Heterogeneous catalysis relies on advanced, tunable materials offering structurally defined active sites and large accessible surface areas. Among the various material types, two-dimensional nanomaterials with high aspect ratios feature a high fraction of exposed atoms and thus efficient atom utilization. After more than a decade since the first report of MXene synthesis, these two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and nitrides, composed of alternating one-atom-thick metal and carbide/nitride layers with surface terminations, have found applications in diverse catalytic areas. This review focuses on the use of MXenes as solid catalysts in thermal or photothermal reactions, while electro- and photocatalysis are excluded as they have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. Section 2 briefly summarizes MXene synthesis and structural features, followed by Section 3 describing the nature and characterization of catalytically active sites, including surface groups, vacancies, and metal-support interfaces that arise from the synthesis conditions. Section 4 emphasizes best practices for ensuring reproducible and stable catalytic performance, with turnover frequency as a key comparative metric. Sections 5 and 6 highlight some representative thermal and photothermal reactions, underscoring the high light-to-heat conversion efficiency of MXenes. This review concludes with current challenges and future prospects, anticipating rapid progress with MXene-based heterogeneous catalysis.
Jet-based printing techniques and direct ink writing have emerged as complementary, convergent technologies serving as key platforms in additive manufacturing for functional nano- to microscale architectures. This review highlights how these approaches enable fine feature resolution and three-dimensional structures in advanced electronics and biointerfacing applications. The interplay of fluid mechanics, viscoelastic ink rheology, droplet-substrate interactions, and drying dynamics is examined as a critical determinant of printing fidelity. Application-focused case studies, from flexible thin-film transistors to bioprinted artificial tissues, demonstrate how precise structural control via printing translates to enhanced device performance and new functionality in electronic and biological systems. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future opportunities driving the evolution of these printing platforms toward autonomous, adaptive, and intelligent manufacturing systems.
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