Pub Date : 2020-03-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197507445.003.0010
D. McAdams
The chapter us considers the many implications and ramifications of authoritarianism in the presidency of Donald J. Trump. The authoritarian leader pits the good us against the bad “them,” and he promulgates a doctrine that aims to defend against the them while purging all dissent within the “us.” The chapter discusses the origins of the concept of the authoritarian personality, and it examines instances of authoritarian leadership in “illiberal” democracies today, as in Poland and Hungary. Coming back to the United States, the chapter examines Trump’s authoritarian dynamic from many different perspectives, including race relations and the emergence of the alt-right in American society, the changing demographics of the United States, Trump’s appeal to evangelical white Christians, and the president’s assault on Congress, the courts, the institutions of American law enforcement, the government bureaucracy, and the press.
本章探讨了唐纳德·j·特朗普(Donald J. Trump)担任总统期间威权主义的诸多影响和后果。专制领袖让好的“我们”对抗坏的“他们”，他颁布了一种教义，旨在防御“他们”，同时清除“我们”内部的所有异议。本章讨论了威权人格概念的起源，并考察了当今“非自由”民主国家(如波兰和匈牙利)威权领导的实例。回到美国，本章从许多不同的角度审视了特朗普的威权动态，包括种族关系和美国社会中另类右翼的出现，美国人口结构的变化，特朗普对福音派白人基督徒的吸引力，以及总统对国会、法院、美国执法机构、政府官僚机构和媒体的攻击。
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“Truth” aims to explain why Donald Trump lies more than any other public official in the United States today, and why his supporters, nonetheless, put up with his lies. The chapter combs the biographical record to highlight some of the most egregious examples of Trump’s untruths and then considers reasons behind Trump’s remarkable penchant for lying. For Trump, truth is effectively whatever it takes to win the moment, moment by moment, battle by battle—as the episodic man, shorn of any long-term story to make sense of his life, struggles to win the moment. Among the many reasons that Trump’s supporters excuse his lying is that they, like Trump himself, do not really hold him to the standards that human persons are held to. And that is because many of his supporters, like Trump himself, do not consider him to be a person—he is more like a primal force or superhero, more than a person, but less than a person, too.
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Pub Date : 2020-03-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197507445.003.0002
D. McAdams
The first full chapter, “Story,” presents the central thesis of the book: Donald Trump has never developed an inner story in his mind to explain who he is and how he came to be. Refusing to be introspective, retrospective, or prospective, Trump lives outside of time, as an episodic man. Each moment in life presents Trump with a battle that he must win. But the battles do not add up; his psychological existence is, and always has been, continual warfare with no end in sight and no long-term reason to fight, except to win. The chapter describes psychological research on people’s inner life stories—their narrative identity—and takes the reader through early years in Trump’s life, leading up to his decision to collaborate on the writing of his first book, The Art of the Deal.
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Pub Date : 2020-03-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197507445.003.0011
D. McAdams
“Primate” delves into evolutionary biology and primatology to unearth the psychological roots of human leadership as they apply to the case of President Donald J. Trump. In broad terms, evolved patterns of human leadership follow one of two forms. The older form, dominance leadership, traces back over 7 million years to our common ancestor with chimpanzees. The latter form, prestige leadership, traces back about 1 million years or so, reflecting our evolution as hunters and gatherers living in migrating groups. More than any president in American history, Trump personifies the pure dominance leader. The chapter documents the uncanny similarities between the behavior of alpha male chimpanzees and the leadership style of President Donald Trump. Dominance leaders rely upon force, bluffing, intimidation, and the power of their presence, whereas prestige leaders rely upon expertise and the promulgation of a narrative to justify authority. This characterization recalls the central thesis of the book: Donald Trump is a man without a story.
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Pub Date : 2020-03-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197507445.003.0009
D. McAdams
As a short digression into the world of psychiatric diagnosis, the chapter “Goldwater” discusses the controversy over whether or not mental health professionals should diagnose President Trump with a mental illness, such as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). The chapter’s title recalls the 1964 U.S. presidential election wherein the results of a survey of psychiatrists were published in an American magazine, concluding that the Republican candidate Barry Goldwater was mentally unfit to hold office. Goldwater later sued the magazine, and the case led to what has become known as the Goldwater Rule, prohibiting psychiatrists from diagnosing public officials from afar. The chapter makes a clear distinction between psychiatric diagnosis, which adopts the language of medicine and illness, on the one hand, and psychological commentary on the other. The latter conception better characterizes what the current book aims to accomplish. Psychological commentary draws from psychological science to develop a personality portrait of a person, without diagnosis and without judgment regarding mental health and illness. Moreover, Donald Trump is much stranger than any psychiatric label can convey.
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Pub Date : 2020-03-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197507445.003.0012
D. McAdams
The last chapter in the book, entitled “Redemption,” begins with a summary of the book’s argument up to this point and then considers the broad cultural and political role of redemptive narratives in American life. Redemptive narratives affirm triumph over suffering and adversity and they hold out hope of progress in the future. Both Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama constructed redemptive stories for their own lives, and they projected those stories onto America. By contrast, President Trump has no story for his own life—which marks the central thesis of this book—and the story he does project for America is little more than a motto: Make American Great Again (MAGA). The chapter analyses the meaning of MAGA and then considers the possibility that many Americans no longer believe in redemptive narratives. As such, Trump’s bleak view of the world and his episodic approach to life—a life without a redemptive narrative arc—may resonate with many Americans today. Nonetheless, many Americans do still see their own lives in redemptive terms; whether or not they can project that kind of narrative onto their nation remains an open question.
这本书的最后一章，题为“救赎”，首先总结了这本书到目前为止的论点，然后考虑了救赎叙事在美国生活中广泛的文化和政治作用。救赎叙事肯定了战胜苦难和逆境的胜利，并为未来的进步提供了希望。乔治·w·布什(George W. Bush)总统和巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)总统都为自己的生活构建了救赎故事，并将这些故事投射到美国身上。相比之下，特朗普总统没有自己的人生故事——这也是本书的中心主题——他为美国打造的故事只不过是一句座右铭:让美国再次伟大(MAGA)。本章分析了MAGA的意义，然后考虑了许多美国人不再相信救赎叙事的可能性。因此，特朗普悲观的世界观和他断断续续的生活方式——一种没有救赎叙事弧线的生活——可能会引起今天许多美国人的共鸣。尽管如此，许多美国人仍然从救赎的角度看待自己的生活;他们能否将这种叙事投射到他们的国家仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。
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Pub Date : 2020-03-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197507445.003.0005
D. McAdams
“Venom” examines the many ways in which Donald Trump, as a social actor, displays remarkably low levels of agreeableness, a broad personality trait that may be the most valued trait in the world. People low in agreeableness are generally viewed to be antagonistic, uncaring, vengeful, and mean-spirited. Where does Trump’s “venom” come from? The chapter scours Trump’s biography to evaluate a number of potential answers to the question, from inborn temperament dimensions to the influence of the gangster-lawyer Roy Cohn. The chapter shows how Trump’s low standing on the agreeableness dimension may have developed via an implicit and unfolding psychological synergy between nature and nurture, a kind of unwitting conspiracy of genes and environments, as each reinforced the other.
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Pub Date : 2020-03-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197507445.003.0001
D. McAdams
The prologue introduces this psychological interpretation of Donald Trump’s life through the lens of Robert Louis Stevenson’s 19th-century novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Whereas Stevenson’s story famously illustrated the split duality of human personality, the strange case of Donald Trump suggests a startling reversal: There is no duality: Trump is all Hyde, and no Jekyll. In the strange case of Donald Trump, there is no artifice, no hidden inner self behind the public persona. Trump is completely present in the moment, which is the psychological key to understanding his overwhelming strangeness. He is a man without an inner story, a primal force that moves from one discrete moment in life to the next, with no narrative build-up, no story arc. The prologue introduces the book as an evidence-based and objective analysis of Trump’s life and his personality, drawing extensively upon contemporary research and theory in personality, developmental, and social psychology.
序言通过罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森(Robert Louis Stevenson) 19世纪的小说《化身博士》(The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)的视角，介绍了对唐纳德·特朗普生活的心理学解读。史蒂文森的故事很好地说明了人类人格的二元分裂，而唐纳德·特朗普的奇怪案例则表明了一个惊人的逆转:不存在二元性:特朗普完全是海德，而不是杰基尔。在唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump)这个奇怪的例子中，公众形象背后没有任何技巧，没有隐藏的内在自我。特朗普完全活在当下，这是理解他压倒性的陌生感的心理学关键。他是一个没有内心故事的人，一股从生命中的一个离散时刻移动到下一个时刻的原始力量，没有叙事的积累，没有故事的弧线。序言介绍这本书是对特朗普的生活和他的个性的基于证据的客观分析，广泛借鉴了当代人格、发展和社会心理学的研究和理论。
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Pub Date : 2020-03-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197507445.003.0003
D. McAdams
The second chapter, “Deal,” examines Donald Trump’s unique manner of making deals, focusing ultimately on his efforts to broker a nuclear deal with North Korea’s Kim Jong-un in the summer of 2018. For Trump, deal-making is always about wielding power in the ever-present moment, operating as the quintessential episodic man who pays no heed to long-term consequences. The chapter delineates five principles of Trumpian deal-making: (i) fill a need, (ii) bend the rules, (iii) put on a show, (iv) exert maximum pressure, and (v) always win. The chapter traces the origins of the first three principles back to the deal-making displayed by Trump’s grandfather, Friedrich Trump, when he immigrated to the United States, and by his father, Fred Trump, as a builder and real estate mogul in Queens during the middle years of the 20th century. The latter two principles derive from Trump’s book, The Art of the Deal, as well as his life.
第二章“交易”考察了唐纳德·特朗普达成交易的独特方式，最终聚焦于他在2018年夏天与朝鲜领导人金正恩(Kim Jong-un)达成核协议的努力。对特朗普来说，做交易总是要在当下时刻行使权力，像一个典型的不顾长期后果的偶发人物那样行事。这一章描述了特朗普式交易的五大原则:(i)满足需求，(ii)扭曲规则，(iii)装模作样，(iv)施加最大压力，(v)永远赢。这一章将前三项原则的起源追溯到特朗普的祖父弗里德里希·特朗普(Friedrich Trump)移民美国时的交易撮合方式，以及他的父亲弗雷德·特朗普(Fred Trump)在20世纪中叶作为皇后区的建筑商和房地产大亨时的交易撮合方式。后两条原则来自于特朗普的书《交易的艺术》(The Art of The Deal)以及他的生活。
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