Pub Date : 2019-04-23DOI: 10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.159
Ritapa Neogi
Since its construction in the mid-1800’s, Egypt’s Suez Canal has been a source of international conflict, economic growth, and ecological turmoil. Because it regularly transports a large number of oil tankers from the Suez Port to Port Said, the canal is one of the most valuable waterways in the world. However, in linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea, the canal has caused hundreds of invasive species to migrate to the Mediterranean -- most notably invasive sea jellies. This has led to damaging effects on industries surrounding the welfare of the sea; for example, fisheries and tourism. In late 2015, despite these ecological concerns, the canal was expanded to include a parallel channel, allowing for two-way travel. While supporters envisioned positive transformations to Egypt’s high poverty and unemployment rates, the expansion’s possible long-term effects on the ocean and industries based on the ocean were neglected in discussion. My goal is to examine these ongoing effects and their consequences on humans whose livelihoods depend on the Mediterranean Sea as a resource, with a focus on how the influx of migrating species, specifically gelatinous zooplankton, have already affected fisheries, agriculture, and tourism. I also look at the eutrophication of nearby waters through chemical disposal from local factories, one of the causes of jellyfish blooms. While the Suez Canal has led to much economic growth for Egypt, the waterway’s growing negative ecological effects may override its positive influences in the long run.
{"title":"Neocolonialism and the Ecological Crisis of the Suez Canal","authors":"Ritapa Neogi","doi":"10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.159","url":null,"abstract":"Since its construction in the mid-1800’s, Egypt’s Suez Canal has been a source of international conflict, economic growth, and ecological turmoil. Because it regularly transports a large number of oil tankers from the Suez Port to Port Said, the canal is one of the most valuable waterways in the world. However, in linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea, the canal has caused hundreds of invasive species to migrate to the Mediterranean -- most notably invasive sea jellies. This has led to damaging effects on industries surrounding the welfare of the sea; for example, fisheries and tourism. In late 2015, despite these ecological concerns, the canal was expanded to include a parallel channel, allowing for two-way travel. While supporters envisioned positive transformations to Egypt’s high poverty and unemployment rates, the expansion’s possible long-term effects on the ocean and industries based on the ocean were neglected in discussion. My goal is to examine these ongoing effects and their consequences on humans whose livelihoods depend on the Mediterranean Sea as a resource, with a focus on how the influx of migrating species, specifically gelatinous zooplankton, have already affected fisheries, agriculture, and tourism. I also look at the eutrophication of nearby waters through chemical disposal from local factories, one of the causes of jellyfish blooms. While the Suez Canal has led to much economic growth for Egypt, the waterway’s growing negative ecological effects may override its positive influences in the long run.","PeriodicalId":115044,"journal":{"name":"Maneto Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130342065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-23DOI: 10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.158
Ivy Chen
The US consumes large quantities of electricity. As a result, there is a growing concern that energy may not be readily available in the future. This worry is compounded by the depletion of traditional sources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Municipal solid waste in landfills is a resource the country may utilize as a renewable source of energy, as the gas produced from landfills can be used to power generators for electricity production, rather than wasted and flared to comply with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act standards. Systems that utilize reciprocating internal combustion engines, microturbines, and molten carbonate fuel cells can feasibly and cleanly reduce landfill gas emissions while producing electricity. However, these methods require input work and initial investments. The main economic goal is to maximize energy production. After economic analysis, the molten carbonate fuel cell system was determined to be the most efficient due to its versatility and low emissions. The successful implementation of the system may result in the propagation of the system, the increase in value of landfill gas, and the waste that produces landfill gas. This may also lead to restructuring of municipal waste system to enhance the usage of landfill gas. Keywords: municipal solid waste, MSW, landfill gas, reciprocating internal combustion engines, microturbines, molten carbonate fuel cells, MCFCs, siloxanes, emissions, greenhouse gases.
{"title":"Methods of On-Site Electricity Generation with Landfill Gas","authors":"Ivy Chen","doi":"10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.158","url":null,"abstract":"The US consumes large quantities of electricity. As a result, there is a growing concern that energy may not be readily available in the future. This worry is compounded by the depletion of traditional sources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Municipal solid waste in landfills is a resource the country may utilize as a renewable source of energy, as the gas produced from landfills can be used to power generators for electricity production, rather than wasted and flared to comply with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act standards. Systems that utilize reciprocating internal combustion engines, microturbines, and molten carbonate fuel cells can feasibly and cleanly reduce landfill gas emissions while producing electricity. However, these methods require input work and initial investments. The main economic goal is to maximize energy production. After economic analysis, the molten carbonate fuel cell system was determined to be the most efficient due to its versatility and low emissions. The successful implementation of the system may result in the propagation of the system, the increase in value of landfill gas, and the waste that produces landfill gas. This may also lead to restructuring of municipal waste system to enhance the usage of landfill gas. Keywords: municipal solid waste, MSW, landfill gas, reciprocating internal combustion engines, microturbines, molten carbonate fuel cells, MCFCs, siloxanes, emissions, greenhouse gases.","PeriodicalId":115044,"journal":{"name":"Maneto Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128332976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-23DOI: 10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.161
C. Wanamaker
While frictional braking is an intuitive method by which to slow vehicles, it is also a costly braking method due to the fact that frictional brakes wear down due to frequent use and high quantities of friction. On trains, this problem is worse because of their constant use and because heavier objects require stronger braking forces. The objective is to improve locomotive performance by developing a braking system that utilizes non-frictional braking technology to cut these costs and yield safer, more durable brakes. This project is directed towards dieselelectric3 locomotives with air brakes, as engineers can design blended braking systems that integrate non-frictional braking into these braking systems. The candidate solutions include regenerative, rheostatic, and hydrodynamic braking, two of which use magnetic fields, and the third of which uses fluid drag forces. Regenerative braking is the proposed solution due to its ability to harness and use electricity during braking. Project success would contribute to railway company success by reducing expenses spent on air brakes; it would also contribute to locomotive manufacturer success because the product will likely become a popular technology. Finally, it would benefit the environment by reducing the external energy required by the railway network. Keywords: Locomotive, braking, non-frictional, regenerative, rheostatic, hydrodynamic, diesel-electric
{"title":"Integrating Non-Friction-Based Braking Technology into Locomotives to Improve Train Efficiency, Durability, and Safety","authors":"C. Wanamaker","doi":"10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.161","url":null,"abstract":"While frictional braking is an intuitive method by which to slow vehicles, it is also a costly braking method due to the fact that frictional brakes wear down due to frequent use and high quantities of friction. On trains, this problem is worse because of their constant use and because heavier objects require stronger braking forces. The objective is to improve locomotive performance by developing a braking system that utilizes non-frictional braking technology to cut these costs and yield safer, more durable brakes. This project is directed towards dieselelectric3 locomotives with air brakes, as engineers can design blended braking systems that integrate non-frictional braking into these braking systems. The candidate solutions include regenerative, rheostatic, and hydrodynamic braking, two of which use magnetic fields, and the third of which uses fluid drag forces. Regenerative braking is the proposed solution due to its ability to harness and use electricity during braking. Project success would contribute to railway company success by reducing expenses spent on air brakes; it would also contribute to locomotive manufacturer success because the product will likely become a popular technology. Finally, it would benefit the environment by reducing the external energy required by the railway network. Keywords: Locomotive, braking, non-frictional, regenerative, rheostatic, hydrodynamic, diesel-electric","PeriodicalId":115044,"journal":{"name":"Maneto Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115913731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-23DOI: 10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.160
Austin Nolen
The insanity defense is a doctrine in the criminal law which excuses from punishment defendants who commit crimes as the result of serious mental illness. However, the sorts of mental illness that qualify for the defense, as well as the causal connection required between the illness and the act, have varied widely across Anglo-American legal history. This thesis argues that historians have not sufficiently considered the role that radicalism and social unrest have played in shaping the defense, and explores the 1800 treason trial of James Hadfield for the attempted assassination of King George III, where government fears of the French Revolution and associated English radicals helped to reshape the insanity defense.
{"title":"Madness and Revolution: The Impact of Radicalism on the Treason Trial of James Hadfield","authors":"Austin Nolen","doi":"10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.160","url":null,"abstract":"The insanity defense is a doctrine in the criminal law which excuses from punishment defendants who commit crimes as the result of serious mental illness. However, the sorts of mental illness that qualify for the defense, as well as the causal connection required between the illness and the act, have varied widely across Anglo-American legal history. This thesis argues that historians have not sufficiently considered the role that radicalism and social unrest have played in shaping the defense, and explores the 1800 treason trial of James Hadfield for the attempted assassination of King George III, where government fears of the French Revolution and associated English radicals helped to reshape the insanity defense.","PeriodicalId":115044,"journal":{"name":"Maneto Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128043167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-23DOI: 10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.162
Julie Lee
Droughts and flooding that have impacted Texas have decreased surface water availability, while draining the limited number of non-saline groundwater sources. Therefore, desalination of saline groundwater would be able to supplement the increasing demand of water for industrial and domestic uses. The process would have to be affordable and capable of meeting WHO1 standards for drinking water. Of the current desalination options available, the methods analyzed are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and nanofiltration. Of the three options, it was determined that reverse osmosis was the best solution for the desalination of saline groundwater for both industrial and domestic uses. Reverse osmosis filters saline water to meet WHO standards for sodium and chloride ions. Although both RO and electrodialysis processes were effective enough for eliminating total dissolved solids in the sample saline waters, only RO yielded potable water. If this system is successfully implemented, it could supplement the nonsaline groundwater being used for human consumption, as well as yield RO discharge water for residential or industrial uses. As a result, the severe impacts of the reoccurring droughts in Texas can be reduced, while lessening the drainage of the non-saline groundwater reservoirs in Texas. Keywords: Desalinated Groundwater, Reverse Osmosis, Electrodialysis, Nanofiltration, cost- comparison, potable water, brackish water desalination
{"title":"Using Reverse Osmosis, Electrodialysis, and Nanofiltration to Increase Affordable Desalinated Groundwater Use in Texas","authors":"Julie Lee","doi":"10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15367/M:TURJ.V2I1.162","url":null,"abstract":"Droughts and flooding that have impacted Texas have decreased surface water availability, while draining the limited number of non-saline groundwater sources. Therefore, desalination of saline groundwater would be able to supplement the increasing demand of water for industrial and domestic uses. The process would have to be affordable and capable of meeting WHO1 standards for drinking water. Of the current desalination options available, the methods analyzed are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and nanofiltration. Of the three options, it was determined that reverse osmosis was the best solution for the desalination of saline groundwater for both industrial and domestic uses. Reverse osmosis filters saline water to meet WHO standards for sodium and chloride ions. Although both RO and electrodialysis processes were effective enough for eliminating total dissolved solids in the sample saline waters, only RO yielded potable water. If this system is successfully implemented, it could supplement the nonsaline groundwater being used for human consumption, as well as yield RO discharge water for residential or industrial uses. As a result, the severe impacts of the reoccurring droughts in Texas can be reduced, while lessening the drainage of the non-saline groundwater reservoirs in Texas. Keywords: Desalinated Groundwater, Reverse Osmosis, Electrodialysis, Nanofiltration, cost- comparison, potable water, brackish water desalination","PeriodicalId":115044,"journal":{"name":"Maneto Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130789424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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