Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0004
Karida L Brown
Chapter Three introduces the children of the first generation of migrants—the coal miners’ daughters and sons. Through their childhood memories of Harlan County, Kentucky, this chapter brings the reader behind the veil of the color line and situates the reader in the heart of the black community. What was it like growing up in a company-owned coal-mining town in the early half of the twentieth century? Further, what was it like doing so while black? Drawing heavily on oral history interview data, this chapter offers a close, personal account of the cultural systems—such as family, gender, religion, play, aesthetics, and traditions—that structured the black social world in pre-Civil Rights era eastern Kentucky.
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Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0007
Karida L Brown
This chapter traces the process of African American children in the tri-city area of Harlan County, Kentucky, becoming, like many others in the country, “children of integration” through the historic Brown v. Board of Education case. Both the inheritance and the risks of desegregation befell everyday black children; they would be the change agents for dismantling the “separate but equal” doctrine upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson. What was that experience like? By tracing the background of the Brown case and using oral history testimony, the chapter draws attention to the hidden injuries, loss of community, and transforming racial epistemologies that accompanied forced school desegregation. When asked to reflect on the perceived costs and benefits of desegregation, participant responses varied by generation and level of abstraction. While acknowledging the benefits, they all expressed some form of injury: a loss of community and African American identity.
{"title":"A Change Gone Come","authors":"Karida L Brown","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the process of African American children in the tri-city area of Harlan County, Kentucky, becoming, like many others in the country, “children of integration” through the historic Brown v. Board of Education case. Both the inheritance and the risks of desegregation befell everyday black children; they would be the change agents for dismantling the “separate but equal” doctrine upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson. What was that experience like? By tracing the background of the Brown case and using oral history testimony, the chapter draws attention to the hidden injuries, loss of community, and transforming racial epistemologies that accompanied forced school desegregation. When asked to reflect on the perceived costs and benefits of desegregation, participant responses varied by generation and level of abstraction. While acknowledging the benefits, they all expressed some form of injury: a loss of community and African American identity.","PeriodicalId":119976,"journal":{"name":"Gone Home","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126794383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0003
Karida L Brown
This chapter provides an account of the first wave of African American migration into the Appalachian region of eastern Kentucky. It addresses the implementation of Black Codes, also known as Jim Crow laws, the convict leasing system, and how psychological and physical terror in the form of public lynchings helped maintain the social order of white supremacy. Brown attends to the role of the labor agent as a grey-market actor in facilitating the onset of the first wave of the African American Great Migration. Drawing on the oral history and archival data, the chapter distils a profile of the legendary figure, Limehouse, the white labor agent hired by United States Steel Corporation to sneak and transport black men and their families out of Alabama to Harlan County, Kentucky to work in the coalmines. The chapter also focuses on the psychosocial dimensions of this silent mass migration, specifically the spiritual strivings, the hopes, dreams, and disappointments that accompanied the Great Migration.
本章记述了第一波进入肯塔基州东部阿巴拉契亚地区的非裔美国人移民潮。它讲述了《黑人法典》的实施，也被称为吉姆·克劳法，罪犯租赁制度，以及以公开私刑形式的心理和身体恐怖如何帮助维持白人至上的社会秩序。布朗关注劳工中介作为灰色市场参与者在促进第一波非裔美国人大迁徙中所起的作用。根据口述历史和档案资料，这一章提炼了传奇人物莱姆豪斯(Limehouse)的简介。莱姆豪斯是美国钢铁公司(United States Steel Corporation)雇佣的白人劳工代理人，负责将黑人及其家人从阿拉巴马州偷偷运送到肯塔基州哈兰县(Harlan County)的煤矿工作。这一章还关注了这场无声的大规模移民的社会心理层面，特别是伴随着大移民的精神奋斗、希望、梦想和失望。
{"title":"The Great Migration Escape","authors":"Karida L Brown","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an account of the first wave of African American migration into the Appalachian region of eastern Kentucky. It addresses the implementation of Black Codes, also known as Jim Crow laws, the convict leasing system, and how psychological and physical terror in the form of public lynchings helped maintain the social order of white supremacy. Brown attends to the role of the labor agent as a grey-market actor in facilitating the onset of the first wave of the African American Great Migration. Drawing on the oral history and archival data, the chapter distils a profile of the legendary figure, Limehouse, the white labor agent hired by United States Steel Corporation to sneak and transport black men and their families out of Alabama to Harlan County, Kentucky to work in the coalmines. The chapter also focuses on the psychosocial dimensions of this silent mass migration, specifically the spiritual strivings, the hopes, dreams, and disappointments that accompanied the Great Migration.","PeriodicalId":119976,"journal":{"name":"Gone Home","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115686931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0005
Karida L Brown
This chapter analyzes the emergence of the racial self among this migrant group of “Black Appalachians.” How does a child come to learn that they are a black child? What are the institutions and practices that inform and reinforce one’s understanding of his or her own racialization? What are the ways in which this generation of African Americans affirmed and valued their own lives within the dehumanizing context of Jim Crow? Drawing on the oral history testimony of Brown’s research participants, this chapter offers a phenomenological analysis of the ways in which African American children of that generation experienced, perceived, and made sense of racism, prejudice, and segregation. The chapter argues that while the racial landscape was much different from that of their parents who grew up in post-Reconstruction era Alabama, the structure of feeling that articulates the ‘us and them’ along racial lines is the same.
{"title":"Children, and Black Children","authors":"Karida L Brown","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes the emergence of the racial self among this migrant group of “Black Appalachians.” How does a child come to learn that they are a black child? What are the institutions and practices that inform and reinforce one’s understanding of his or her own racialization? What are the ways in which this generation of African Americans affirmed and valued their own lives within the dehumanizing context of Jim Crow? Drawing on the oral history testimony of Brown’s research participants, this chapter offers a phenomenological analysis of the ways in which African American children of that generation experienced, perceived, and made sense of racism, prejudice, and segregation. The chapter argues that while the racial landscape was much different from that of their parents who grew up in post-Reconstruction era Alabama, the structure of feeling that articulates the ‘us and them’ along racial lines is the same.","PeriodicalId":119976,"journal":{"name":"Gone Home","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124990650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0002
Karida L Brown
This chapter provides historical context for the book and anchors the text in place. Drawing on archival data collected form Kentucky and Alabama-based archives and oral history data collected from African Americans in the sample population, Brown describes the conditions under which the coal mining industry emerged in eastern Kentucky at the turn of the twentieth century. She also describes the economic and social conditions of black life in post-Reconstruction Alabama. Through this historical analysis, Brown reveals the antecedents of the mass migration of African Americans from the Alabama black belt into the coalfields of eastern Kentucky. Moving beyond the individual level push-pull framework of mass migration analysis, this chapter focuses on the role of corporations and fin de siècle northern industrialists in initiating calculated mass migration streams to meet their demand for labor.
{"title":"The Coming of the Coal Industry","authors":"Karida L Brown","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides historical context for the book and anchors the text in place. Drawing on archival data collected form Kentucky and Alabama-based archives and oral history data collected from African Americans in the sample population, Brown describes the conditions under which the coal mining industry emerged in eastern Kentucky at the turn of the twentieth century. She also describes the economic and social conditions of black life in post-Reconstruction Alabama. Through this historical analysis, Brown reveals the antecedents of the mass migration of African Americans from the Alabama black belt into the coalfields of eastern Kentucky. Moving beyond the individual level push-pull framework of mass migration analysis, this chapter focuses on the role of corporations and fin de siècle northern industrialists in initiating calculated mass migration streams to meet their demand for labor.","PeriodicalId":119976,"journal":{"name":"Gone Home","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132959691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0006
Karida L Brown
Within the confines of their segregated social world, black children became aware of the color line at a very young age through racially coded messages, but also through taken-for-granted practices and institutions. This chapter traces the transformation in the black community along the grain of the civil rights movement through a close reading of the rise and fall of one of the institutions most beloved by the black community in Harlan County, Kentucky—the colored school. Brown shows how the black segregated school institutionalized and reproduced racial ideologies within the community. At the same time, she demonstrates how the colored school was a proud site of black cultural expression.
{"title":"The Colored School","authors":"Karida L Brown","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Within the confines of their segregated social world, black children became aware of the color line at a very young age through racially coded messages, but also through taken-for-granted practices and institutions. This chapter traces the transformation in the black community along the grain of the civil rights movement through a close reading of the rise and fall of one of the institutions most beloved by the black community in Harlan County, Kentucky—the colored school. Brown shows how the black segregated school institutionalized and reproduced racial ideologies within the community. At the same time, she demonstrates how the colored school was a proud site of black cultural expression.","PeriodicalId":119976,"journal":{"name":"Gone Home","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134266467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.001.0001
Karida L Brown
Since the 2016 presidential election, Americans have witnessed countless stories about Appalachia: its changing political leanings, its opioid crisis, its increasing joblessness, and its declining population. These stories, however, largely ignore black Appalachian lives. Karida L. Brown’s Gone Home offers a much-needed corrective to the current whitewashing of Appalachia. In telling the stories of African Americans living and working in Appalachian coal towns, Brown offers a sweeping look at race, identity, changes in politics and policy, and black migration in the region and beyond.Drawn from over 150 original oral history interviews with former and current residents of Harlan County, Kentucky, Brown shows that as the nation experienced enormous transformation from the pre- to the post-civil rights era, so too did black Americans. In reconstructing the life histories of black coal miners, Brown shows the mutable and shifting nature of collective identity, the struggles of labor and representation, and that Appalachia is far more diverse than you think.
{"title":"Gone Home","authors":"Karida L Brown","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 2016 presidential election, Americans have witnessed countless stories about Appalachia: its changing political leanings, its opioid crisis, its increasing joblessness, and its declining population. These stories, however, largely ignore black Appalachian lives. Karida L. Brown’s Gone Home offers a much-needed corrective to the current whitewashing of Appalachia. In telling the stories of African Americans living and working in Appalachian coal towns, Brown offers a sweeping look at race, identity, changes in politics and policy, and black migration in the region and beyond.\u0000Drawn from over 150 original oral history interviews with former and current residents of Harlan County, Kentucky, Brown shows that as the nation experienced enormous transformation from the pre- to the post-civil rights era, so too did black Americans. In reconstructing the life histories of black coal miners, Brown shows the mutable and shifting nature of collective identity, the struggles of labor and representation, and that Appalachia is far more diverse than you think.","PeriodicalId":119976,"journal":{"name":"Gone Home","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126657951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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