Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02058-8
Shi Guo, Sung-Gyu Lee, Xiangxin Gong, Lalit Singh, Rui Yu, Ahmad Sholehin Bin Juperi, Seoungbum Lim, Yuhui Yang, Jinpeng Huo, Jeremy Leong, Ce Liang, Hyojin Seung, Yangchen He, Daniel Rhodes, Min Sup Choi, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Wonkeun Chang, Beng Kang Tay, Luigi Ranno, Juejun Hu, Qingyun Wu, Lay Kee Ang, Jia Xu Brian Sia, Sang Hoon Chae
Optical phase modulators are critical components in integrated photonics, but conventional designs suffer from a trade-off between modulation efficiency and optical loss. Two-dimensional materials like graphene offer strong electro-optic effects, yet their high optical absorption at telecom wavelengths leads to significant insertion losses. Although monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) provide exceptional telecom-band transparency for low-loss electro-refractive response, their practical implementation in phase modulators requires top electrodes to enable vertical electric field tuning, which typically introduces parasitic absorption. Here, we address this challenge by developing hybrid tungsten oxyselenide/graphene (TOS/Gr) electrodes that minimize optical loss while enabling efficient phase modulation in TMD-based devices. The UV-ozone-converted TOS (from WSe2) acts as a heavy p-type dopant for graphene, making the graphene transparent in the NIR region while enhancing its conductivity. Our complete device integrates a hybrid TOS/graphene transparent electrode with a hexagonal boron nitride dielectric spacer and monolayer WS2 electro-optic material on a SiN microring platform. This achieves a high modulation efficiency of 0.202 V·cm while maintaining an exceptionally low extinction ratio change of just 0.08 dB, demonstrating superior performance compared to modulators employing conventional electrodes. Our breakthrough in near-lossless phase modulation opens new possibilities for energy-efficient optical communications, photonic computing, and fault-tolerant quantum networks.
{"title":"Hybrid tungsten oxyselenide/graphene electrodes for near-lossless 2D semiconductor phase modulators","authors":"Shi Guo, Sung-Gyu Lee, Xiangxin Gong, Lalit Singh, Rui Yu, Ahmad Sholehin Bin Juperi, Seoungbum Lim, Yuhui Yang, Jinpeng Huo, Jeremy Leong, Ce Liang, Hyojin Seung, Yangchen He, Daniel Rhodes, Min Sup Choi, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Wonkeun Chang, Beng Kang Tay, Luigi Ranno, Juejun Hu, Qingyun Wu, Lay Kee Ang, Jia Xu Brian Sia, Sang Hoon Chae","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02058-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02058-8","url":null,"abstract":"Optical phase modulators are critical components in integrated photonics, but conventional designs suffer from a trade-off between modulation efficiency and optical loss. Two-dimensional materials like graphene offer strong electro-optic effects, yet their high optical absorption at telecom wavelengths leads to significant insertion losses. Although monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) provide exceptional telecom-band transparency for low-loss electro-refractive response, their practical implementation in phase modulators requires top electrodes to enable vertical electric field tuning, which typically introduces parasitic absorption. Here, we address this challenge by developing hybrid tungsten oxyselenide/graphene (TOS/Gr) electrodes that minimize optical loss while enabling efficient phase modulation in TMD-based devices. The UV-ozone-converted TOS (from WSe2) acts as a heavy p-type dopant for graphene, making the graphene transparent in the NIR region while enhancing its conductivity. Our complete device integrates a hybrid TOS/graphene transparent electrode with a hexagonal boron nitride dielectric spacer and monolayer WS2 electro-optic material on a SiN microring platform. This achieves a high modulation efficiency of 0.202 V·cm while maintaining an exceptionally low extinction ratio change of just 0.08 dB, demonstrating superior performance compared to modulators employing conventional electrodes. Our breakthrough in near-lossless phase modulation opens new possibilities for energy-efficient optical communications, photonic computing, and fault-tolerant quantum networks.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"94 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02157-6
Junbo Xu, Ke Yu, Xiang Ni, Enrico M. Renzi, Lei Zhou, Yanzhen Yin, Zhou Zhou, Zhichen Zhao, Tao He, Di Huang, Kyoung-Duck Park, Zhanshan Wang, Andrea Alù, Tao Jiang
Phonon polaritons, arising from the coupling of photons with lattice vibrations, enable light confinement on deeply subwavelength scales. Phonon polaritonic crystals (PoCs), leveraging these inherently low-dissipation excitations, have further shown exceptional potential for nanoscale light manipulation through engineered Bloch modes. Yet, their static nature has so far hindered dynamic modulation, thus limiting their adaptability for real-time applications. Here, we demonstrate in situ electrostatic control of low-loss anisotropic phonon-polaritonic Bloch modes in α-MoO3 patterned into a periodic hole array with a graphene gate. Through theoretical calculation and real-space nano-imaging, we show that electrostatic gating dynamically modulates key characteristics of Bloch modes in hybrid α-MoO3/graphene PoCs. Critically, gating reshapes the PoC band structure, spectrally aligning high-density-of-states flat-band regions with the excitation laser frequency, thereby selectively amplifying Bloch mode resonances. We further achieve on-demand switching over far-field leakage of Bloch modes by electrostatically steering these flat bands across the light cone. Our work establishes a platform for adaptive nanostructured phonon polaritonic devices. This advancement not only facilitates directional control of low-loss anisotropic phonon-polaritonic Bloch modes, but also paves the way for their practical application in nanophotonics.
{"title":"Dynamic tuning of Bloch modes in anisotropic phonon polaritonic crystals","authors":"Junbo Xu, Ke Yu, Xiang Ni, Enrico M. Renzi, Lei Zhou, Yanzhen Yin, Zhou Zhou, Zhichen Zhao, Tao He, Di Huang, Kyoung-Duck Park, Zhanshan Wang, Andrea Alù, Tao Jiang","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02157-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02157-6","url":null,"abstract":"Phonon polaritons, arising from the coupling of photons with lattice vibrations, enable light confinement on deeply subwavelength scales. Phonon polaritonic crystals (PoCs), leveraging these inherently low-dissipation excitations, have further shown exceptional potential for nanoscale light manipulation through engineered Bloch modes. Yet, their static nature has so far hindered dynamic modulation, thus limiting their adaptability for real-time applications. Here, we demonstrate in situ electrostatic control of low-loss anisotropic phonon-polaritonic Bloch modes in α-MoO3 patterned into a periodic hole array with a graphene gate. Through theoretical calculation and real-space nano-imaging, we show that electrostatic gating dynamically modulates key characteristics of Bloch modes in hybrid α-MoO3/graphene PoCs. Critically, gating reshapes the PoC band structure, spectrally aligning high-density-of-states flat-band regions with the excitation laser frequency, thereby selectively amplifying Bloch mode resonances. We further achieve on-demand switching over far-field leakage of Bloch modes by electrostatically steering these flat bands across the light cone. Our work establishes a platform for adaptive nanostructured phonon polaritonic devices. This advancement not only facilitates directional control of low-loss anisotropic phonon-polaritonic Bloch modes, but also paves the way for their practical application in nanophotonics.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02115-2
Simeng Jin, Shuai Yao, Zhisheng Yang, Zixuan Du, Xiaobin Hong, Marcelo A. Soto, Jingjing Xie, Long Zhang, Fan Yang, Jian Wu
Spontaneous Brillouin scattering (SpBS) enables non-contact probing of mechanical and thermodynamic material properties, underpinning transformative technologies such as distributed optical fiber sensing and high-resolution microscopy. Achieving ultimate precision in these systems demands a fundamental understanding of noise limits. Yet, an intrinsic SpBS noise phenomenon proposed over three decades ago has remained largely unexplored, particularly in metrological contexts. Here, we revisit the physical mechanism and stochastic nature of this long-overlooked noise source, developing a comprehensive analytical framework, validated through dedicated experiments. Crucially, we propose, for the first time, that SpBS noise constitutes a universal and fundamental limit capable of surpassing conventional constraints (e.g., the shot-noise limit) in spontaneous Brillouin metrological systems, such as imaging, microscopy and sensing. We experimentally demonstrate the SpBS-noise-limited regime in Brillouin imaging and sensing scenarios. This framework establishes a critical foundation for understanding and optimizing the performance of current and future Brillouin-based technologies across a broad range of applications.
{"title":"A framework for spontaneous Brillouin noise: unveiling fundamental limits in Brillouin metrology","authors":"Simeng Jin, Shuai Yao, Zhisheng Yang, Zixuan Du, Xiaobin Hong, Marcelo A. Soto, Jingjing Xie, Long Zhang, Fan Yang, Jian Wu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02115-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02115-2","url":null,"abstract":"Spontaneous Brillouin scattering (SpBS) enables non-contact probing of mechanical and thermodynamic material properties, underpinning transformative technologies such as distributed optical fiber sensing and high-resolution microscopy. Achieving ultimate precision in these systems demands a fundamental understanding of noise limits. Yet, an intrinsic SpBS noise phenomenon proposed over three decades ago has remained largely unexplored, particularly in metrological contexts. Here, we revisit the physical mechanism and stochastic nature of this long-overlooked noise source, developing a comprehensive analytical framework, validated through dedicated experiments. Crucially, we propose, for the first time, that SpBS noise constitutes a universal and fundamental limit capable of surpassing conventional constraints (e.g., the shot-noise limit) in spontaneous Brillouin metrological systems, such as imaging, microscopy and sensing. We experimentally demonstrate the SpBS-noise-limited regime in Brillouin imaging and sensing scenarios. This framework establishes a critical foundation for understanding and optimizing the performance of current and future Brillouin-based technologies across a broad range of applications.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02123-2
Krzysztof Tyszka
A silicon photonic deep optical neural network integrating convolutional and fully connected layers with on-chip optoelectronic nonlinear activations operates with partially coherent light to achieve high-speed, energy-efficient, end-to-end inference. This demonstration establishes a functional and scalable platform for evaluating complete optical neural processing, representing another step toward specialised, ultrafast photonic architectures beyond electronics.
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02110-7
Bowen Wang, Qian Chen, Chao Zuo
A recent study employing high-spatial-resolution photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) achieved, for the first time, weak-disturbance imaging of the ultra-confined nanoslit mode in a coupled nanowire pair (CNP), revealing its quasi-three-dimensional field distribution.
{"title":"Seeing without touching: weak-disturbance imaging and characterization of ultra-confined optical near fields","authors":"Bowen Wang, Qian Chen, Chao Zuo","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02110-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02110-7","url":null,"abstract":"A recent study employing high-spatial-resolution photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) achieved, for the first time, weak-disturbance imaging of the ultra-confined nanoslit mode in a coupled nanowire pair (CNP), revealing its quasi-three-dimensional field distribution.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"35 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02141-0
Adrian Stern
Both compressing and expanding optical matrix-vector multipliers are necessary for the full optical realization of neural networks. An expanding multiplier scheme is proposed, which, together with common compressing multipliers, is employed to demonstrate image processor networks such as autoencoders and image generators.
{"title":"Compressing and expanding optical matrix-vector multipliers for enabling optical image encoder-decoders and generators","authors":"Adrian Stern","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02141-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02141-0","url":null,"abstract":"Both compressing and expanding optical matrix-vector multipliers are necessary for the full optical realization of neural networks. An expanding multiplier scheme is proposed, which, together with common compressing multipliers, is employed to demonstrate image processor networks such as autoencoders and image generators.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"53 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02103-6
Hailong He, Angelos Karlas, Nikolina-Alexia Fasoula, Chiara Fischer, Ulf Darsow, Michael Kallmayer, Juan Aguirre, Hans-Henning Eckstein, Vasilis Ntziachristos
Microvascular endothelial dysfunction (MiVED) is an early marker of endothelial impairment, often preceding dysfunction in large arteries. Although MiVED assessment could reveal new insights into the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or offer earlier detection and finer disease stratification, detailed in-vivo MiVED observation remains challenging due to a lack of suitable technologies. To address this gap, we hypothesized that accelerating ultra-wideband raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM), i.e., fast RSOM (fRSOM), could resolve for the first time cutaneous MiVED features at single capillary resolution. We investigated whether we could record morphological features and dynamic responses during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia to achieve the most detailed observation of microvascular endothelial function to date. Our results show that using fRSOM on skin clearly measured the effects of smoking (N = 20) and atherosclerotic CVD (N = 20) on cutaneous endothelial function. For the first time, we found layer-specific effects, with smoking and CVD affecting the sub-papillary dermis differently than the reticular dermis; a finding not resolvable using “bulk” volumetric signals from laser Doppler flowmetry or tissue spectrometry. Interestingly, we observed no substantial structural changes in the microvasculature of smokers and volunteers with CVD, indicating that MiVED may be an earlier marker than morphology-based biomarkers typically assessed by histological studies. Our study introduces a non-invasive modality that enables the visualization and quantification of skin microvascular structure and function, bridging a technological gap and offering new insights into the effects of diseases on MiVED. This study potentially paves the way for fRSOM use as an early detection, diagnostic, or theranostic marker.
{"title":"Single-capillary endothelial dysfunction resolved by optoacoustic mesoscopy","authors":"Hailong He, Angelos Karlas, Nikolina-Alexia Fasoula, Chiara Fischer, Ulf Darsow, Michael Kallmayer, Juan Aguirre, Hans-Henning Eckstein, Vasilis Ntziachristos","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02103-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02103-6","url":null,"abstract":"Microvascular endothelial dysfunction (MiVED) is an early marker of endothelial impairment, often preceding dysfunction in large arteries. Although MiVED assessment could reveal new insights into the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or offer earlier detection and finer disease stratification, detailed in-vivo MiVED observation remains challenging due to a lack of suitable technologies. To address this gap, we hypothesized that accelerating ultra-wideband raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM), i.e., fast RSOM (fRSOM), could resolve for the first time cutaneous MiVED features at single capillary resolution. We investigated whether we could record morphological features and dynamic responses during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia to achieve the most detailed observation of microvascular endothelial function to date. Our results show that using fRSOM on skin clearly measured the effects of smoking (N = 20) and atherosclerotic CVD (N = 20) on cutaneous endothelial function. For the first time, we found layer-specific effects, with smoking and CVD affecting the sub-papillary dermis differently than the reticular dermis; a finding not resolvable using “bulk” volumetric signals from laser Doppler flowmetry or tissue spectrometry. Interestingly, we observed no substantial structural changes in the microvasculature of smokers and volunteers with CVD, indicating that MiVED may be an earlier marker than morphology-based biomarkers typically assessed by histological studies. Our study introduces a non-invasive modality that enables the visualization and quantification of skin microvascular structure and function, bridging a technological gap and offering new insights into the effects of diseases on MiVED. This study potentially paves the way for fRSOM use as an early detection, diagnostic, or theranostic marker.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"386 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Realizing active metasurfaces with substantial tunability is important for many applications but remains challenging due to difficulties in dynamically tuning light-matter interactions at subwavelength scales. Here, we introduce reversible metal electrodeposition as a versatile approach for enabling active metasurfaces with exceptional tunability across a broad bandwidth. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a dynamic beam-steering device by performing reversible copper (Cu) electrodeposition on a reflective gradient metasurface composed of metal-insulator-metal resonators. By applying different voltages, the Cu atoms can be uniformly and reversibly electrodeposited and stripped around the resonators, effectively controlling the gap-surface plasmon resonances and steering the reflected light. This process experimentally achieved >90% diffraction efficiencies and >60% reflection efficiencies in both specular and anomalous modes, even after thousands of cycles. Moreover, these high efficiencies can be extended from the visible to the near- and mid-infrared regimes, demonstrating the broad versatility of this approach in enabling various active optical and thermal devices with different working wavelengths and bandwidths.
{"title":"High-efficiency broadband active metasurfaces via reversible metal electrodeposition","authors":"Qizhang Li, Sachin Prashant Kulkarni, Chenxi Sui, Ting-Hsuan Chen, Gangbin Yan, Ronghui Wu, Wen Chen, Pei-Jan Hung, Xubing Wu, Tadej Emersic, Koray Aydin, Po-Chun Hsu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02136-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02136-x","url":null,"abstract":"Realizing active metasurfaces with substantial tunability is important for many applications but remains challenging due to difficulties in dynamically tuning light-matter interactions at subwavelength scales. Here, we introduce reversible metal electrodeposition as a versatile approach for enabling active metasurfaces with exceptional tunability across a broad bandwidth. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a dynamic beam-steering device by performing reversible copper (Cu) electrodeposition on a reflective gradient metasurface composed of metal-insulator-metal resonators. By applying different voltages, the Cu atoms can be uniformly and reversibly electrodeposited and stripped around the resonators, effectively controlling the gap-surface plasmon resonances and steering the reflected light. This process experimentally achieved >90% diffraction efficiencies and >60% reflection efficiencies in both specular and anomalous modes, even after thousands of cycles. Moreover, these high efficiencies can be extended from the visible to the near- and mid-infrared regimes, demonstrating the broad versatility of this approach in enabling various active optical and thermal devices with different working wavelengths and bandwidths.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ability to precisely generate and manipulate three-dimensional (3D) vectorial optical fields is crucial for advancing applications in volumetric displays, secure data encoding, and optical information processing. However, conventional holographic techniques generally lack the capability to simultaneously control both light intensity and polarization within a volumetric region, thereby limiting the full realization of complex 3D vectorial light fields. Here, we present a metasurface-based platform for 3D vectorial holography that enables independent and programmable control over axial intensity and polarization profiles within structured beam arrays. By decomposing complex volumetric holographic targets into a dense array of non-diffracting beams—each governed by a tailored longitudinal response function—we achieve broadband, high-fidelity reconstruction of vectorial light fields encoded in both spatial intensity and polarization domains. Moreover, we demonstrate a vectorial encryption scheme that exploits the combined axial intensity and polarization degrees of freedom to realize secure, key-based optical information encoding. This approach provides a compact, integrable, and scalable solution for 3D vectorial holographic projection and volumetric vector beam shaping, offering a versatile platform for high-capacity optical storage, secure communication, and emerging quantum photonic technologies.
{"title":"Longitudinally engineered metasurfaces for 3D vectorial holography","authors":"Le Tan, Pengcheng Huo, Peicheng Lin, Yongze Ren, Haocun Qi, Lizhi Fang, Yilin Wang, Junfei Ou, Yanqing Lu, Ting Xu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02158-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02158-5","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to precisely generate and manipulate three-dimensional (3D) vectorial optical fields is crucial for advancing applications in volumetric displays, secure data encoding, and optical information processing. However, conventional holographic techniques generally lack the capability to simultaneously control both light intensity and polarization within a volumetric region, thereby limiting the full realization of complex 3D vectorial light fields. Here, we present a metasurface-based platform for 3D vectorial holography that enables independent and programmable control over axial intensity and polarization profiles within structured beam arrays. By decomposing complex volumetric holographic targets into a dense array of non-diffracting beams—each governed by a tailored longitudinal response function—we achieve broadband, high-fidelity reconstruction of vectorial light fields encoded in both spatial intensity and polarization domains. Moreover, we demonstrate a vectorial encryption scheme that exploits the combined axial intensity and polarization degrees of freedom to realize secure, key-based optical information encoding. This approach provides a compact, integrable, and scalable solution for 3D vectorial holographic projection and volumetric vector beam shaping, offering a versatile platform for high-capacity optical storage, secure communication, and emerging quantum photonic technologies.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"28 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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