Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515
Dalia Streimikiene
The barriers of climate change mitigation and mechanisms to overcome these barriers and achieve transformative changes towards carbon neutral society need to be investigated in order to define the main drivers and barriers of transformative change towards carbon neutrality and how policies and measures can be developed to overcome barriers and to support drivers. The main drivers of transformative change that include various types of institutions including social norms and rules, governance schemes, cultural values, demographic, social, economic, technical and technological elements are analysed and systematized based on literature review. Transformative change towards carbon neutral society necessitates systematic changes as simple scaling-up is not enough. These important roles are the levers or main pathways for achieving transformative change towards a carbon neutral society.
{"title":"Transformative changes towards carbon neutral society: Barriers and drivers","authors":"Dalia Streimikiene","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515","url":null,"abstract":"The barriers of climate change mitigation and mechanisms to overcome these barriers and achieve transformative changes towards carbon neutral society need to be investigated in order to define the main drivers and barriers of transformative change towards carbon neutrality and how policies and measures can be developed to overcome barriers and to support drivers. The main drivers of transformative change that include various types of institutions including social norms and rules, governance schemes, cultural values, demographic, social, economic, technical and technological elements are analysed and systematized based on literature review. Transformative change towards carbon neutral society necessitates systematic changes as simple scaling-up is not enough. These important roles are the levers or main pathways for achieving transformative change towards a carbon neutral society.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.514
Nazar Podolchak, Volodymyr Martyniuk, Natalia Tsygylyk
As gender equality is a priority for 17 sustainable development goals, it is appropriate to establish a correlation between the Gender Gap Index (GGI), economic efficiency and governance. Three hypotheses have been investigated. It is established that there is no general direct relationship between the level of GGI and GDP per capita growth (annual) for all countries, regardless of their level of development. In the UK, small fluctuations in GDP per capita growth (annual) do not affect GGI levels; however, the Covid-19 pandemic does have its impact. In Germany, any fluctuations in GDP per capita growth (annual) do not affect the level of GGI, yet it is affected by changes in population, in particular by increasing migration. In Ukraine, significant fluctuations in GDP per capita growth (annual) do not affect the level of GGI, although this index is reduced by the effects of the pandemic a year after its onset. In addition, the relationship between the population, civil servants, their distribution by sex, average wages and GDP per capita growth (annual) and, consequently, the welfare of the population of these countries was established. The obvious efficiency of the UK's and Germany's strategic governance systems has different implications for achieving gender equality and well-being. It is proposed to use the Windmill economic model to achieve gender equality among civil servants in the developing country.
{"title":"Study of correlation between the gender gap index, economic efficiency, and governance in European countries","authors":"Nazar Podolchak, Volodymyr Martyniuk, Natalia Tsygylyk","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.514","url":null,"abstract":"As gender equality is a priority for 17 sustainable development goals, it is appropriate to establish a correlation between the Gender Gap Index (GGI), economic efficiency and governance. Three hypotheses have been investigated. It is established that there is no general direct relationship between the level of GGI and GDP per capita growth (annual) for all countries, regardless of their level of development. In the UK, small fluctuations in GDP per capita growth (annual) do not affect GGI levels; however, the Covid-19 pandemic does have its impact. In Germany, any fluctuations in GDP per capita growth (annual) do not affect the level of GGI, yet it is affected by changes in population, in particular by increasing migration. In Ukraine, significant fluctuations in GDP per capita growth (annual) do not affect the level of GGI, although this index is reduced by the effects of the pandemic a year after its onset. In addition, the relationship between the population, civil servants, their distribution by sex, average wages and GDP per capita growth (annual) and, consequently, the welfare of the population of these countries was established. The obvious efficiency of the UK's and Germany's strategic governance systems has different implications for achieving gender equality and well-being. It is proposed to use the Windmill economic model to achieve gender equality among civil servants in the developing country.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136345653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.512
Tomasz Szopiński
The study addresses the issue of students' attitudes toward remote learning in a post-COVID-19 reality. It presents the results of a survey conducted in 2023 among students of a Polish university offering online and blended approaches. The analysis of the survey reveals that variables, such as the field of study, the mode of study, the age of the students, and their professional activity, differentiate the frequency of participation in online classes and attitudes towards remote learning. The most conscientious participants in remote classes are part-time students, those working full-time, and those enrolled in legal, political and philological studies. Remote classes were rated highest by students of computer science. In contrast, psychology students and students from the youngest age group were the least active students. Psychology students also rated remote learning the lowest. Respondents' nationality did not differentiate students' attitudes toward remote learning or the frequency of participation.
{"title":"University students` attitude to e-learning in the post-COVID-19 era","authors":"Tomasz Szopiński","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.512","url":null,"abstract":"The study addresses the issue of students' attitudes toward remote learning in a post-COVID-19 reality. It presents the results of a survey conducted in 2023 among students of a Polish university offering online and blended approaches. The analysis of the survey reveals that variables, such as the field of study, the mode of study, the age of the students, and their professional activity, differentiate the frequency of participation in online classes and attitudes towards remote learning. The most conscientious participants in remote classes are part-time students, those working full-time, and those enrolled in legal, political and philological studies. Remote classes were rated highest by students of computer science. In contrast, psychology students and students from the youngest age group were the least active students. Psychology students also rated remote learning the lowest. Respondents' nationality did not differentiate students' attitudes toward remote learning or the frequency of participation.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.509
Carlos Henrique Firmino de Oliveira, Claudia Lebre Rodrigues, Michele Nascimento Jucá
In an Initial Public Offering (IPO) process, it is expected that there will be different share price valuations by professionals, due to market flaws, meaning information asymmetry among investors. For stockholders – who previously formed the corporate structure of the company – an IPO opens up possibilities of immediate gains, as they can purchase at prices lower than established by the structuring agent. On the other hand, underpricing is an indirect cost for the company, as, part of the offer is not collected. Identifying these determinants thus becomes relevant, as this information may be essential for defining the most appropriate share price. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to perform a bibliometric analysis (including the Zipf, Bradford and Lotka Laws), followed by a systematic review of papers analyzing this theme. This analysis uses the VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software packages. As a result, informational asymmetry is confirmed as the main theory clarifying the underpricing event. Noteworthy among the determinants are the reputations of the underwriter and share issuer, the presence of corporate governance mechanisms, and the offering size. Among the knowledge gaps opening up opportunities for further studies on this topic are: investigation of the phenomenon in companies in Latin America or comparatively in emerging countries worldwide, use of a behavioral approach to analyze investor motivations, and the presence of institutional investors as IPO inducers.
{"title":"Determinants of IPO´s underpricing: A systematic review","authors":"Carlos Henrique Firmino de Oliveira, Claudia Lebre Rodrigues, Michele Nascimento Jucá","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.509","url":null,"abstract":"In an Initial Public Offering (IPO) process, it is expected that there will be different share price valuations by professionals, due to market flaws, meaning information asymmetry among investors. For stockholders – who previously formed the corporate structure of the company – an IPO opens up possibilities of immediate gains, as they can purchase at prices lower than established by the structuring agent. On the other hand, underpricing is an indirect cost for the company, as, part of the offer is not collected. Identifying these determinants thus becomes relevant, as this information may be essential for defining the most appropriate share price. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to perform a bibliometric analysis (including the Zipf, Bradford and Lotka Laws), followed by a systematic review of papers analyzing this theme. This analysis uses the VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software packages. As a result, informational asymmetry is confirmed as the main theory clarifying the underpricing event. Noteworthy among the determinants are the reputations of the underwriter and share issuer, the presence of corporate governance mechanisms, and the offering size. Among the knowledge gaps opening up opportunities for further studies on this topic are: investigation of the phenomenon in companies in Latin America or comparatively in emerging countries worldwide, use of a behavioral approach to analyze investor motivations, and the presence of institutional investors as IPO inducers.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.510
Iuliia Kostynets, Valeriia Kostynets
The article is devoted to the study and modeling of the behavior of Ukrainian consumers in the tourist services market in the context of the Russian military invasion of Ukraine. The authors conducted a study of current global market trends in the aspect of the functioning of the industry in the conditions of war in Ukraine. The authors identified prospects for the restoration and development of the tourist services market in the context of further stabilization and improvement of the situation in Ukraine. The article analyzes the potential and realized consumer demand in the market of tourist services in Ukraine. The authors analyzed the results of a survey of tourism business professionals, as well as consumer requests, in order to establish changes in consumer preferences over the past 5 years. Based on the use of the SARIMA model, the authors calculated the forecast values of the frequency of consumer requests for specific tourist destinations 12 steps ahead. The results obtained in the course of the study confirmed the hypothesis of stable consumption of tourist services by Ukrainian consumers.
{"title":"Consumer resilience in war conditions in Ukraine: Travel market case","authors":"Iuliia Kostynets, Valeriia Kostynets","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.510","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study and modeling of the behavior of Ukrainian consumers in the tourist services market in the context of the Russian military invasion of Ukraine. The authors conducted a study of current global market trends in the aspect of the functioning of the industry in the conditions of war in Ukraine. The authors identified prospects for the restoration and development of the tourist services market in the context of further stabilization and improvement of the situation in Ukraine. The article analyzes the potential and realized consumer demand in the market of tourist services in Ukraine. The authors analyzed the results of a survey of tourism business professionals, as well as consumer requests, in order to establish changes in consumer preferences over the past 5 years. Based on the use of the SARIMA model, the authors calculated the forecast values of the frequency of consumer requests for specific tourist destinations 12 steps ahead. The results obtained in the course of the study confirmed the hypothesis of stable consumption of tourist services by Ukrainian consumers.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.513
Chinh Thi Nguyen, Chi Dieu Thi Nguyen, Van Do Bui
This study investigates the effect of the financial development index (FD) on foreign direct investment inflows (FDI) in Vietnam from 1996 to 2021. Time series data are used in the model to assess the influence of six indicators standing for FD. Financial institution assessment (FA), financial depth of institution (FDE), financial efficiency of the institution (FE), financial assessment of market (FM), financial efficiency of the market (FEM), domestic loans for the private sector (DLP) was collected from 1996 to 2021. As a result of the analysis, when FA, FE, and FEM increase, Vietnam's FDI inflow also increases while FDE and FM decrease FDI. The effect of DLP is unclear, and this study has no significant association. It is found that the selected financial development index has a significant impact on attracting inward FDI. It is also necessary for the government and officials to make appropriate policies in the future.
{"title":"Index of financial development with foreign direct investment: Case of Vietnam","authors":"Chinh Thi Nguyen, Chi Dieu Thi Nguyen, Van Do Bui","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.513","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effect of the financial development index (FD) on foreign direct investment inflows (FDI) in Vietnam from 1996 to 2021. Time series data are used in the model to assess the influence of six indicators standing for FD. Financial institution assessment (FA), financial depth of institution (FDE), financial efficiency of the institution (FE), financial assessment of market (FM), financial efficiency of the market (FEM), domestic loans for the private sector (DLP) was collected from 1996 to 2021. As a result of the analysis, when FA, FE, and FEM increase, Vietnam's FDI inflow also increases while FDE and FM decrease FDI. The effect of DLP is unclear, and this study has no significant association. It is found that the selected financial development index has a significant impact on attracting inward FDI. It is also necessary for the government and officials to make appropriate policies in the future.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Financial performance is an important indicator in a company in measuring the level of viability of the company. This study aims to analyze the effect of CEO power (proxied by CEO ownership), and characteristics (CEO educational background and work experience) on firm performance as proxied by ROA with the moderating variable of the percentage of the number of independent commissioners. The population in this study were all companies officially listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2019. Then the sampling system used purposive sampling and obtained 16 state-owned companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results show that in model 1, CEO ownership variable has no effect on company performance, while the educational background variable has a significant negative effect and work experience variable has a significant positive effect on firm performance. In model 2, only the educational background variable has a significant effect, and the moderating variable does not strengthen the relationship between all independent variables on the company's financial performance.
{"title":"CEO power and Characteristics on firm performance in Indonesian state-owned enterprises","authors":"Ayi Ahadiat, Mahrinasari MS, Usep Syaipudin, Fajrin Satria Dwi Kesumah","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.511","url":null,"abstract":"Financial performance is an important indicator in a company in measuring the level of viability of the company. This study aims to analyze the effect of CEO power (proxied by CEO ownership), and characteristics (CEO educational background and work experience) on firm performance as proxied by ROA with the moderating variable of the percentage of the number of independent commissioners. The population in this study were all companies officially listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2019. Then the sampling system used purposive sampling and obtained 16 state-owned companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results show that in model 1, CEO ownership variable has no effect on company performance, while the educational background variable has a significant negative effect and work experience variable has a significant positive effect on firm performance. In model 2, only the educational background variable has a significant effect, and the moderating variable does not strengthen the relationship between all independent variables on the company's financial performance.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136345657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.505
K. Klimkiewicz, A. Dubel, Katarzyna Południak-Gierz
The circular economy is a core approach driving innovative economic solutions. Although the legal system should support the development of such an economy, scientific methods to assess the environmental impact of legal rules are lacking. Legislators and scholars have highlighted consumer law as an area requiring ecologically efficient solutions. This research aims to design a method to calculate environmental costs related to the exercise of remedies for nonconforming goods under a consumer sales contract. Various environmental impact assessment approaches are reviewed to identify those which can be used when designing a method for calculating the environmental impact of legislative provisions. The Life Cycle Thinking is applied and the Life Cycle Assessment method is chosen and used to compare different remedy-scenarios, that is, when the consumer chooses repair, replacement, price reduction or termination. A formula is devised to determine which remedies should be prioritized and whether it is possible to design an eco-friendly hierarchy of remedies in consumer sales law. Though it proved impossible to design a rigid hierarchy of remedies, which would be optimal in every scenario from the perspective of environmental costs generated as a result of the consumer exercising the rights for non-conforming goods, the environmental costs of exercising each of the rights under the remedies available to the consumer can be assessed not only in concreto but also in abstracto allowing for formulation of specific recommendations for legislator.
{"title":"Supporting Environmentally Conscious Consumer Sales Law by Life-cycle Thinking","authors":"K. Klimkiewicz, A. Dubel, Katarzyna Południak-Gierz","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.505","url":null,"abstract":"The circular economy is a core approach driving innovative economic solutions. Although the legal system should support the development of such an economy, scientific methods to assess the environmental impact of legal rules are lacking. Legislators and scholars have highlighted consumer law as an area requiring ecologically efficient solutions. This research aims to design a method to calculate environmental costs related to the exercise of remedies for nonconforming goods under a consumer sales contract. Various environmental impact assessment approaches are reviewed to identify those which can be used when designing a method for calculating the environmental impact of legislative provisions. The Life Cycle Thinking is applied and the Life Cycle Assessment method is chosen and used to compare different remedy-scenarios, that is, when the consumer chooses repair, replacement, price reduction or termination. A formula is devised to determine which remedies should be prioritized and whether it is possible to design an eco-friendly hierarchy of remedies in consumer sales law. Though it proved impossible to design a rigid hierarchy of remedies, which would be optimal in every scenario from the perspective of environmental costs generated as a result of the consumer exercising the rights for non-conforming goods, the environmental costs of exercising each of the rights under the remedies available to the consumer can be assessed not only in concreto but also in abstracto allowing for formulation of specific recommendations for legislator.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89674167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.506
Wojciech Maruchin
The main aim of this study is to present the basic principles of taxing revenue derived from activities carried out by farmers in Poland, resulting from the regulations of tax law in Poland, and propose solutions concerning that law as it should stand. These are revenues derived from agricultural activities as defined in the provisions of the Polish Act on Agricultural Tax as well as in the provisions of the Polish Act on Goods and Services Tax, regardless of whether they are carried out by farmers acting as individuals or utilizing agricultural cooperatives with legal personality or commercial law companies without legal personality for their activities. This revenue is not subject to either forestry tax or income tax (only revenue from special sections of agricultural production may be subject to income tax, but this is treated as revenue generated by farmers). The rationale for the study stems from the scarcity of scientific publications on the subject - probably due to low interest among the entities conducting this type of activity. The method adopted involved the analysis of legal material and the views presented in the legal scholarship and in the case-law of administrative courts. Comparative analysis of Polish and EU law was applied. Moreover, currently applicable law was analyzed by employing a method of interpretation of both Polish and EU regulations, to the extent necessary to conduct comparative legal investigation. The particular nature of agricultural activity in Poland, dating back to the previous economic system, has influenced the decision to perform research on two levels. The first consists of the provisions of the agricultural tax law in Poland, dating back to 1984. The second level is the EU acquis, consisting in both EU legislation and Court of Justice of the European Union case-law relating to this type of activity in connection with its inclusion in the scope of value-added tax regulations. Each Member State, including Poland, is obliged to harmonize its law with the EU law in the examined scope. The results of the conducted comparative analyses indicate that identified deficiencies in the construction of the agricultural tax need to be amended.
{"title":"Taxation of Revenue Derived from Activities Carried out by Farmers in Poland","authors":"Wojciech Maruchin","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.506","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this study is to present the basic principles of taxing revenue derived from activities carried out by farmers in Poland, resulting from the regulations of tax law in Poland, and propose solutions concerning that law as it should stand. These are revenues derived from agricultural activities as defined in the provisions of the Polish Act on Agricultural Tax as well as in the provisions of the Polish Act on Goods and Services Tax, regardless of whether they are carried out by farmers acting as individuals or utilizing agricultural cooperatives with legal personality or commercial law companies without legal personality for their activities. This revenue is not subject to either forestry tax or income tax (only revenue from special sections of agricultural production may be subject to income tax, but this is treated as revenue generated by farmers). The rationale for the study stems from the scarcity of scientific publications on the subject - probably due to low interest among the entities conducting this type of activity. The method adopted involved the analysis of legal material and the views presented in the legal scholarship and in the case-law of administrative courts. Comparative analysis of Polish and EU law was applied. Moreover, currently applicable law was analyzed by employing a method of interpretation of both Polish and EU regulations, to the extent necessary to conduct comparative legal investigation. The particular nature of agricultural activity in Poland, dating back to the previous economic system, has influenced the decision to perform research on two levels. The first consists of the provisions of the agricultural tax law in Poland, dating back to 1984. The second level is the EU acquis, consisting in both EU legislation and Court of Justice of the European Union case-law relating to this type of activity in connection with its inclusion in the scope of value-added tax regulations. Each Member State, including Poland, is obliged to harmonize its law with the EU law in the examined scope. The results of the conducted comparative analyses indicate that identified deficiencies in the construction of the agricultural tax need to be amended.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"298 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77549860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.502
Zheng Li
Gender and racial discrimination at work have gradually gained more attention from the public in the recent years. With social movements such as #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter, people start to reach the consensus that there should be more equality in society; more perspectives from different genders and different races are beneficial to society. This paper focuses on employment in the general workforce and studies how race and gender diversity in different job positions affect the economy. This paper explores to empirically explain why race and gender diversity in the workforce can have an impact on the economy. Using data from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and from the Federal Reserve for the years of 1996 - 2018, this paper finds that race and gender diversity at work are positively associated with the economy. Also, this dataset supports the conjecture that race and gender diversity increases total employment, which further increases the economy. This dataset also supports the possibility that race and gender diversity may increase the capacity of different perspectives, which further increases the economy. Moreover, race and gender diversity both increased during these years: from 11.783% to 23.339% and from 31.683% to 38.735% in the executive and managerial positions. This study has significant contributions to current research and practice.
{"title":"How Racial Diversity and Gender Diversity in Job Positions Affect the Economy?","authors":"Zheng Li","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.502","url":null,"abstract":"Gender and racial discrimination at work have gradually gained more attention from the public in the recent years. With social movements such as #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter, people start to reach the consensus that there should be more equality in society; more perspectives from different genders and different races are beneficial to society. This paper focuses on employment in the general workforce and studies how race and gender diversity in different job positions affect the economy. This paper explores to empirically explain why race and gender diversity in the workforce can have an impact on the economy. Using data from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and from the Federal Reserve for the years of 1996 - 2018, this paper finds that race and gender diversity at work are positively associated with the economy. Also, this dataset supports the conjecture that race and gender diversity increases total employment, which further increases the economy. This dataset also supports the possibility that race and gender diversity may increase the capacity of different perspectives, which further increases the economy. Moreover, race and gender diversity both increased during these years: from 11.783% to 23.339% and from 31.683% to 38.735% in the executive and managerial positions. This study has significant contributions to current research and practice.","PeriodicalId":44824,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Economics","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84975707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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