Chemical Reviews最新文献

Data-driven techniques have a large potential to transform and accelerate the chemical sciences. However, chemical sciences also pose the unique challenge of very diverse, small, fuzzy data sets that are difficult to leverage in conventional machine learning approaches. A new class of models, which can be summarized under the term general-purpose models (GPMs) such as large language models, has shown the ability to solve tasks they have not been directly trained on, and to flexibly operate with low amounts of data in different formats. In this review, we discuss the fundamental building principles of GPMs and review recent and emerging applications of those models in the chemical sciences. While many of these applications are still in the prototype phase, we expect that the increasing interest in GPMs will make many of them mature in the coming years.

This review intends, in a critical way, the comprehensive view of the importance of porous carbons surface chemistry for their applications in an energy-environment nexus. Surface chemistry is presented as a combination of functional heteroatom-containing groups, dopants, and structural defects. First, we briefly address carbon surface chemical environment and the methods of its modification and characterization, indicating their practical limitations. Then, the effects of surface chemistry on separation, catalysis, energy storage, sensing and microwave absorption are introduced. Besides a critical analysis of published findings on these topics, we also include our views on the advancement in the processes which rely on porous carbons surface chemistry, and identify strategic areas and directions that should deserve further attention. We focus on new findings and important original contributions to the field. Since the community of carbon researchers grows following the strategic application of these materials, the role of functional groups, dopants and structural defects in various cutting-edge applications is emphasized, showing the progress in the field and the evolution of findings. A clear determination of the effects of carbon surface is often a challenge since carbons porosity and the locations of specific bonds/sites/defects in the carbon texture provide nanoconfinement effects.

Main-group organometallic reagents played a pivotal role in organic synthesis, with numerous applications, ranging from pharmaceutical industries to material science. Especially, functionalized heterocyclic molecules may be prepared using main-group organometallics and have multiple applications due to their electronic and chemical properties. This comprehensive review emphasized the significance of functionalized organo-Li, -Mg, -Zn, -Al, -Mn, -Cu, -B, -Na, -La, -In, -Cd, and -Zr reagents for the selective functionalization of N-heteroaromatic scaffolds. Our major focus was on advanced synthetic methods for the preparation of densely functionalized N-heteroaromatic compounds. In recent years, various leading research groups developed highly reactive, air- and moisture-stable organometallic reagents that permitted a broad range of cross-coupling reactions (C-C, C-N, C-S, and C-X) using various electrophiles. We will describe the various preparations of N-heteroromatic organometallics (direct metal insertions, halogen-metal exchanges, transmetalations or directed metalations), showing the advantages and limitations of each method. Moreover, the use of low-cost and less toxic transition-metal-catalyzed processes with air-stable zinc reagents or TMP bases under sustainable conditions, offered alternative synthetic pathways for the preparation of fused N-heteroaromatic-based natural products and drugs. In this context, this review article points to new approaches for the functionalization of N-heteroaromatic scaffolds using various main-group organometallic reagents published between 2010 and 2024.