The detection of trace nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in port atmospheres is crucial for protecting occupational health and maintaining air quality in coastal cities. Nonetheless, the reliable monitoring of NO2 remains a challenge in complex environments featuring high humidity, diverse gas compositions, and dynamically fluctuating concentrations, which impose substantial interference. Here, the NO2 sensors based on the CeO2/ZnO/WO3 (CZWT) heterostructure films were fabricated via the template-assisted magnetron sputtering. The optimal device exhibited outstanding NO2 sensing performance at 280 °C with high response (81.69 to 50 ppm NO2), rapid response/recovery rate (25/10 s), ultralow detection limit (10 ppb), ideal selectivity, and excellent long-term stability (90 days). Further investigations suggested that the exceptional hydrophobicity of the CZWT heterostructure film and the dynamic Ce3+/Ce4+ redox cycle endowed the sensors with humidity-tolerant response properties. In parallel, a wireless gas-detection device was developed to achieve the monitoring of NO2 in humid environments. This work demonstrates an effective approach for designing humidity-independent MOS gas sensors.
{"title":"Humidity-Independent NO2 Gas Sensors Based on CeO2/ZnO/WO3 Heterostructure Films Fabricated by Template-Assisted Magnetron Sputtering","authors":"Weixiang Gao,Yuxuan Liu,Xueting Chang,Oluwafunmilola Ola,Zhipeng Wang,Haoyang Li,Junfeng Li,Yingchang Jiang,Dongsheng Wang,Shibin Sun","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c00076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c00076","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of trace nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in port atmospheres is crucial for protecting occupational health and maintaining air quality in coastal cities. Nonetheless, the reliable monitoring of NO2 remains a challenge in complex environments featuring high humidity, diverse gas compositions, and dynamically fluctuating concentrations, which impose substantial interference. Here, the NO2 sensors based on the CeO2/ZnO/WO3 (CZWT) heterostructure films were fabricated via the template-assisted magnetron sputtering. The optimal device exhibited outstanding NO2 sensing performance at 280 °C with high response (81.69 to 50 ppm NO2), rapid response/recovery rate (25/10 s), ultralow detection limit (10 ppb), ideal selectivity, and excellent long-term stability (90 days). Further investigations suggested that the exceptional hydrophobicity of the CZWT heterostructure film and the dynamic Ce3+/Ce4+ redox cycle endowed the sensors with humidity-tolerant response properties. In parallel, a wireless gas-detection device was developed to achieve the monitoring of NO2 in humid environments. This work demonstrates an effective approach for designing humidity-independent MOS gas sensors.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147506254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-24DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c03746
William J Tipping,Daniel J Powell,Robert C Wells,Emma K Grant,Nicholas C O Tomkinson,Karen Faulds,Duncan Graham
Intraoperative detection of localized prostate cancer is challenging with direct consequences for long-term, successful treatment of the disease. Optical imaging techniques have been incorporated into the surgical environment, often using theranostic agents to rapidly and accurately determine the tumor margin. Here, we develop the first small molecule probe that specifically targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) for detection using stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. The incorporation of an alkyne tag into the glutamate-ureido-lysine moiety, which has high affinity for PSMA, yielded the probe PSMA-BADY. The selectivity and specificity of the probe were established in prostate cancer cell models with known PSMA expression profiles, indicating the potential of PSMA-BADY for localizing PSMA in multicellular environments using SRS microscopy.
{"title":"A Chemical Probe for Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen for Real-Time Raman Imaging of Prostate Cancer Cells.","authors":"William J Tipping,Daniel J Powell,Robert C Wells,Emma K Grant,Nicholas C O Tomkinson,Karen Faulds,Duncan Graham","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c03746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c03746","url":null,"abstract":"Intraoperative detection of localized prostate cancer is challenging with direct consequences for long-term, successful treatment of the disease. Optical imaging techniques have been incorporated into the surgical environment, often using theranostic agents to rapidly and accurately determine the tumor margin. Here, we develop the first small molecule probe that specifically targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) for detection using stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. The incorporation of an alkyne tag into the glutamate-ureido-lysine moiety, which has high affinity for PSMA, yielded the probe PSMA-BADY. The selectivity and specificity of the probe were established in prostate cancer cell models with known PSMA expression profiles, indicating the potential of PSMA-BADY for localizing PSMA in multicellular environments using SRS microscopy.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-24DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c03329
Miguel A S Almeida,João P M Carvalho,André D Santos,Isabel Pastoriza-Santos,José M M M de Almeida,Luís C C Coelho
Hydrogen (H2) detection has become extremely important in recent years due to the increasing need for sustainable alternative energy sources. In this field, optical sensors can contribute significantly due to remote interrogation capabilities and the absence of ignition sources. Among the different H2 optical sensors, plasmonic sensors appear to be a very sensitive technology; however, they require expensive plasmonic materials like gold or silver, which, together with a palladium-sensitive layer, can increase the sensor cost. In addition, plasmonic bands are usually outside the ideal infrared range for remote interrogation, between 1500 and 1600 nm. This work presents a polymer-protected Tamm Plasmon Resonance (TPR) sensor with a well-defined resonance band at 1572 nm composed of SiO2, TiO2 layers, and palladium as a sensitive layer. This architecture can reduce the production cost of sensing structures, replacing plasmonic films with dielectric materials, while offering improved resonance definition at longer wavelengths. First, numerical calculations were carried out using the Transfer-Matrix Method to study the impact of the thickness of each layer, incidence angle, and light polarization on the resonance band wavelength and H2 sensitivity. The optimized structure was then fabricated, exhibiting a wavelength shift of 9.5 nm to 4 vol % of H2, a response time of 30 s, and no cross-sensitivity to methane or ammonia. The sensor also demonstrated high stability and resistance to environmental degradation up to eight days. These results emphasize the advantages of TPR structures for gas sensing in the infrared spectral range, opening new avenues for remote plasmonic sensing.
{"title":"Tamm Plasmon Resonance-Enhanced Infrared Sensor for Hydrogen Detection: Numerical and Experimental Insights.","authors":"Miguel A S Almeida,João P M Carvalho,André D Santos,Isabel Pastoriza-Santos,José M M M de Almeida,Luís C C Coelho","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c03329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c03329","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen (H2) detection has become extremely important in recent years due to the increasing need for sustainable alternative energy sources. In this field, optical sensors can contribute significantly due to remote interrogation capabilities and the absence of ignition sources. Among the different H2 optical sensors, plasmonic sensors appear to be a very sensitive technology; however, they require expensive plasmonic materials like gold or silver, which, together with a palladium-sensitive layer, can increase the sensor cost. In addition, plasmonic bands are usually outside the ideal infrared range for remote interrogation, between 1500 and 1600 nm. This work presents a polymer-protected Tamm Plasmon Resonance (TPR) sensor with a well-defined resonance band at 1572 nm composed of SiO2, TiO2 layers, and palladium as a sensitive layer. This architecture can reduce the production cost of sensing structures, replacing plasmonic films with dielectric materials, while offering improved resonance definition at longer wavelengths. First, numerical calculations were carried out using the Transfer-Matrix Method to study the impact of the thickness of each layer, incidence angle, and light polarization on the resonance band wavelength and H2 sensitivity. The optimized structure was then fabricated, exhibiting a wavelength shift of 9.5 nm to 4 vol % of H2, a response time of 30 s, and no cross-sensitivity to methane or ammonia. The sensor also demonstrated high stability and resistance to environmental degradation up to eight days. These results emphasize the advantages of TPR structures for gas sensing in the infrared spectral range, opening new avenues for remote plasmonic sensing.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-23DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6c00131
Zhizhi Wang, Linlin Hou, Lei Ma, Yaming Hu, Jiaxin Liu, Chengxu Lin, Wu Shi, Zhiyong Liu, Guanglan Liao, Guanheng Yeoh, Tielin Shi, Hu Long
The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart industrial systems has created an urgent demand for high-performance gas sensors capable of room-temperature operation with low power consumption. To date, while field-effect transistor (FET) architectures have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing key challenges related to miniaturization, power consumption, and sensitivity, the conventional designs’ critical dependence on channel materials for selectivity and stability imposes stringent selection criteria, which significantly limits their application scope. Here, we report an atomically thin all-2D gate-sensitive field-effect transistor (GS-FET) based on an h-BN/MoS2 heterostructure. This design decouples the functions of chemical recognition and charge transport, which not only ensures the stability of the channel material but also allows for flexible tuning of selectivity. Moreover, the atomically thin architecture enables ultrasensitive detection capabilities. Devices with two distinct floating-gate materials (1 nm-thick Ni5Pd95 alloy and Pt) were fabricated, and combined DFT calculations and experimental measurements demonstrate that Ni5Pd95-based and Pt-based devices are optimized for high sensitivity (0.056%/ppm) and fast response/recovery kinetics, respectively. Systematic studies reveal that the thickness-dependent capacitive coupling of the h-BN dielectric provides an additional degree of freedom for sensitivity tuning, while its atomically flat interface minimizes charge scattering and enhances carrier mobility. Furthermore, the h-BN-encapsulated device exhibits superior humidity resistance and long-term stability. This work establishes a universal materials platform for gas sensing that combines the exceptional properties of 2D materials with unique device architecture, opening new possibilities for high-performance environmental monitors, industrial safety systems, and wearable health diagnostics.
{"title":"All-2D van Der Waals Heterostructure-Based Gate-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor Platform for Ultrasensitive and Selective Hydrogen Sensing","authors":"Zhizhi Wang, Linlin Hou, Lei Ma, Yaming Hu, Jiaxin Liu, Chengxu Lin, Wu Shi, Zhiyong Liu, Guanglan Liao, Guanheng Yeoh, Tielin Shi, Hu Long","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c00131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c00131","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart industrial systems has created an urgent demand for high-performance gas sensors capable of room-temperature operation with low power consumption. To date, while field-effect transistor (FET) architectures have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing key challenges related to miniaturization, power consumption, and sensitivity, the conventional designs’ critical dependence on channel materials for selectivity and stability imposes stringent selection criteria, which significantly limits their application scope. Here, we report an atomically thin all-2D gate-sensitive field-effect transistor (GS-FET) based on an h-BN/MoS<sub>2</sub> heterostructure. This design decouples the functions of chemical recognition and charge transport, which not only ensures the stability of the channel material but also allows for flexible tuning of selectivity. Moreover, the atomically thin architecture enables ultrasensitive detection capabilities. Devices with two distinct floating-gate materials (1 nm-thick Ni5Pd95 alloy and Pt) were fabricated, and combined DFT calculations and experimental measurements demonstrate that Ni5Pd95-based and Pt-based devices are optimized for high sensitivity (0.056%/ppm) and fast response/recovery kinetics, respectively. Systematic studies reveal that the thickness-dependent capacitive coupling of the h-BN dielectric provides an additional degree of freedom for sensitivity tuning, while its atomically flat interface minimizes charge scattering and enhances carrier mobility. Furthermore, the h-BN-encapsulated device exhibits superior humidity resistance and long-term stability. This work establishes a universal materials platform for gas sensing that combines the exceptional properties of 2D materials with unique device architecture, opening new possibilities for high-performance environmental monitors, industrial safety systems, and wearable health diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-23DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c04580
Yang Zeng, Xiaowei Li, Haipeng Dong, Chaohan Han, Yunpeng Yin, Xinyu Wu, Xinghua Li, Changlu Shao, Yichun Liu
The construction of a p–n semiconductor heterostructure has been recognized as an effective strategy to achieve high-performance gas sensing. However, the opposite resistance change (signal transducer function) behaviors of p-type and n-type sensing materials in response to the same target gas significantly limit the overall transducer function within the p–n heterostructure. In this study, we designed p-NiO/n-ZnO Janus hollow nanofibers that feature an ordered built-in electric field, enabling directed charge separation and confinement of the conduction path to the ZnO outer layer. The design of the Janus architecture effectively mitigates the conflicting electrical responses of p-NiO and n-ZnO to acetone gas. Therefore, the sensors exhibit a response that is threefold higher than mixed NiO/ZnO nanofibers and sevenfold higher than pristine ZnO nanofibers, illustrating the pronounced transducer enhancement enabled by the Janus configuration. Furthermore, by precisely controlling the ZnO shell thickness, we demonstrate a Debye-length-regulated gas-sensing amplification mechanism. This work establishes a general strategy for nanoscale heterostructure engineering, paving the way for the development of high-performance MOS gas sensors with superior signal transducer function.
{"title":"Design of a Janus-Type p-NiO/n-ZnO Heterostructure Enabling Enhanced Transducer Function for Highly Sensitive Acetone Detection","authors":"Yang Zeng, Xiaowei Li, Haipeng Dong, Chaohan Han, Yunpeng Yin, Xinyu Wu, Xinghua Li, Changlu Shao, Yichun Liu","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c04580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c04580","url":null,"abstract":"The construction of a p–n semiconductor heterostructure has been recognized as an effective strategy to achieve high-performance gas sensing. However, the opposite resistance change (signal transducer function) behaviors of p-type and n-type sensing materials in response to the same target gas significantly limit the overall transducer function within the p–n heterostructure. In this study, we designed p-NiO/n-ZnO Janus hollow nanofibers that feature an ordered built-in electric field, enabling directed charge separation and confinement of the conduction path to the ZnO outer layer. The design of the Janus architecture effectively mitigates the conflicting electrical responses of p-NiO and n-ZnO to acetone gas. Therefore, the sensors exhibit a response that is threefold higher than mixed NiO/ZnO nanofibers and sevenfold higher than pristine ZnO nanofibers, illustrating the pronounced transducer enhancement enabled by the Janus configuration. Furthermore, by precisely controlling the ZnO shell thickness, we demonstrate a Debye-length-regulated gas-sensing amplification mechanism. This work establishes a general strategy for nanoscale heterostructure engineering, paving the way for the development of high-performance MOS gas sensors with superior signal transducer function.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"235 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-23DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c04012
Tao Zhang,Yijing Cai,Xingyuan Xu,Chuanjie Yao,Lukang Gao,Minghao Li,Yanbin Cai,Suhang Liu,Siqi Gao,Chonglin Wang,Zhenchang Huang,Wenhao Xia,Xi Xie,Xinshuo Huang,Hui-Jiuan Chen,Yan Li
Cardiovascular diseases are recognized as the leading global cause of mortality and disability, where elucidating electromechanical coupling is critical for early diagnosis and treatment. However, current technologies have been limited by the lack of synchronous acquisition of cardiac electrical and mechanical signals, restricting the quantitative evaluation of severe clinical complications such as electromechanical dissociation. In this work, an electromechanical synchronized sensing probe was developed by integrating a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based pressure sensor with a microelectrode array on a flexible patch. Stainless-steel springs and flexible polyimide substrates were employed to establish cardiac curvature-adaptive interfaces, enabling stable dual-modal signal acquisition. The device utilized a micropillar structure and corona enhancement to strengthen the triboelectric effect, achieving a detection limit of 0.6 kPa, a sensitivity of 0.14 nA/kPa, and a rapid response within the 1.8-7.2 Hz strain frequency range, maintaining stable performance over 100,000 cycles. In addition, a low-noise customized hardware circuitry was designed to achieve real-time synchronized signal capture, with interchannel crosstalk below effective thresholds, allowing accurate quantification of electromechanical delay and repolarization abnormalities. In human radial artery tests, the system successfully synchronized the acquisition of electrocardiogram and pulse signals, enabling heart rate variability analysis and dynamic blood pressure estimation based on pulse transit time. In rat models, progressive electromechanical decoupling and repolarization instability were captured under surgical stress conditions. Overall, this flexible TENG-MEA platform provided a high-fidelity and multifunctional tool for real-time cardiac electromechanical monitoring, offering a promising approach for investigating arrhythmogenesis and facilitating early diagnosis of cardiomyopathies.
{"title":"A Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Electromechanical Synchronized Sensing Probe for Simultaneous Detection of Cardiac Physiological Activities.","authors":"Tao Zhang,Yijing Cai,Xingyuan Xu,Chuanjie Yao,Lukang Gao,Minghao Li,Yanbin Cai,Suhang Liu,Siqi Gao,Chonglin Wang,Zhenchang Huang,Wenhao Xia,Xi Xie,Xinshuo Huang,Hui-Jiuan Chen,Yan Li","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c04012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c04012","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular diseases are recognized as the leading global cause of mortality and disability, where elucidating electromechanical coupling is critical for early diagnosis and treatment. However, current technologies have been limited by the lack of synchronous acquisition of cardiac electrical and mechanical signals, restricting the quantitative evaluation of severe clinical complications such as electromechanical dissociation. In this work, an electromechanical synchronized sensing probe was developed by integrating a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based pressure sensor with a microelectrode array on a flexible patch. Stainless-steel springs and flexible polyimide substrates were employed to establish cardiac curvature-adaptive interfaces, enabling stable dual-modal signal acquisition. The device utilized a micropillar structure and corona enhancement to strengthen the triboelectric effect, achieving a detection limit of 0.6 kPa, a sensitivity of 0.14 nA/kPa, and a rapid response within the 1.8-7.2 Hz strain frequency range, maintaining stable performance over 100,000 cycles. In addition, a low-noise customized hardware circuitry was designed to achieve real-time synchronized signal capture, with interchannel crosstalk below effective thresholds, allowing accurate quantification of electromechanical delay and repolarization abnormalities. In human radial artery tests, the system successfully synchronized the acquisition of electrocardiogram and pulse signals, enabling heart rate variability analysis and dynamic blood pressure estimation based on pulse transit time. In rat models, progressive electromechanical decoupling and repolarization instability were captured under surgical stress conditions. Overall, this flexible TENG-MEA platform provided a high-fidelity and multifunctional tool for real-time cardiac electromechanical monitoring, offering a promising approach for investigating arrhythmogenesis and facilitating early diagnosis of cardiomyopathies.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-20DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6c00658
Hexin Li, Li Jiang, Huiwen Ren
{"title":"Correction to: \"Hollow Microstructure-Based Iontronic Pressure Sensors with High Sensitivity and High Linearity over a Broad Range\".","authors":"Hexin Li, Li Jiang, Huiwen Ren","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c00658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c00658","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inspired by the gating behavior of biological ion channels, microchannel-based sensing has emerged as an effective strategy for regulating ionic transport through charge density and pore size modulation. Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have received considerable attention owing to their high sensitivity to subtle charge variations. In this study, this character had been coupled with the junction field-effect transistor (JFET) detection technique to develop a sensitive biosensor for glutathione (GSH). A hydrogel was formed by Schiff-base crosslinking between aldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid (AHA) and 3-[(3-hydrazinyl-3-oxopropyl)disulfanyl] propanehydrazide (DTP) and subsequently confined within the microchannel, which served as a tunable resistor positioned between the gate and source of the JFET. Variations in the microchannel resistance induce a voltage division effect, thereby modulating the distribution of the effective gate voltage, which changes the channel current. Upon the presence of GSH, disulfide bonds of DTP within the hydrogel were reduced, generating thiol groups and disrupting the hydrogel network, which enlarged the pore size and increased the negative charge density. These changes reduced the microchannel resistance and increased the effective negative gate voltage, leading to a significant reduction of the channel current. The biosensor exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward GSH with a linear range from 100 nM to 1.00 mM, and the detection limit was 38.1 nM, along with good recovery and reproducibility in diluted human serum samples. This sensor provides a novel strategy for highly sensitive GSH detection and holds potential as a versatile platform for clinical diagnostics and disease monitoring.
{"title":"Bioinspired Hydrogel-Functionalized Microchannel-Gated Junction Field-Effect Transistor for Highly Sensitive Glutathione Detection.","authors":"Yulan Zeng,Sijia Yu,Huabin Cai,Weixin Li,Yanling Huang,Juanjuan Chen,Jian Wang,Fengfu Fu,Zhonghui Chen,Zhenyu Lin","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c04781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c04781","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired by the gating behavior of biological ion channels, microchannel-based sensing has emerged as an effective strategy for regulating ionic transport through charge density and pore size modulation. Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have received considerable attention owing to their high sensitivity to subtle charge variations. In this study, this character had been coupled with the junction field-effect transistor (JFET) detection technique to develop a sensitive biosensor for glutathione (GSH). A hydrogel was formed by Schiff-base crosslinking between aldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid (AHA) and 3-[(3-hydrazinyl-3-oxopropyl)disulfanyl] propanehydrazide (DTP) and subsequently confined within the microchannel, which served as a tunable resistor positioned between the gate and source of the JFET. Variations in the microchannel resistance induce a voltage division effect, thereby modulating the distribution of the effective gate voltage, which changes the channel current. Upon the presence of GSH, disulfide bonds of DTP within the hydrogel were reduced, generating thiol groups and disrupting the hydrogel network, which enlarged the pore size and increased the negative charge density. These changes reduced the microchannel resistance and increased the effective negative gate voltage, leading to a significant reduction of the channel current. The biosensor exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward GSH with a linear range from 100 nM to 1.00 mM, and the detection limit was 38.1 nM, along with good recovery and reproducibility in diluted human serum samples. This sensor provides a novel strategy for highly sensitive GSH detection and holds potential as a versatile platform for clinical diagnostics and disease monitoring.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147489865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-19DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c04073
Sayedus Salehin, Syed Shaheer Uddin Ahmed, Uzay Tefek, Laura Weirauch, M. Selim Hanay
Microplastics are increasingly recognized as a global environmental health threat, yet their detection and characterization remain constrained by the cost, form factor, and throughput of existing analytical tools. Portable micro/nanotechnology-based sensors are emerging to address this need, but most rely on the assumption of spherical particle geometry in their operating principle, limiting their relevance for environmental analysis. Here, we overcome this limitation by advancing microwave cytometry with machine learning-enabled shape recognition. Microwave cytometry is a flow-through electronic platform that integrates microwave resonator responses with low-frequency impedance signals to capture the dielectric signatures of individual particles. Using microscopy-derived shape measurements as ground truth, we trained a random forest model to decode these information-rich waveforms. Once trained, the system operates without optical input, enabling electronic-only determination of particle geometry. We demonstrate extraction of the major and minor axes of ellipsoidal microparticles with <8% relative error on average and use these predictions to study the dielectric signatures of ellipsoid particles. This approach removes long-standing shape assumptions in flow-through electronic sensing of microplastics and establishes a pathway toward portable, high-throughput, morphology-aware detection technologies.
{"title":"Microwave Cytometry with Machine Learning for Shape-Resolved Microplastic Detection","authors":"Sayedus Salehin, Syed Shaheer Uddin Ahmed, Uzay Tefek, Laura Weirauch, M. Selim Hanay","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c04073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c04073","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics are increasingly recognized as a global environmental health threat, yet their detection and characterization remain constrained by the cost, form factor, and throughput of existing analytical tools. Portable micro/nanotechnology-based sensors are emerging to address this need, but most rely on the assumption of spherical particle geometry in their operating principle, limiting their relevance for environmental analysis. Here, we overcome this limitation by advancing microwave cytometry with machine learning-enabled shape recognition. Microwave cytometry is a flow-through electronic platform that integrates microwave resonator responses with low-frequency impedance signals to capture the dielectric signatures of individual particles. Using microscopy-derived shape measurements as ground truth, we trained a random forest model to decode these information-rich waveforms. Once trained, the system operates without optical input, enabling electronic-only determination of particle geometry. We demonstrate extraction of the major and minor axes of ellipsoidal microparticles with <8% relative error on average and use these predictions to study the dielectric signatures of ellipsoid particles. This approach removes long-standing shape assumptions in flow-through electronic sensing of microplastics and establishes a pathway toward portable, high-throughput, morphology-aware detection technologies.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"409 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-19DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6c00089
Ziyue Gao, Guozhen Liu
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) chronically infects nearly half of the global population and is a major risk factor for gastric cancer. Timely and accurate diagnosis is critical to enable targeted eradication therapy and prevent disease progression. However, current gold-standard methods, such as invasive endoscopy and laboratory-based polymerase chain reaction, are costly, time-consuming, and logistically impractical for large-scale screening, particularly in resource-limited settings. Point-of-care testing (POCT) emerges as a transformative solution, offering rapid, user-friendly, and minimally invasive detection at the point of need. In this review, we systematically trace the evolution of H. pylori POCT, with a focus on revolutionary CRISPR-Cas-based diagnostic systems, cutting-edge advancements in substrate engineering (e.g., paper, polymer, hydrogels) and multi-modal signal transduction (e.g., optical, electrochemical). We further outline key design principles for next-generation POCT platforms that strictly align with the World Health Organization's ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment-free, Deliverable), aiming to accelerate early detection, reduce healthcare disparities, and improve global clinical management of H. pyloriinfection.
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