The most important factor of human life is climate and food. Most of the planet is covered by salt water, which must be used to use optimal methods for its purification and desalination to provide healthy food for human consumption. In this process, the Earth's air is cleaned, and rainfall on the earth increases, which repairs ozone and reduces the Earth's temperature. Due to the shape of the solar pools, the temperature of the end part of it rises and its heat can be used to heat the fluid inside the pipes.
{"title":"Water Purification and Heating by Artificial Solar Ponds","authors":"S. Parsa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3783061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3783061","url":null,"abstract":"The most important factor of human life is climate and food. Most of the planet is covered by salt water, which must be used to use optimal methods for its purification and desalination to provide healthy food for human consumption. In this process, the Earth's air is cleaned, and rainfall on the earth increases, which repairs ozone and reduces the Earth's temperature. Due to the shape of the solar pools, the temperature of the end part of it rises and its heat can be used to heat the fluid inside the pipes.","PeriodicalId":12601,"journal":{"name":"GeologyRN: Water Resources Engineering (Topic)","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75355260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-31DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2020.215052
V. Rubel', V. Rubel
The object of research is the well stimulation processes, namely acid treatments. The studies carried out are based on the influential acids on the productive formation, which is represented by limestone, on an increase in well production, a decrease in water cut, the duration of the effect, and additional production.
The main hypothesis of research is the assumption that the effectiveness of stimulation methods is determined by the change in flow rates and water cut of wells before and after the treatments. This method of evaluating the effectiveness allows to determine the fundamental possibility and prospects of using one or another type of impact on the bottomhole formation zone (BFZ). Regression analysis to identify the influence of geological, physical and technological factors on the efficiency of stimulation in wells is considered. Equations are shown that describe the quantitative influence of each of the considered geological and technological factors on the efficiency of well treatments. The obtained equations make it possible to select the optimal conditions for well stimulation for the given conditions in order to achieve the planned efficiency.
The sequence of changes in the studied parameters characterizes the effectiveness of various types of impact on the BFZ. However, this method does not allow determining the quantitative effect of a specific geological-physical or technological factor on the efficiency of well stimulation. In the case of two-stage treatments on high-water-cut wells, the number of parameters on which the effectiveness of the entire measure may depend, increases several times. In this case, in order to identify the degree of influence of one factor or another on the efficiency of well treatment, it is possible to determine after carrying out multivariate statistical analysis and building mathematical models.
It was found that both the increase in production rate and the volume and pressure of acid injection play an important role in the treatment of carbonate rocks with hydrochloric acid. But the most important role is played by the degree of water cut. In this paper it was suggested to use a more complex stimulation method, which will simultaneously reduce the water cut and increase the well flow rate.
{"title":"Analysis of the Efficiency of the Methods of Intensification Under the Set Conditions","authors":"V. Rubel', V. Rubel","doi":"10.15587/2706-5448.2020.215052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2020.215052","url":null,"abstract":"The object of research is the well stimulation processes, namely acid treatments. The studies carried out are based on the influential acids on the productive formation, which is represented by limestone, on an increase in well production, a decrease in water cut, the duration of the effect, and additional production.<br><br>The main hypothesis of research is the assumption that the effectiveness of stimulation methods is determined by the change in flow rates and water cut of wells before and after the treatments. This method of evaluating the effectiveness allows to determine the fundamental possibility and prospects of using one or another type of impact on the bottomhole formation zone (BFZ). Regression analysis to identify the influence of geological, physical and technological factors on the efficiency of stimulation in wells is considered. Equations are shown that describe the quantitative influence of each of the considered geological and technological factors on the efficiency of well treatments. The obtained equations make it possible to select the optimal conditions for well stimulation for the given conditions in order to achieve the planned efficiency.<br><br>The sequence of changes in the studied parameters characterizes the effectiveness of various types of impact on the BFZ. However, this method does not allow determining the quantitative effect of a specific geological-physical or technological factor on the efficiency of well stimulation. In the case of two-stage treatments on high-water-cut wells, the number of parameters on which the effectiveness of the entire measure may depend, increases several times. In this case, in order to identify the degree of influence of one factor or another on the efficiency of well treatment, it is possible to determine after carrying out multivariate statistical analysis and building mathematical models.<br><br>It was found that both the increase in production rate and the volume and pressure of acid injection play an important role in the treatment of carbonate rocks with hydrochloric acid. But the most important role is played by the degree of water cut. In this paper it was suggested to use a more complex stimulation method, which will simultaneously reduce the water cut and increase the well flow rate.","PeriodicalId":12601,"journal":{"name":"GeologyRN: Water Resources Engineering (Topic)","volume":"46 12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82752512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-25DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.210096
S. Dushkin, T. Shevchenko
This paper reports a study on the application of aluminum sulfate solution, modified by the magnetic field and electrocoagulation, in the processes of drinking water preparation. The modification of the coagulant solution makes it possible to intensify water purification processes, to reduce reagent consumption by 25–30 %. It has been found that a dose of the modified aluminum sulfate solution of 28–30 mg/dm 3 improves the efficiency of removal of suspended substances and coloration by 35–40 %. The dosage of the conventional reagent solution was 40 mg/dm 3 while reaching the same purification parameters. Modifying a solution of aluminum sulfate with the magnetic field and electrocoagulation increases the hydraulic size of the coagulated suspension. A change in the hydraulic size in the suspension has been studied at different periods of the year. In winter, when treating water with the modified aluminum sulfate solution, there a decrease in the suspension content whose hydraulic size is 0.1 mm/s and less, from 89 % to 22 %. In this case, the content of suspended substances at settling decreases from 8.5–12.5 mg/dm3 to 5.6–8.3 mg/dm 3 . In spring, when using the modified coagulant solution, the content of suspension whose size is 0.1 mm/s and less decreased from 55 % to 15 %. In summer, there is an increase in the content of suspension whose size is 0.3–0.5 mm/, from 58 % (a conventional reagent solution) to 66 % (the modified reagent solution). This indicates an intensification of the coagulation of impurities and the clarification of water. The experimental data testify to an increase in the effectiveness of discoloration of natural low-turbid colored water to 63.3–63.9 % for the modified reagent solution at 45.5 % for a conventional reagent solution. A change in the bacteriological parameters has been determined: the effectiveness of the decrease in a microbial number grows from 11.6‒18.7 % to 18.6–25.1 %. In terms of a coli-index, the efficiency of purification grows from 16.6‒23.1 % to 23.0–29.5 %
{"title":"Applying a Modified Aluminum Sulfate Solution in the Processes of Drinking Water Preparation","authors":"S. Dushkin, T. Shevchenko","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.210096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.210096","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports a study on the application of aluminum sulfate solution, modified by the magnetic field and electrocoagulation, in the processes of drinking water preparation. The modification of the coagulant solution makes it possible to intensify water purification processes, to reduce reagent consumption by 25–30 %. It has been found that a dose of the modified aluminum sulfate solution of 28–30 mg/dm 3 improves the efficiency of removal of suspended substances and coloration by 35–40 %. The dosage of the conventional reagent solution was 40 mg/dm 3 while reaching the same purification parameters. Modifying a solution of aluminum sulfate with the magnetic field and electrocoagulation increases the hydraulic size of the coagulated suspension. A change in the hydraulic size in the suspension has been studied at different periods of the year. In winter, when treating water with the modified aluminum sulfate solution, there a decrease in the suspension content whose hydraulic size is 0.1 mm/s and less, from 89 % to 22 %. In this case, the content of suspended substances at settling decreases from 8.5–12.5 mg/dm3 to 5.6–8.3 mg/dm 3 . In spring, when using the modified coagulant solution, the content of suspension whose size is 0.1 mm/s and less decreased from 55 % to 15 %. In summer, there is an increase in the content of suspension whose size is 0.3–0.5 mm/, from 58 % (a conventional reagent solution) to 66 % (the modified reagent solution). This indicates an intensification of the coagulation of impurities and the clarification of water. The experimental data testify to an increase in the effectiveness of discoloration of natural low-turbid colored water to 63.3–63.9 % for the modified reagent solution at 45.5 % for a conventional reagent solution. A change in the bacteriological parameters has been determined: the effectiveness of the decrease in a microbial number grows from 11.6‒18.7 % to 18.6–25.1 %. In terms of a coli-index, the efficiency of purification grows from 16.6‒23.1 % to 23.0–29.5 %","PeriodicalId":12601,"journal":{"name":"GeologyRN: Water Resources Engineering (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83923232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A receiving water quality monitoring program was developed to measure beneficial use impacts resulting from toxicity in storm water runoff. Significant toxicity has been identified through field sampling in San Diego Creek, the primary tributary to Upper Newport Bay in Orange County California and in Upper Newport Bay. The goals of the water quality monitoring program are to determine the persistence, fate and significance of the aquatic toxicity in the receiving water. The program is being completed in two phases reflecting the funding from two EPA grants. A 205(j) planning grant is providing resources for characterizing the toxicity in the receiving waters using standard EPA tests. A 319(h) implementation grant is providing resources for determining the source of the toxicity in the watershed, and ultimately, to develop source control BMPs for the constituents identified as a part of the planning portion of the program. The initial receiving water testing began in the fall of 1997. To date, there is toxicity to Ceriodaphnia (freshwater zooplankton), Mysidopsis bahia (marine zooplankton), and, in an isolated case, Pimphales promelas (fathead minnow larvae). About one-half of the toxicity has been identified through directed Toxicity Investigation Evaluations (TIEs) as resulting from organophosphorous pesticides. The remaining toxicity was not identified through a conventional TIE. Additional investigation is currently underway to identify the compounds responsible for the unidentified portion of the toxicity and the significance of the toxicity in the Bay to aquatic life. Background In most cases, conventional water quality monitoring is carried out by measuring a suite of chemical constituents at various locations at a fixed, sampling frequency. The data may be compared to U.S. EPA water quality criteria and/or state standards based on the EPA criteria. Exceedance of the criterion values represents an “impaired” water body that requires action to eliminate the exceedance.
{"title":"Receiving Water Quality Monitoring for Assessment of Storm Water Runoff Impacts, A Case Study","authors":"Scott M. Taylor","doi":"10.1061/40430(1999)140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/40430(1999)140","url":null,"abstract":"A receiving water quality monitoring program was developed to measure beneficial use impacts resulting from toxicity in storm water runoff. Significant toxicity has been identified through field sampling in San Diego Creek, the primary tributary to Upper Newport Bay in Orange County California and in Upper Newport Bay. The goals of the water quality monitoring program are to determine the persistence, fate and significance of the aquatic toxicity in the receiving water. The program is being completed in two phases reflecting the funding from two EPA grants. A 205(j) planning grant is providing resources for characterizing the toxicity in the receiving waters using standard EPA tests. A 319(h) implementation grant is providing resources for determining the source of the toxicity in the watershed, and ultimately, to develop source control BMPs for the constituents identified as a part of the planning portion of the program. The initial receiving water testing began in the fall of 1997. To date, there is toxicity to Ceriodaphnia (freshwater zooplankton), Mysidopsis bahia (marine zooplankton), and, in an isolated case, Pimphales promelas (fathead minnow larvae). About one-half of the toxicity has been identified through directed Toxicity Investigation Evaluations (TIEs) as resulting from organophosphorous pesticides. The remaining toxicity was not identified through a conventional TIE. Additional investigation is currently underway to identify the compounds responsible for the unidentified portion of the toxicity and the significance of the toxicity in the Bay to aquatic life. Background In most cases, conventional water quality monitoring is carried out by measuring a suite of chemical constituents at various locations at a fixed, sampling frequency. The data may be compared to U.S. EPA water quality criteria and/or state standards based on the EPA criteria. Exceedance of the criterion values represents an “impaired” water body that requires action to eliminate the exceedance.","PeriodicalId":12601,"journal":{"name":"GeologyRN: Water Resources Engineering (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"1577-1582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79115968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-01DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:2(104)
D. B. Moog, G. Jirka
Numerous equations employing depth, velocity, and slope have been developed to estimate the stream reaeration coefficient. These have been evaluated previously using statistics based on differential errors, which are shown to be biased toward underprediction. A new metric, the mean multiplicative error (MME), overcomes this defect and offers other advantages, including identical results for both reaeration and gas transfer coefficients and less sensitivity to extreme errors. It is equal to the geometric mean of the factors, greater than unity, by which the estimates would have to be multiplied or divided to equal the corresponding measurements. With the use of the MME to test 10 selected equations, against a compilation of field measurements based on gas tracers, current equations are shown to be of little value at low slopes, whereas some frequently used equations are shown to have little general value. Slope is found to be an essential component of reaeration equations. Recommendations are made for estimating the reaeration coefficient.
{"title":"Analysis of Reaeration Equations Using Mean Multiplicative Error","authors":"D. B. Moog, G. Jirka","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:2(104)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:2(104)","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous equations employing depth, velocity, and slope have been developed to estimate the stream reaeration coefficient. These have been evaluated previously using statistics based on differential errors, which are shown to be biased toward underprediction. A new metric, the mean multiplicative error (MME), overcomes this defect and offers other advantages, including identical results for both reaeration and gas transfer coefficients and less sensitivity to extreme errors. It is equal to the geometric mean of the factors, greater than unity, by which the estimates would have to be multiplied or divided to equal the corresponding measurements. With the use of the MME to test 10 selected equations, against a compilation of field measurements based on gas tracers, current equations are shown to be of little value at low slopes, whereas some frequently used equations are shown to have little general value. Slope is found to be an essential component of reaeration equations. Recommendations are made for estimating the reaeration coefficient.","PeriodicalId":12601,"journal":{"name":"GeologyRN: Water Resources Engineering (Topic)","volume":"56 1","pages":"1441-1445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83897419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rapid-estimation method for assessing scour at highway bridges","authors":"Stephen R. Holnbeck","doi":"10.3133/FS24496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/FS24496","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12601,"journal":{"name":"GeologyRN: Water Resources Engineering (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"222-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82782331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124:1(11)
D. C. Rogers, J. Goussard
Many canal control methods and algorithms have been developed, but only some of them are being used on operating canal projects. As a part of the ASCE task committee on canal automation algorithms, this paper discusses field application of automatic control algorithms. Based on available data, information is presented on the implementation of canal algorithms. These algorithms are categorized as implicit algorithms in self-regulating gates, local automatic feedback controllers, and supervisory control algorithms. For each algorithm, brief information is provided on water projects that are using the algorithm, the type of application, implementation history, and algorithm performance.
{"title":"Canal Control Algorithms Currently in Use","authors":"D. C. Rogers, J. Goussard","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124:1(11)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124:1(11)","url":null,"abstract":"Many canal control methods and algorithms have been developed, but only some of them are being used on operating canal projects. As a part of the ASCE task committee on canal automation algorithms, this paper discusses field application of automatic control algorithms. Based on available data, information is presented on the implementation of canal algorithms. These algorithms are categorized as implicit algorithms in self-regulating gates, local automatic feedback controllers, and supervisory control algorithms. For each algorithm, brief information is provided on water projects that are using the algorithm, the type of application, implementation history, and algorithm performance.","PeriodicalId":12601,"journal":{"name":"GeologyRN: Water Resources Engineering (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"16-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84272178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124:1(3)
P. Malaterre, D. C. Rogers, J. Schuurmans
Different control algorithms for the regulation of irrigation canals have been developed and applied throughout the world. Each of them can be characterized according to several criteria, among which are: the considered variables (controlled, measured, and control action variables), the logic of control (type and direction), and the design technique. This paper defines these terms and classifies the algorithms detailed in the literature. To summarize and compare algorithms, a structured table of the main published canal control algorithms is presented.
{"title":"Classification of Canal Control Algorithms","authors":"P. Malaterre, D. C. Rogers, J. Schuurmans","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124:1(3)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124:1(3)","url":null,"abstract":"Different control algorithms for the regulation of irrigation canals have been developed and applied throughout the world. Each of them can be characterized according to several criteria, among which are: the considered variables (controlled, measured, and control action variables), the logic of control (type and direction), and the design technique. This paper defines these terms and classifies the algorithms detailed in the literature. To summarize and compare algorithms, a structured table of the main published canal control algorithms is presented.","PeriodicalId":12601,"journal":{"name":"GeologyRN: Water Resources Engineering (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"6-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88724977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_201553
Arthur C. Miller, Dennis L. Johnson, G. Aron
{"title":"Time of Concentration","authors":"Arthur C. Miller, Dennis L. Johnson, G. Aron","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_201553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_201553","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12601,"journal":{"name":"GeologyRN: Water Resources Engineering (Topic)","volume":"53 1","pages":"1688-1692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80800057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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