Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79710
C. Ikedi
The efficiency of solar electric systems basically depends on the materials used in making the solar cells and regardless of the type of application: fixed or tracking photovoltaics (PV), the quality and quantity of power produced by PV systems depend on both the amount of solar radiation incident on the solar panels as well as the current and voltage characteristics of the load. This present work, which involves field installation of a fixed PV alongside an existing equivalent tracking PV, simultaneously monitored the current and voltage response of both systems to changing solar radiation and ambient temperatures. The comparative results of the study provide a framework for decision-making on the choice of either of the systems and have shown that in the UK, both systems have a relatively slow electrical response to sunrise while the performance of fixed PV systems approximates that of tracking PV systems at noon time.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Current-Voltage Characteristics for Fixed and Solar Tracking Photovoltaics Systems","authors":"C. Ikedi","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79710","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of solar electric systems basically depends on the materials used in making the solar cells and regardless of the type of application: fixed or tracking photovoltaics (PV), the quality and quantity of power produced by PV systems depend on both the amount of solar radiation incident on the solar panels as well as the current and voltage characteristics of the load. This present work, which involves field installation of a fixed PV alongside an existing equivalent tracking PV, simultaneously monitored the current and voltage response of both systems to changing solar radiation and ambient temperatures. The comparative results of the study provide a framework for decision-making on the choice of either of the systems and have shown that in the UK, both systems have a relatively slow electrical response to sunrise while the performance of fixed PV systems approximates that of tracking PV systems at noon time.","PeriodicalId":106663,"journal":{"name":"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices","volume":"11 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120991244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79685
A. Reisi, Ashkan Alidousti
Photovoltaic systems, direct conversion of solar energy to electrical energy, are produced in the form of DC power by photovoltaic arrays bathed in sunlight and converted into AC power through an inverter system, which is more convenient to use. There are two main paradigms for optimal designing of photovoltaic systems. First, the system can be designed such that the generated power and the loads, that is, the consumed power, match. A second way to design a photovoltaic system is to base the design on economics, as pinpointed in the following. Photovoltaic grid connected through shunt active filter by considering maximum power point tracking for these systems is known as the optimal design. This chapter is organized as follows: First, we discuss an overview of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. After that, we take a more detailed look on grid-connected photovoltaic system via active filter; in this section, we explain the modeling of photovoltaic panel and shunt active filter. In the next section, we learn different maximum power point tracking methods and also learn how to design DC link as a common bus of shunt active filter and photovoltaic system. Finally, MATLAB/Simulink simulations verify the performance of the proposed model performance.
{"title":"Optimal Designing Grid-Connected PV Systems","authors":"A. Reisi, Ashkan Alidousti","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79685","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic systems, direct conversion of solar energy to electrical energy, are produced in the form of DC power by photovoltaic arrays bathed in sunlight and converted into AC power through an inverter system, which is more convenient to use. There are two main paradigms for optimal designing of photovoltaic systems. First, the system can be designed such that the generated power and the loads, that is, the consumed power, match. A second way to design a photovoltaic system is to base the design on economics, as pinpointed in the following. Photovoltaic grid connected through shunt active filter by considering maximum power point tracking for these systems is known as the optimal design. This chapter is organized as follows: First, we discuss an overview of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. After that, we take a more detailed look on grid-connected photovoltaic system via active filter; in this section, we explain the modeling of photovoltaic panel and shunt active filter. In the next section, we learn different maximum power point tracking methods and also learn how to design DC link as a common bus of shunt active filter and photovoltaic system. Finally, MATLAB/Simulink simulations verify the performance of the proposed model performance.","PeriodicalId":106663,"journal":{"name":"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134073792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79709
Djamel Eddine Tourqui, A. Betka, A. Smaili, TayebAllaoui
This work is devoted to the presentation and realization of a digital control card (maxi- mum power point tracking) which serves to improve the performance of a photovoltaic generator (GPV). This makes it possible to increase the profitability of the latter, on the one hand, and the stability of electrical networks, on the other hand. The command card has been developed using simple circuits, and tested on a system that includes a photovoltaic panel powering a resistive load under changing weather conditions. The aim of this paper is to implement three well-known MPPT algorithms (Hill-Climbing, Pertube & Observe and Incremental Conductance), using a PIC microcontroller type 16F877A.
{"title":"Improved Performance of a Photovoltaic Panel by MPPT Algorithms","authors":"Djamel Eddine Tourqui, A. Betka, A. Smaili, TayebAllaoui","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79709","url":null,"abstract":"This work is devoted to the presentation and realization of a digital control card (maxi- mum power point tracking) which serves to improve the performance of a photovoltaic generator (GPV). This makes it possible to increase the profitability of the latter, on the one hand, and the stability of electrical networks, on the other hand. The command card has been developed using simple circuits, and tested on a system that includes a photovoltaic panel powering a resistive load under changing weather conditions. The aim of this paper is to implement three well-known MPPT algorithms (Hill-Climbing, Pertube & Observe and Incremental Conductance), using a PIC microcontroller type 16F877A.","PeriodicalId":106663,"journal":{"name":"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117221435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79136
W. Ebhota, T. Jen
The generation of energy to meet the increasing global demand should not compro- mise the environment and the future. Therefore, renewable energies have been identified as potential alternatives to fossil fuels that are associated with CO 2 emissions. Subsequently, photovoltaic (PV) solar system is seen as the most versatile and the larg-est source of electricity for the future globally. Nanotechnology is a facilitating tool that offers a wide range of resources to resolve material challenges in different application areas. This studies X-rays, energy trilemma, potential nanotechnology-based materials for low-cost PV solar cell fabrication, and atomic layer deposition (ALD). In pursu-ance of improved performance, PV solar-cell technologies have revolutionized from first-generation PV solar cells to third-generation PV solar cells. The efficiency (19%) of second-generation PV cells is higher than the efficiency (15%) of first-generation cells. The second-generation PV cell technologies include a-Si, CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 ), Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) cells. The third-generation PV cells are organic-inorganic hybrid assemblies, nanostructured semiconductors, and molecular assemblies. This nanocom-posite-based technology aims at developing low-cost high efficiency PV solar cells. The nanotechnology manufacturing technique, ALD, is seen as the future technology of PV solar cell production.
{"title":"Efficient Low-Cost Materials for Solar Energy Applications: Roles of Nanotechnology","authors":"W. Ebhota, T. Jen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79136","url":null,"abstract":"The generation of energy to meet the increasing global demand should not compro- mise the environment and the future. Therefore, renewable energies have been identified as potential alternatives to fossil fuels that are associated with CO 2 emissions. Subsequently, photovoltaic (PV) solar system is seen as the most versatile and the larg-est source of electricity for the future globally. Nanotechnology is a facilitating tool that offers a wide range of resources to resolve material challenges in different application areas. This studies X-rays, energy trilemma, potential nanotechnology-based materials for low-cost PV solar cell fabrication, and atomic layer deposition (ALD). In pursu-ance of improved performance, PV solar-cell technologies have revolutionized from first-generation PV solar cells to third-generation PV solar cells. The efficiency (19%) of second-generation PV cells is higher than the efficiency (15%) of first-generation cells. The second-generation PV cell technologies include a-Si, CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 ), Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) cells. The third-generation PV cells are organic-inorganic hybrid assemblies, nanostructured semiconductors, and molecular assemblies. This nanocom-posite-based technology aims at developing low-cost high efficiency PV solar cells. The nanotechnology manufacturing technique, ALD, is seen as the future technology of PV solar cell production.","PeriodicalId":106663,"journal":{"name":"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115280621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78604
S. H. Lee, S. Lee
In photovoltaic industries, the main technique of metallization is screen printing with silver pastes due to its simple and quick process. However, the expensive price of silver paste is one of the barriers to the production of low-cost solar cells. Therefore, the most focused target in photovoltaic research is the decreasing consumption of silver paste or substitute silver for other materials. As a proper candidate, copper has been researched by many institutes and companies since it has a similar conductivity with silver even though the price is inexpensive. To apply copper as a contact for solar cells, the plating technique has been actively researched. However, copper paste, which was mainly developed for integrated circuit applications, has been recently researched. Mostly, copper paste was developed for the low-temperature annealing process since copper tends to oxidize easily. On the other hand, firing type copper paste was also developed by coating copper particles with a barrier layer. This chapter discusses recent development of copper paste for the application of solar cells and its appropriate annealing conditions for better electrical properties. Also, the light I-V characteristics of copper paste on the solar cells in other research papers are summarized as well.
{"title":"Conductive Copper Paste for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells","authors":"S. H. Lee, S. Lee","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78604","url":null,"abstract":"In photovoltaic industries, the main technique of metallization is screen printing with silver pastes due to its simple and quick process. However, the expensive price of silver paste is one of the barriers to the production of low-cost solar cells. Therefore, the most focused target in photovoltaic research is the decreasing consumption of silver paste or substitute silver for other materials. As a proper candidate, copper has been researched by many institutes and companies since it has a similar conductivity with silver even though the price is inexpensive. To apply copper as a contact for solar cells, the plating technique has been actively researched. However, copper paste, which was mainly developed for integrated circuit applications, has been recently researched. Mostly, copper paste was developed for the low-temperature annealing process since copper tends to oxidize easily. On the other hand, firing type copper paste was also developed by coating copper particles with a barrier layer. This chapter discusses recent development of copper paste for the application of solar cells and its appropriate annealing conditions for better electrical properties. Also, the light I-V characteristics of copper paste on the solar cells in other research papers are summarized as well.","PeriodicalId":106663,"journal":{"name":"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115139331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79706
Himanshu Dehra
An investigation is performed on solar energy conversion and noise characterization in photovoltaic devices with ventilation. A parallel plate photovoltaic (PV) device was installed with a pair of PV modules, a ventilated air cavity, and an insulating back panel of plywood board filled with polystyrene installed in an outdoor test room. The charac terization of noise interference due to power difference of two intensities for composite waves on a PV device is presented. Standard definitions of noise sources, their measure ment equations, their units, and their origins under limiting reference conditions are devised. The experiments were conducted for obtaining currents, voltages, temperatures, air velocities, sensible heat capacity, and thermal storage capacity of a PV device with active ventilation through an outdoor test room. Photovoltaic amplification was attained with power output from a potentiometer through the rotation of its circular knob. A paral- lel plate PV device was studied for its electrical parameters as resistance-capacitance (RC) electrical analog circuit. The effect of inductive and capacitive heating losses was con - sidered in evaluating electrical characteristics of a PV device exposed to solar radiation. Noise filter systems as per noise sources are illustrated with examples. Some examples of noise unit calculations are tabulated based on devised noise measurement equations. presented. Some noise unit examples for an air duct exposed to solar radiation are illustrated. A phenomenon of photovoltaic amplification for a pair of photovoltaic modules connected to a potentiometer is explained. The time plots of power function were used to sup port and devise noise measurement expressions and noise characterization in a power system as per speed of a wave.
{"title":"Solar Energy Conversion and Noise Characterization in Photovoltaic Devices with Ventilation","authors":"Himanshu Dehra","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79706","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation is performed on solar energy conversion and noise characterization in photovoltaic devices with ventilation. A parallel plate photovoltaic (PV) device was installed with a pair of PV modules, a ventilated air cavity, and an insulating back panel of plywood board filled with polystyrene installed in an outdoor test room. The charac terization of noise interference due to power difference of two intensities for composite waves on a PV device is presented. Standard definitions of noise sources, their measure ment equations, their units, and their origins under limiting reference conditions are devised. The experiments were conducted for obtaining currents, voltages, temperatures, air velocities, sensible heat capacity, and thermal storage capacity of a PV device with active ventilation through an outdoor test room. Photovoltaic amplification was attained with power output from a potentiometer through the rotation of its circular knob. A paral- lel plate PV device was studied for its electrical parameters as resistance-capacitance (RC) electrical analog circuit. The effect of inductive and capacitive heating losses was con - sidered in evaluating electrical characteristics of a PV device exposed to solar radiation. Noise filter systems as per noise sources are illustrated with examples. Some examples of noise unit calculations are tabulated based on devised noise measurement equations. presented. Some noise unit examples for an air duct exposed to solar radiation are illustrated. A phenomenon of photovoltaic amplification for a pair of photovoltaic modules connected to a potentiometer is explained. The time plots of power function were used to sup port and devise noise measurement expressions and noise characterization in a power system as per speed of a wave.","PeriodicalId":106663,"journal":{"name":"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126542659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79711
K. Yamauchi
This chapter presents a new approach to realize quick maximum power point tracking (MPPT)forphotovoltaics(PVs)beddedonroads.TheMPPTdevicefortheroadphotovoltaics needs to support quick response to the shadow flickers caused by moving objects. Our proposed MPPT device is a microconverter connected to a short PV string. For real-world usage,severalsetsofPVstringconnectedtotheproposedmicroconverterwillbeconnectedin parallel. Each converter uses an embedded learning algorithm inspired by the insect brain to learntheMPPsofasinglePVstring.Therefore,theMPPTdevicetracksMPPviatheperturba-tionandobservationmethodinnormalcircumstancesandthelearningmachinelearnsthe relationships between the acquired MPP and the temperature and magnitude of the Sun irradiation.Consequently,ifthemagnitudeoftheSunbeamincidentonthePVpanelchanges quickly, the learning machine yields the predicted MPP to control a chopper circuit. The simulationresults suggestedthat theproposed MPPTmethod canrealizequickMPPT.
{"title":"A Quick Maximum Power Point Tracking Method Using an Embedded Learning Algorithm for Photovoltaics on Roads","authors":"K. Yamauchi","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79711","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a new approach to realize quick maximum power point tracking (MPPT)forphotovoltaics(PVs)beddedonroads.TheMPPTdevicefortheroadphotovoltaics needs to support quick response to the shadow flickers caused by moving objects. Our proposed MPPT device is a microconverter connected to a short PV string. For real-world usage,severalsetsofPVstringconnectedtotheproposedmicroconverterwillbeconnectedin parallel. Each converter uses an embedded learning algorithm inspired by the insect brain to learntheMPPsofasinglePVstring.Therefore,theMPPTdevicetracksMPPviatheperturba-tionandobservationmethodinnormalcircumstancesandthelearningmachinelearnsthe relationships between the acquired MPP and the temperature and magnitude of the Sun irradiation.Consequently,ifthemagnitudeoftheSunbeamincidentonthePVpanelchanges quickly, the learning machine yields the predicted MPP to control a chopper circuit. The simulationresults suggestedthat theproposed MPPTmethod canrealizequickMPPT.","PeriodicalId":106663,"journal":{"name":"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127977328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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