解PNS的热值LHV （7.43 MJ/m3）高1.1倍。生物炭的形态和结构分析表明，DA、MS和TLS的结合促进了PNS的热分解。这一过程导致孔隙度增加。利用模型化合物进一步研究了DA的潜在催化机理。这些发现为使用低成本催化剂优化生物质热解提供了有价值的见解，从而有助于环境友好型能源的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Pomegranate residues as fermentation feedstock for bioethanol production: Process design and characterization 石榴渣作为生物乙醇生产的发酵原料：工艺设计和表征

IF 7.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100338

Anastasios Kyriazis, George Aggelis, Alexandra Lianou

Pomegranate residues (PRs), namely pomegranate peels and seeds remaining after juice extraction, constitute a significant agro-industrial residue in Greece. Despite their ample content in carbon sources and bioactive compounds, PRs are largely unexploited, with their management being an increasing concern for the pomegranate processing industry. The objective of this study was the development and characterization of a bioprocess aiming at the biotechnological valorization of PRs for ethanol production. Specifically, a stepwise investigation was conducted, including (i) the production and chemical characterization of extracts/hydrolysates from PRs using distinct pretreatments not involving organic solvents or enzymatic hydrolysis; (ii) the assessment of the exploitability of a selected hydrolysate as fermentation feedstock using Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and (iii) the advancement of the bioprocess through the joined utilization in the fermentation substrate of PRs and seeded raisins (SRs), another important agro-industrial residue in Greece. The finally developed substrate, comprising a mixture of PRs/SRs extracts at concentrations 60/40 % v/v, was used in three fermentation trials, and the fermentation process was quantitatively described using the Aiba model. The developed bioprocess resulted in satisfactorily high bioethanol production with the maximum attained concentration being 50.0 ± 0.6 g/L. The maximum specific growth rate (µ_max) of S. cerevisiae was estimated to be 0.135 1/h and the bioethanol yield (Y_ps), namely the amount of produced ethanol/amount of consumed reducing sugars, was estimated to be 0.423 g/g. Hence, PRs can be efficiently used in the development of a fermentation substrate for bioethanol production, providing an economic and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional feedstocks.

石榴渣（PRs），即石榴皮和籽后的果汁提取，构成了重要的农业工业残留物在希腊。尽管它们在碳源和生物活性化合物中含量丰富，但它们在很大程度上未被开发，其管理日益受到石榴加工业的关注。本研究的目的是开发和表征一个生物过程，旨在生物技术价值的乙醇生产的pr。具体而言，进行了逐步调查，包括(i)使用不同的预处理，不涉及有机溶剂或酶水解，从PRs提取/水解物的生产和化学特性；（ii）评估选定的水解液作为酿酒酵母发酵原料的可利用性；（iii）通过在发酵底物中联合利用PRs和种子葡萄干（SRs）（希腊另一种重要的农工残渣）来推进生物过程。最后开发的底物由浓度为60/ 40% v/v的PRs/SRs提取物混合组成，用于三次发酵试验，并使用Aiba模型定量描述发酵过程。所开发的生物工艺获得了令人满意的高生物乙醇产量，最高可达50.0±0.6 g/L。酿酒酵母的最大特定生长速率（µmax）为0.135 1/h，生物乙醇产率（Yps）为0.423 g/g，即产生乙醇的量/消耗还原糖的量。因此，PRs可以有效地用于开发用于生物乙醇生产的发酵底物，为传统原料提供经济和环境可持续的替代品。

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引用次数: 0

Outside Back Cover 外封底

IF 6.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2588-9133(25)00051-1

引用次数: 0

Fluidized bed two-stage O2/steam gasification of agricultural biomass for low-tar syngas: An industrial-scale verification test 流化床两级O2/蒸汽气化农业生物质低焦油合成气：工业规模验证试验

IF 6.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Carbon Resources Conversion

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100342

Chao Wang , Gang Song , Mengjuan Zhang , Kaixuan Yang , Zhenglin Wang , Xin Jia , Qingya Liu , Liguo Zhou , Zhennan Han , Shurong Wang , Jianguo Bian , Guangwen Xu

In the complete green synthesis technology chain, bio-syngas production remains the “first hurdle”. Especially, the “tar” problem in biomass gasification urgently needs to be solved. Recently, our team, in collaboration with Jinan Huangtai Gas Stove Co., Ltd., completed a 10,000-ton industrial test and technical verification of fluidized bed two-stage O₂/steam gasification for production of syngas from biomass. The test results showed that the fluidized bed two-stage gasification was operated continuously and stably for over 110 h with various biomass feedstocks. Additionally, the lowest tar content in the produced gas reached 0.58 g/Nm³. The fly ash collected from the continuous test contained carbon of about 30 wt%. Thus, the technology was well proved for large-scale biomass gasification and production of syngas in terms of technical feasibility and operational stability.

在完整的绿色合成技术链中，生物合成气生产仍然是“第一关”。特别是生物质气化中的“焦油”问题亟待解决。最近，我们的团队与济南皇泰燃气炉有限公司合作，完成了流化床两级O2/蒸汽气化生产生物质合成气的万吨级工业试验和技术验证。试验结果表明，流化床两段气化在不同生物质原料下连续稳定运行110 h以上。采出气中最低焦油含量达到0.58 g/Nm3。从连续试验中收集的飞灰含碳量约为30%。因此，该技术在技术可行性和运行稳定性方面已经很好地证明了大规模生物质气化和合成气生产的技术可行性。

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引用次数: 0