Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry最新文献

Primary and motile cilia are eukaryotic organelles that perform crucial roles in cellular signalling and motility. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) contributes to the formation of the highly specialized ciliary proteome by active and selective transport of soluble and membrane proteins into and out of cilia. IFT is performed by the IFT-A and IFT-B protein complexes, which together link cargoes to the microtubule motors kinesin and dynein. In this Review, we discuss recent structural and mechanistic insights on how the IFT complexes are first recruited to the base of the cilium, how they polymerize into an anterograde IFT train, and how this complex imports cargoes from the cytoplasm. We will describe insights into how kinesin-driven anterograde trains are carried to the ciliary tip, where they are remodelled into dynein-driven retrograde trains for cargo export. We will also present how the interplay between IFT-A and IFT-B complexes, motor proteins and cargo adaptors is regulated for bidirectional ciliary transport.

Correction to: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-024-00784-2, published online 21 October 2024.

Approximately 40% of hormone receptor-positive (HR⁺), HER2-negative (HER2^–) breast cancers harbour activating mutations in PIK3CA (encoding the catalytic subunit of PI3Kα); these mutations are generally associated with a poor prognosis but also responsiveness to inhibitors of the PI3K–AKT pathway. Now, data from the phase III INAVO120 trial demonstrate that addition of the selective PI3Kα inhibitor and degrader inavolisib to standard-of-care first-line endocrine plus CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy for advanced-stage disease is feasible and increases efficacy.

In INAVO120, 325 patients with metastatic recurrence of PIK3CA-mutant HR⁺, HER2^– breast cancer during, or within 12 months of completing, adjuvant endocrine-based therapy were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive palbociclib and fulvestrant plus either inavolisib or placebo. The requirement for early disease relapse enriched for patients with a poor prognosis: 83% had received chemotherapy, 80% had visceral metastases, 52% had liver metastases and 51% had ≥3 metastases. Notably, however, only 1% of patients had received a CDK4/6 inhibitor as part of adjuvant therapy. Progression-free survival (PFS) was the primary end point.

Biomolecular condensates regulate transcription by dynamically compartmentalizing the transcription machinery. Classic models of transcription regulation focus on the recruitment and regulation of RNA polymerase II by the formation of complexes at the 1–10 nm length scale, which are driven by structured and stoichiometric interactions. These complexes are further organized into condensates at the 100–1,000 nm length scale, which are driven by dynamic multivalent interactions often involving domain–ligand pairs or intrinsically disordered regions. Regulation through condensate-mediated organization does not supersede the processes occurring at the 1–10 nm scale, but it provides regulatory mechanisms for promoting or preventing these processes in the crowded nuclear environment. Regulation of transcription by transcriptional condensates is involved in cell state transitions during animal and plant development, cell signalling and cellular responses to the environment. These condensate-mediated processes are dysregulated in developmental disorders, cancer and neurodegeneration. In this Review, we discuss the principles underlying the regulation of transcriptional condensates, their roles in physiology and their dysregulation in human diseases.

Cells rely on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to fold and assemble newly synthesized transmembrane and secretory proteins — essential for cellular structure–function and for both intracellular and intercellular communication. To ensure the operative fidelity of the ER, eukaryotic cells leverage the unfolded protein response (UPR) — a stress-sensing and signalling network that maintains homeostasis by rebalancing the biosynthetic capacity of the ER according to need. The metazoan UPR can also redirect signalling from cytoprotective adaptation to programmed cell death if homeostasis restoration fails. As such, the UPR benefits multicellular organisms by preserving optimally functioning cells while removing damaged ones. Nevertheless, dysregulation of the UPR can be harmful. In this Review, we discuss the UPR and its regulatory processes as a paradigm in health and disease. We highlight important recent advances in molecular and mechanistic understanding of the UPR that enable greater precision in designing and developing innovative strategies to harness its potential for therapeutic gain. We underscore the rheostatic character of the UPR, its contextual nature and critical open questions for its further elucidation.

The B cell receptor (BCR) signalling pathway has an integral role in the pathogenesis of many B cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key node mediating signal transduction downstream of the BCR. The advent of BTK inhibitors has revolutionized the treatment landscape of B cell malignancies, with these agents often replacing highly intensive and toxic chemoimmunotherapy regimens as the standard of care. In this Review, we discuss the pivotal trials that have led to the approval of various covalent BTK inhibitors, the current treatment indications for these agents and mechanisms of resistance. In addition, we discuss novel BTK-targeted therapies, including covalent, as well as non-covalent, BTK inhibitors, BTK degraders and combination doublet and triplet regimens, to provide insights on the best current treatment paradigms in the frontline setting and at disease relapse.

Correction to: Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-024-00948-1, published online 4 October 2024.