Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1163/9789004357464_005
Hilla Halla-aho
The material discussed in this chapter is defined according to the manner of preservation (writing incised on a durable material), which means that, unlike in chapters 3 and 5, the material is not homogeneous in text type and genre. The overwhelming majority of epigraphic material is, however, legal or official in nature. Accordingly, this chapter will mostly be about the formal Latin of administration and government (4.2–4.3). Epigraphic evidence from various types of private inscriptions will be discussed after these (4.5). The formulation of Roman statutes and other legal texts is aimed at maximal explicitness and unambiguity, probably originallymotivated by thewish to prevent intentional misinterpretations of the law.1 Common patterns include repetition of verbs in different tenses, repetition of nominal heads of relative pronouns in thematrix clause, accumulation of synonyms, as well as abundant use of resumptive anaphoric pronouns. This style is visible already in the earliest preserved statutes, the Lex repetundarum and the Lex agraria from the late second century BCE.2 Interestingly, this repetitive style exists alongside a partly opposite tendency toward simple and concise expressionof leges XII tabularum (see Marouzeau 1959 and Crawford 1996: 16). These styles seem to have been used in different contexts ‘presumably by deliberate choice’ (Crawford 1996: 16).3 A notable feature of the simple style is the omission and change of the subject inside the same sentence, often without any explicit notice (Pascucci 1968: 7–11; Crawford 1996: 16, with references). This has been taken as a feature resulting from a written version of what was originally transmitted orally (Pascucci 1968: 8). The simple style, though prone to constructions that would be irregular in classical Latin, did not produce constructions that lend themselves to analysis as left-dislocation.
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Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1163/9789004357464_004
Hilla Halla-aho
Left-dislocation in comedy is by far the largest group in the corpus, consisting altogether of 77 examples. It is also the most varied in all respects, especially concerning the range of possible case combinations between the dislocated element, the relative pronoun and resumption in the main clause. Almost all the examples are from Plautus. Only five of the 77 examples of left-dislocation come from Terence (table 5). The majority of the 77 instances contain a relative clause (67 examples). There are ten examples without a relative clause, all of which come from Plautus.
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Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1163/9789004357464_006
Hilla Halla-aho
The two previous chapters have explored left-dislocation and related constructions in two genres that are both products of special circumstances. Chapter 3 is predominantly about the language of one individual, who, for all we know,may have been an idiosyncratic language user. Because of this, there will always remain some uncertainty concerning the degree to which observations on Plautus can be held representative for the Latin of that period. The form of Latin preserved in the statutes and other legal inscriptions, on the other hand, is somewhat removed from common language usage due to their specialized content and tradition. The texts discussed in this chapter naturally have their own special character as well, but it is possible that, at least occasionally, the language of early republican prose allows for a more direct observation of the types of constructions that may have enjoyed currency outside of this particular text type. Equally, however, the questions of register and stylistic connotations are not simple in this part of thematerial. Both Cato andVarro wrote instructions on agriculture in a technical register. In Cato, this is combinedwith features of archaic syntax. In Varro, on the other hand, his agricultural treatise shows the same characteristics of his idiosyncratic style as De lingua Latina. The historical and oratorical works, on the other hand,maybe the closest to a ‘neutral register’ in the present corpus. The prose texts discussed in this chapter are divided into three parts. I begin with an analysis of M. Porcius Cato and his De agricultura (5.2). I then look at (the fragments of) Roman orators and historians (5.3), finishing with a discussion of Varro’s De re rustica and De lingua latina (5.4).
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