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Maternal undernutrition inhibits fetal rumen development: novel miRNA-736-mediated dual targeting of E2F2 and MYBL2 in sheep. 母体营养不良抑制胎儿瘤胃发育：新型mirna -736介导的绵羊E2F2和MYBL2的双重靶向

IF 6.5 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01321-7

Peng Jiao, Yun Xu, Yamei Gu, Baoyuan Li, Huizhen Lu, Caiyun Fan, Wen Zhu, Jianbo Cheng, Shengyong Mao, Mianqun Zhang, Yanfeng Xue

Background: Undernutrition disrupts pregnant ewe's metabolic homeostasis and severely inhibits fetal growth and development. In this study, undernourished and nutrition-recovery pregnant sheep models and rumen epithelial cells were utilized to investigate the mechanisms behind undernutrition-induced disruptions in male fetal rumen metabolism and development.

Results: Maternal undernutrition significantly reduced male fetal rumen weight and papilla length, width and surface area. Maternal undernutrition extremely suppressed nutrient metabolism and energy production in male fetal rumen via JAK3/STAT3 signaling to inhibit cell cycle progression and male fetal rumen development, while maternal nutritional recovery partially restored metabolic inhibition but failed to alleviate male fetal rumen development. Meanwhile, 64 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified in male fetal rumen between undernourished ewes and controls. Novel miR-736 was overexpressed both in male fetal rumen of undernourished and nutrition-recovery models. E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2) and MYB proto-oncogene like 2 (MYBL2) were the intersection of male fetal rumen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and DEMs target genes integrated analysis and were predicted as novel miR-736 target genes. Further, we confirmed that novel miR-736 targeted and downregulated E2F2 and MYBL2 expression levels. Silencing E2F2 and MYBL2 promoted apoptosis and inhibited S-phase entry in rumen epithelial cells.

Conclusions: In summary, maternal undernutrition disrupted male fetal rumen metabolism and elevated novel miR-736, which targeted and downregulated E2F2 and MYBL2 to inhibit cell cycle progression and promote apoptosis, finally inhibited male fetal rumen development. This study provides new insights into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying maternal undernutrition-induced male fetal rumen developmental deficits.

背景：营养不良会破坏妊娠母羊的代谢稳态，严重抑制胎儿的生长发育。在这项研究中，利用营养不良和营养恢复妊娠羊模型和瘤胃上皮细胞来研究营养不良诱导的雄性胎儿瘤胃代谢和发育中断背后的机制。结果：母体营养不良显著降低了雄性胎儿瘤胃重量、乳头长度、宽度和表面积。母体营养不良通过JAK3/STAT3信号极大地抑制了男性胎儿瘤胃营养物质代谢和能量产生，抑制细胞周期进程和男性胎儿瘤胃发育，而母体营养恢复部分恢复了代谢抑制，但未能缓解男性胎儿瘤胃发育。同时，在营养不良母羊和对照组的雄性胎儿瘤胃中发现了64个差异表达的mirna （DEMs）。新型miR-736在营养不良和营养恢复模型的男性胎儿瘤胃中均过表达。E2F转录因子2 （E2F2）和MYB原癌基因样2 （MYBL2）是男性胎儿瘤胃差异表达基因（DEGs）和dem靶基因整合分析的交叉点，预测为新型miR-736靶基因。此外，我们证实了新的miR-736靶向并下调了E2F2和MYBL2的表达水平。沉默E2F2和MYBL2可促进瘤胃上皮细胞凋亡，抑制s期进入。结论：综上所述，母体营养不良破坏男性胎儿瘤胃代谢，升高新型miR-736，其靶向并下调E2F2和MYBL2抑制细胞周期进程，促进细胞凋亡，最终抑制男性胎儿瘤胃发育。本研究为母亲营养不良导致的男性胎儿瘤胃发育缺陷的表观遗传机制提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Intrapulse multimodal four-wave sum mixing in the visible range from high contrast index grating with PMMA layer 含PMMA层高对比度光栅可见范围内的脉冲内多模态四波和混频

Q1 OPTICS

Light-Science & Applications

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02090-8

Paolo Franceschini, Andrea Tognazzi, Evgenii Menshikov, Leonid Y. Beliaev, Radu Malureanu, Osamu Takayama, Ivano Alessandri, Alfonso Carmelo Cino, Domenico de Ceglia, Andrei V. Lavrinenko, Costantino De Angelis

Nonlinear metasurfaces have emerged as powerful platforms for enhancing and controlling light-matter interactions at the nanoscale, enabling versatile and compact design of devices for frequency conversion processes. In this work, we report on the experimental observation and theoretical analysis of intrapulse four-wave sum mixing (FWSM) in a high-index contrast grating (HCG) supporting quasi-bound states in the continuum (q-BIC). By engineering a one-dimensional silicon-based HCG with an additional poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cladding layer, we achieve the simultaneous excitation of a q-BIC and a guided-mode resonance (GMR), enabling nonlinear coupling between the two modes. Broadband femtosecond excitation reveals multiple distinct spectral peaks in the visible range, attributed to FWSM processes involving different combinations of q-BIC and GMR frequencies. Fourier microscopy measurements further confirm the redistribution of the generated nonlinear signals among diffraction orders. Our results demonstrate a new approach to tailoring nonlinear frequency mixing through metasurfaces, leveraging the interaction of multiple non-local resonances, thus opening new pathways for tunable frequency conversion, all-optical signal processing, and nonlinear photonic devices.

非线性超表面已经成为在纳米尺度上增强和控制光-物质相互作用的强大平台，使变频过程中设备的多功能和紧凑设计成为可能。在这项工作中，我们报告了支持连续介质（q-BIC）准束缚态的高折射率对比光栅（HCG）中的脉冲内四波和混合（FWSM）的实验观察和理论分析。通过在一维硅基HCG上添加额外的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）包层，我们实现了q-BIC和导模共振（GMR）的同时激发，实现了两种模式之间的非线性耦合。宽带飞秒激发在可见范围内显示出多个不同的光谱峰，这归因于涉及q-BIC和GMR频率不同组合的FWSM过程。傅里叶显微镜测量进一步证实了产生的非线性信号在衍射级之间的重新分布。我们的研究结果展示了一种通过超表面剪裁非线性频率混合的新方法，利用多个非局部共振的相互作用，从而为可调谐频率转换，全光信号处理和非线性光子器件开辟了新的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Near infrared light controlled gene editing. 近红外光控制基因编辑。

Q1 OPTICS

Light-Science & Applications

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02128-x

Mikhail Y Berezin

A novel NIR light-activated CRISPR-dCas9/Cas9 system achieves precise and rapid gene regulation in living organism using a chemically cleavable rapamycin dimer. Unlike previous light-driven systems, this approach offers deeper tissue penetration, low toxicity, fast response, and minimal background activity. This platform opens new directions for highly efficient, targeted, noninvasive, and spatially confined gene editing for a great number of preclinical and clinically translatable applications.

一种新型的近红外光激活CRISPR-dCas9/Cas9系统使用化学可切割的雷帕霉素二聚体在生物体中实现精确和快速的基因调控。与以前的光驱动系统不同，这种方法具有更深的组织穿透、低毒性、快速反应和最小的背景活性。该平台为大量临床前和临床可翻译应用开辟了高效、靶向、无创、空间受限的基因编辑新方向。

引用次数: 0

Non-Hermitian quantum walks uncover dynamical quantum phase transitions under self-normal and biorthogonal bases 非厄米量子行走揭示了自正态和双正交基下的动态量子相变

Q1 OPTICS

Light-Science & Applications

Pub Date : 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02069-5

Guangzhen Li, Luqi Yuan

The differences in critical times and critical momenta between self-normal and biorthogonal dynamical quantum phase transitions are revealed. The theoretical analysis is experimentally validated through multiple quench processes using a one-dimensional discrete-time non-Hermitian quantum walks.

揭示了自正态和双正交动态量子相变在临界时间和临界动量上的差异。通过一维离散非厄米量子行走的多次淬灭过程验证了理论分析。

引用次数: 0

Optical frequency comb integration in radio telescopes: advancing signal generation and phase calibration 射电望远镜的光频梳集成：推进信号产生和相位校准

Q1 OPTICS

Light-Science & Applications

Pub Date : 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02056-w

Minji Hyun, Changmin Ahn, Junyong Choi, Jihoon Baek, Woosong Jeong, Do-Heung Je, Do-Young Byun, Jan Wagner, Myoung-Sun Heo, Taehyun Jung, Jungwon Kim

Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) enables high-angular-resolution observations in astronomy and geodesy by synthesizing a virtual telescope with baselines spanning hundreds to thousands of kilometres. Achieving high instrumental phase stability in VLBI relies on the generation of high-quality, atomic-referenced RF local oscillator (LO) and RF-comb signals for the effective downconversion of celestial RF signals and precise phase calibration, respectively. As observing frequencies move into higher ranges with wider bandwidths, conventional electronic methods face significant challenges in maintaining the quality of these signals. Here, we demonstrate that an optical frequency comb (OFC) can be used as a versatile tool to generate and distribute low-noise and atomic-referenced RF-comb and RF-LO signals in the VLBI telescope. Hydrogen maser-stabilized optical pulses are transmitted over a timing-stabilized fibre link from the observatory building to the VLBI receiver system at the telescope, where photodetection converts them into the required RF signals. In VLBI test observation, we successfully detected VLBI fringes and extracted the RF-combs characteristics in a format suitable for VLBI instrumental phase calibration. These results highlight the high potential of OFC-based technology for enhancing next-generation broadband VLBI measurements, advancing astrophysical research and facilitating intercontinental clock comparison.

甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI）通过合成一个基线跨越数百至数千公里的虚拟望远镜，实现了天文学和大地测量学中的高角分辨率观测。在VLBI中实现高的仪器相位稳定性依赖于高质量的原子参考射频本振（LO）和射频梳状信号的产生，分别用于有效的天体射频信号下变频和精确的相位校准。随着观测频率向更高的范围和更宽的带宽移动，传统的电子方法在保持这些信号的质量方面面临着重大挑战。在这里，我们证明了光学频率梳（OFC）可以作为一种通用工具，在VLBI望远镜中产生和分配低噪声和原子参考RF-comb和RF-LO信号。氢脉射稳定的光脉冲通过定时稳定的光纤链路从天文台大楼传输到望远镜的VLBI接收系统，在那里光探测将它们转换成所需的射频信号。在VLBI测试观测中，我们成功地检测到了VLBI条纹，并提取了适合VLBI仪器相位校准格式的rf -comb特征。这些结果突出了基于ofc的技术在增强下一代宽带VLBI测量、推进天体物理研究和促进洲际时钟比较方面的巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Ideal optical antimatter using passive lossy materials under complex frequency excitation 复频激励下使用被动损耗材料的理想光学反物质

Q1 OPTICS

Light-Science & Applications

Pub Date : 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02137-w

Olivia Y. Long, Peter B. Catrysse, Seunghoon Han, Shanhui Fan

The original concept of left-handed material has inspired the possibility of optical antimatter, where the effect of light propagation through a medium can be completely canceled by its complementary medium. Despite recent progress in the development of negative-index metamaterials, losses continue to be a significant barrier to realizing optical antimatter. In this work, we show that passive, lossy materials can be used to realize optical antimatter when illuminated by light at a complex frequency. We further establish that one can engineer arbitrary complex-valued permittivity and permeability in such materials. Strikingly, we show that materials with a positive index at real frequencies can act as negative-index materials under complex frequency excitation. Using our approach, we numerically demonstrate the optical antimatter functionality, as well as double focusing by an ideal perfect lens and superscattering. Our work demonstrates the power of temporally structured light in unlocking the promising opportunities of complementary media, which have until now been inhibited by material loss.

左撇子材料的原始概念激发了光学反物质的可能性，在这种情况下，光通过介质传播的影响可以被它的互补介质完全抵消。尽管近年来负折射率超材料的发展取得了进展，但损耗仍然是实现光学反物质的一个重要障碍。在这项工作中，我们表明，当被复频率的光照射时，被动的、有损耗的材料可以用来实现光学反物质。我们进一步证实，可以在这种材料中设计任意复值介电常数和磁导率。引人注目的是，我们表明在实频率下具有正折射率的材料在复频率激励下可以作为负折射率材料。利用我们的方法，我们在数值上证明了光学反物质的功能，以及理想的完美透镜和超散射的双重聚焦。我们的工作证明了时间结构光在释放互补介质的有希望的机会方面的力量，到目前为止，互补介质一直受到材料损失的抑制。

引用次数: 0

Light management in monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells 单片全钙钛矿串联太阳能电池的光管理

Q1 OPTICS

Light-Science & Applications

Pub Date : 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02120-5

Chenshuaiyu Liu, Han Gao, Wennan Ou, Hairen Tan, Renxing Lin

All-perovskite tandem solar cells represent a promising strategy for breaking the Shockley-Queisser limits inherent in single-junction solar cells. Reasonable light management and optical design are necessary for all-perovskite tandem solar cells to improve power conversion efficiency. In this review, the recent progresses in light management for monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells are summarized comprehensively. The current-matching conditions, optical challenges, and potential development trajectories for all-perovskite tandem solar cells are investigated. It includes key optical losses, enhancements and strategies for light trapping and light utilization. Ultimately, forward-looking perspectives on future developments are presented. This review aims to offer valuable insights and practical suggestions for improving power conversion efficiency of all-perovskite tandem solar cells from light management techniques.

全钙钛矿串联太阳能电池代表了打破单结太阳能电池固有的Shockley-Queisser限制的有希望的策略。合理的光管理和光学设计是提高全钙钛矿串联太阳能电池功率转换效率的必要条件。本文对单片全钙钛矿串联太阳能电池的光管理研究进展进行了综述。研究了全钙钛矿串联太阳能电池的电流匹配条件、光学挑战和潜在的发展轨迹。它包括关键的光损耗，光捕获和光利用的增强和策略。最后，提出了对未来发展的前瞻性观点。本文旨在从光管理技术的角度为提高全钙钛矿串联太阳能电池的功率转换效率提供有价值的见解和实用建议。

引用次数: 0

Compact THz absorption spectroscopy using a LiNbO3 slot waveguide 紧凑太赫兹吸收光谱使用LiNbO3槽波导

Q1 OPTICS

Light-Science & Applications

Pub Date : 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02105-4

Eric R. Sung, Keith A. Nelson

THz spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying a variety of samples, ranging from large biomolecules to solid-state materials. In cases where experimental space is limited or sample volumes are small, THz waveguides have been used to enable compact THz spectroscopy. The THz polaritonics platform is a waveguide-based approach that uses a thin lithium niobate slab to allow direct visualization of THz fields as they interact with structures integrated into the waveguide. Although there have been many successful studies using the platform for integrated photonics, the platform’s utility as a spectroscopic tool has been largely unexploited. Here, we use a slot waveguide integrated into the thin lithium niobate slab to measure the absorption spectrum of a sample inserted into the slot. The slot waveguide localizes the THz electric field within a low-index slot where a sample is placed. The THz fields propagate through the slot and are monitored as they interact with the sample. Perturbation theory is then used to extract the absorption spectrum and bulk refractive index of the sample with good sensitivity. These results show much promise for enabling compact linear and nonlinear THz spectroscopy using thin lithium niobate waveguides.

太赫兹光谱学是研究各种样品的强大工具，从大型生物分子到固态材料。在实验空间有限或样品体积小的情况下，太赫兹波导已被用于实现紧凑的太赫兹光谱。太赫兹极化电子学平台是一种基于波导的方法，使用薄铌酸锂板，当太赫兹场与集成到波导中的结构相互作用时，可以直接可视化太赫兹场。尽管已经有许多成功的研究使用该平台集成光子学，但该平台作为光谱工具的效用在很大程度上尚未得到开发。在这里，我们使用集成在薄铌酸锂板中的槽波导来测量插入槽中的样品的吸收光谱。槽波导将太赫兹电场定位在放置样品的低折射率槽内。太赫兹场通过槽传播，并在与样品相互作用时进行监测。然后利用微扰理论提取样品的吸收光谱和体折射率，具有较好的灵敏度。这些结果显示了使用薄铌酸锂波导实现紧凑的线性和非线性太赫兹光谱的很大希望。

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引用次数: 0

Harnessing optical bound states in the continuum for ultrafast, reconfigurable, long-range photonic networks 利用连续体中的光束缚态实现超快、可重构、远程光子网络

Q1 OPTICS

Light-Science & Applications

Pub Date : 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02071-x

Jiantao Ma, Ying Yu, Jin Liu

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) provide a route to strong, long-range photonic coupling with dynamic tunability. Recent advances demonstrate that BIC metasurfaces enable reconfigurable two-dimensional coupling between arbitrarily positioned resonators, with the added capability of ultrafast all-optical control.

连续介质中的束缚态（bic）提供了一种具有动态可调性的强、远距离光子耦合的途径。最近的进展表明，BIC超表面可以在任意位置的谐振器之间实现可重构的二维耦合，并增加了超快全光控制的能力。

引用次数: 0

Label-free mid-infrared dichroism-sensitive photoacoustic microscopy for histostructural analysis of engineered heart tissues 用于工程心脏组织组织结构分析的无标记中红外二色敏感光声显微镜

Q1 OPTICS

Light-Science & Applications

Pub Date : 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02117-0

Eunwoo Park, Dong Gyu Hwang, Hwanyong Choi, Donggyu Kim, Joongho Ahn, Yong-Jae Lee, Tae Joong Eom, Jinah Jang, Chulhong Kim

Many biological tissues, such as cardiac muscle, tendons, and the cornea, exhibit highly organized microstructural alignment that is critical for mechanical and physiological functions. Disruptions in this structural organization are commonly associated with pathological conditions such as fibrosis, infarction, and cancer. However, conventional histological imaging techniques rely on immunofluorescence or histochemical staining, and they evaluate tissue alignment via non-physical 2D gradient-based calculation, which is labor-intensive, antibody-dependent, and prone to variability. Here, we demonstrate label-free mid-infrared dichroism-sensitive photoacoustic microscopy (MIR-DS-PAM), an analytical imaging system for cardiac tissue assessments. By combining molecular specificity with polarization sensitivity, this method selectively visualizes protein-rich engineered heart tissue (EHT) and quantifies the extracellular matrix (ECM) alignment without any labeling. The extracted dichroism-sensitive parameters, such as the degree of dichroism and the orientation angle, enable histostructural evaluation of tissue integrity and reveal diagnostic cues in fibrotic EHT. This technique offers a label-free analytical tool for fibrosis research and tissue engineering applications.

许多生物组织，如心肌、肌腱和角膜，表现出高度组织化的微观结构排列，这对机械和生理功能至关重要。这种结构组织的破坏通常与病理状况有关，如纤维化、梗塞和癌症。然而，传统的组织学成像技术依赖于免疫荧光或组织化学染色，它们通过非物理的基于二维梯度的计算来评估组织排列，这是劳动密集型的，抗体依赖性的，并且容易变化。在这里，我们展示了无标记的中红外二色敏感光声显微镜（MIR-DS-PAM），这是一种用于心脏组织评估的分析成像系统。通过结合分子特异性和极化敏感性，该方法可以选择性地可视化富含蛋白质的工程心脏组织（EHT），并在没有任何标记的情况下量化细胞外基质（ECM）排列。提取的二色性敏感参数，如二色性程度和取向角，可以对组织完整性进行组织结构评估，并揭示纤维化EHT的诊断线索。这项技术为纤维化研究和组织工程应用提供了一种无标记的分析工具。

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