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Competitiveness Partnerships: Building and Maintaining Public-Private Dialogue to Improve the Investment Climate - a Resource Drawn from the Review of 40 Countries' Experiences 竞争力伙伴关系:建立和保持公私对话以改善投资环境——来自对40个国家经验的回顾
Pub Date : 2005-08-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3683
B. Herzberg, Andrew Wright
The authors examine competitiveness partnerships, which consist of structured dialogue between the public and private sector to improve the investment climate. The paper is designed to be used as a resource by donors, governments, or businesspeople who are interested in establishing, maintaining, or improving a competitiveness partnership in their country or region. The political and economic context of a country determines the kind of partnership that is feasible and likely to succeed, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach. But it is possible to distill some ideas and techniques from best practice as many public-private dialogue mechanisms face similar challenges. Drawing on the experiences of 40 countries, the authors make a positive case for building and maintaining competitiveness partnerships, and offer a selection of valuable insights into how practitioners can design them so as to avoid common pitfalls. They demonstrate that reforms that are designed through public-private dialogue are better conceived and more effectively implemented because they arise from increased mutual understanding between government and the businesscommunity. The paper has three parts. Part One outlines what competitiveness partnerships can achieve. Part Two describes how competitiveness partnerships function, presenting issues to consider when designing such partnerships and a range of ways in which they may be approached. Part Three identifies challenges that competitiveness partnerships have frequently faced and strategies that have been used to overcome them.
作者研究了竞争力伙伴关系,其中包括公共和私营部门之间的结构性对话,以改善投资环境。本文件旨在供有意在其国家或地区建立、维持或改善竞争力伙伴关系的捐助者、政府或商人使用。一个国家的政治和经济环境决定了什么样的伙伴关系是可行的和可能成功的,没有放之四海而皆准的方法。但是,由于许多公私对话机制面临类似的挑战,有可能从最佳实践中提炼出一些想法和技术。根据40个国家的经验,作者提出了建立和维持竞争力伙伴关系的积极案例,并就从业者如何设计这些伙伴关系以避免常见陷阱提供了一些有价值的见解。它们表明,通过公私对话设计的改革能够得到更好的构思和更有效的实施,因为它们源于政府和商界之间日益加深的相互理解。本文共分三部分。第一部分概述了竞争力伙伴关系可以实现的目标。第二部分描述了竞争力伙伴关系是如何运作的,提出了在设计这种伙伴关系时要考虑的问题,以及可能采取的一系列方法。第三部分确定了竞争力伙伴关系经常面临的挑战以及用于克服这些挑战的策略。
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引用次数: 31
Gender Equality and Economic Development: The Role for Information and Communication Technologies 性别平等与经济发展:信息和通信技术的作用
Pub Date : 2004-04-21 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3285
Derek H.C. Chen
The author focuses on the role that information and communication technologies (ICTs) can play in improving gender equality, so as to enhance long-term economic growth. Employing OLS and IV panel regressions with country fixed-effects, he shows that increases in the level of ICT infrastructure tend to improve gender equality in education and employment. In addition, the author shows that education among the general population is important for improving gender equality. The results provide evidence indicating that gender equality in education is an important contributor to gender equality in employment. Lastly, the results show that economic development tends to lead to some improvements in gender equality in the labor market. Hence, the use of ICTs to improve gender equality in education and employment may initiate a continuous cycle of positive reinforcing feedback effects between gender equality in employment and economic development, leading to further improvements in both.
作者着重讨论了信息通信技术(ict)在改善性别平等从而促进长期经济增长方面所能发挥的作用。采用OLS和具有国家固定效应的IV面板回归,他表明ICT基础设施水平的提高往往会改善教育和就业方面的性别平等。此外,作者还表明,普通民众的教育对于改善性别平等很重要。研究结果表明,教育中的性别平等是促进就业中的性别平等的重要因素。最后,研究结果表明,经济发展往往会导致劳动力市场性别平等的一些改善。因此,利用信息通信技术改善教育和就业方面的性别平等,可能会在就业方面的性别平等与经济发展之间启动一个正强化反馈效应的持续循环,从而导致两者的进一步改善。
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引用次数: 71
The Gender Impact of Pension Reform: A Cross-Country Analysis 养老金改革的性别影响:一个跨国分析
Pub Date : 2003-05-30 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3074
E. James, A. C. Edwards, R. Wong
Pension systems may have a different impact on gender because women are less likely than men to work in formal labor markets and earn lower wages when they do. Recent multipillar pension reforms tighten the link between payroll contributions and benefits, leading critics to argue that they will hurt women. In contrast, supporters of these reforms argue that it will help women by the removal of distortions that favored men and the better targeted redistributions in the new systems. To test these conflicting claims and to analyze more generally the gender effect of alternative pension systems, the authors examine the differential impact of the new and old systems in three Latin American countries-Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. Based on household survey data, they simulate the wage and employment histories of representative men and women, the pensions they are likely to generate under the new and old rules, and the relative gains or losses of men and women because of the reform. The authors find that women do accumulate private annuities that are only 30-40 percent those of men in the new systems. But this effect is mitigated by sharp targeting of the new public pillars toward low earners, many of whom are women, and by restrictions on payouts from the private pillars, particularly joint annuity requirements. As a result of these transfers, total lifetime retirement benefits for women reach 60-80 percent those of men, and for"full career"women they equal or exceed benefits of men. Also as a result, women are the biggest gainers from the pension reform. For women who receive these transfers, female/male ratios of lifetime benefits in the new systems exceed those in the old systems in all three countries. Private intra-household transfers from husband to wife in the form of joint annuities play the largest role.
养老金制度可能对性别产生不同的影响,因为与男性相比,女性在正规劳动力市场工作的可能性更小,即使在正式劳动力市场工作,她们的工资也更低。最近的多支柱养老金改革收紧了工资缴款和福利之间的联系,批评者认为这会伤害到女性。相比之下,这些改革的支持者认为,它将通过消除有利于男性的扭曲和在新制度中更有针对性的再分配来帮助妇女。为了验证这些相互矛盾的说法,并更广泛地分析替代养老金制度的性别影响,作者研究了三个拉丁美洲国家——阿根廷、智利和墨西哥——新旧养老金制度的不同影响。基于家庭调查数据,他们模拟了具有代表性的男性和女性的工资和就业历史,他们在新老规则下可能产生的养老金,以及男性和女性因改革而产生的相对收益或损失。作者发现,在新制度下,女性确实积累了私人年金,但只有男性的30- 40%。但是,由于新的公共支柱明确针对低收入者(其中许多是女性),以及私人支柱的支出受到限制,特别是联合年金要求,这种影响得到了缓解。由于这些转移,女性的终身退休福利总额达到男性的60- 80%,而对于“全职”女性来说,她们的福利等于或超过了男性。因此,女性是养老金改革的最大受益者。对于接受这些转移支付的妇女来说,在所有三个国家,新制度中终身福利的男女比例都超过旧制度。以共同年金的形式从丈夫到妻子的家庭内部私人转移发挥了最大的作用。
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引用次数: 32
Assessing the Distributional Impact of Public Policy 评估公共政策的分配影响
Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2883
B. Essama-Nssah
Economic development necessarily changes the welfare of socioeconomic groups to various degrees, depending on differences in their social arrangements. The challenge for policymakers is to select the changes that will be most socially desirable. The author demonstrates the usefulness of distributional analysis for social evaluation and, more specifically, for welfare evaluation, using data from the 1994 Integrated Household Survey in Guinea. Because the international community has declared poverty eradication a fundamental objective of development, the author uses a poverty-focused approach to social evaluation based on the maximum principle. This principle offers a unifying framework for analyzing the socioeconomic impact of public policy by using a wide variety of evaluation functions, inequality indicators (like the extended Gini coefficient), and poverty indices (such as Sen's index and the members of the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke family). The author also examines, within the context of commodity taxation, how to identify socially desirable policy options using both the dominance criterion and abbreviated social welfare functions. He includes computer routines for calculating various welfare indices and for plotting the relevant concentration curves.
经济发展必然在不同程度上改变社会经济群体的福利,这取决于他们社会安排的差异。政策制定者面临的挑战是选择最受社会欢迎的变革。作者利用1994年几内亚综合住户调查的数据,证明了分配分析对社会评价,特别是对福利评价的有用性。由于国际社会已经宣布消除贫困是发展的基本目标,因此作者采用了以最大限度原则为基础的以贫困为中心的社会评价方法。这一原则为分析公共政策的社会经济影响提供了一个统一的框架,通过使用各种各样的评估函数、不平等指标(如扩展的基尼系数)和贫困指数(如森指数和福斯特-格里尔-托贝克家庭成员)。作者还研究了在商品税收的背景下,如何使用优势标准和简略的社会福利函数来确定社会理想的政策选择。他包括计算各种福利指数和绘制相关浓度曲线的计算机程序。
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引用次数: 7
New Systems for Old Age Security: Theory, Practice, and Empirical Evidence 老年保障新体系:理论、实践和经验证据
Pub Date : 1997-05-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-1766
E. James
The author summarizes the major findings and recommendations in Averting the Old Age Crisis, describing problems in traditional pension systems and proposals for reform. Then she describes how those reforms are being implemented in many countries and examines empirical evidence about pension reform's impact on growth. Since the publication of Averting the Old Age Crisis, the move toward multipillar systems has accelerated around the world, spurred by demographic and economic forces. In addition, research has been carried out on some of the critical assumptions underlying the recommendations in the report. Researcher have begun to quantify the effects of a full or partial shift to a funded defined-contribution plan on the supply and allocation of labor, on national saving, and on the development of financial markets. Results from the studies that have been done so far on the (anticipated and actual) effects of pension reform (in Argentina, Australia, Mexico, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and especially Chile) suggest that pension reform can have and has had a positive, possibly large, impact on national saving and the development of financial markets and hence on economic growth.
作者总结了《避免老年危机》一书的主要发现和建议,描述了传统养老金制度存在的问题和改革建议。然后,她描述了这些改革是如何在许多国家实施的,并研究了养老金改革对经济增长影响的实证证据。自《避免老年危机》出版以来,在人口和经济力量的推动下,世界各地加快了向多支柱体系发展的步伐。此外,还对报告中建议所依据的一些关键假设进行了研究。研究人员已经开始量化全部或部分转向资金固定缴款计划对劳动力供应和分配、国民储蓄和金融市场发展的影响。迄今为止对养恤金改革(预期的和实际的)影响(在阿根廷、澳大利亚、墨西哥、瑞士、联合王国、美国,特别是智利)所做的研究结果表明,养恤金改革可以并且已经对国民储蓄和金融市场的发展产生积极的、可能很大的影响,从而对经济增长产生影响。
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引用次数: 38
Financing of Government Liabilities as the Population Ages in New Zealand 新西兰人口老龄化过程中政府负债的融资
Pub Date : 1997-02-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-1703
H. Poláčková
As New Zealnd's population ages, the government must look to health care and pension policies to curb the government's rising liabilities. In New Zealand in the next 50 years, an aging population is expected to elevate government liabilities and weaken the government's fiscal position. To maintain fiscal balance, the government must either substantially pre-fund future increases in its liabilities or significantly raise taxes in the 2030s-40s, following few small possible tax cuts in the next 10 to 15 years. Expected fiscal problems are related to the increasing costliness of publicly providing for health care and retirement. Moreover, the aging population's negative effects on the fiscal balance could be exacerbated by any slackening in economic performance or in fiscal prudence. Long-term fiscal projections for the country, and literature on the problem, indicate that the most effective way to contain the expected rise in government liabilities is to reform health care and pension policies. This paper - aproduct of the Country Operations Division, Country Department II, Europe and Central Asia - is part of a larger effort in the department to advise countries on reforming the role of state, drawing on best practice worldwide.
随着新西兰人口老龄化,政府必须着眼于医疗保健和养老金政策,以遏制政府不断上升的债务。在新西兰,未来50年,人口老龄化预计会增加政府负债,削弱政府的财政状况。为了保持财政平衡,政府必须要么提前为未来债务的增加提供大量资金,要么在本世纪30年代至40年代大幅提高税收,而在未来10至15年可能进行几次小幅减税。预期的财政问题与公共提供保健和退休费用的增加有关。此外,人口老龄化对财政平衡的负面影响可能会因经济表现放缓或财政审慎而加剧。该国的长期财政预测以及有关该问题的文献表明,控制政府债务预期增长的最有效方法是改革医疗保健和养老金政策。这份文件是欧洲和中亚第二国别司国家业务司的成果,是该司借鉴全球最佳做法,就改革国家作用向各国提供建议的更大努力的一部分。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
World Bank: Social Development (Topic)
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