Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81161
D. Sharma, N. Sharma, Vivek Sharma
Sinonasal cancers are rare tumors constitute 3% of head and neck cancers. These include malignancies of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinuses, frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus). Patients are often asymptomatic until late in the course of their disease. Tumors of the maxillary sinus are more common than those of the ethmoid sinus or nasal cavity. The workup for patients with suspected paranasal sinus tumors includes complete head and neck CT/MRI with contrast. FDG-PET/CT may be considered in the workup of patients with clinically apparent stage III or IV disease. The most common histology for these tumors is squamous cell carcinoma, others reported includes adenocarcinoma, esthesioneuroblastoma, minor salivary gland tumors, or sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma [SNEC]). Surgical resection for all T stages (except T4b, any N) followed by postoperative therapy remains a cornerstone of treatment. However, definitive RT or systemic therapy/RT is recommended for T4b, any N. Locoregional control and incidence of distant metastasis are dependent on T stage, N stage, and tumor histology.
{"title":"Sinonasal Cancers: Diagnosis and Management","authors":"D. Sharma, N. Sharma, Vivek Sharma","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81161","url":null,"abstract":"Sinonasal cancers are rare tumors constitute 3% of head and neck cancers. These include malignancies of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinuses, frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus). Patients are often asymptomatic until late in the course of their disease. Tumors of the maxillary sinus are more common than those of the ethmoid sinus or nasal cavity. The workup for patients with suspected paranasal sinus tumors includes complete head and neck CT/MRI with contrast. FDG-PET/CT may be considered in the workup of patients with clinically apparent stage III or IV disease. The most common histology for these tumors is squamous cell carcinoma, others reported includes adenocarcinoma, esthesioneuroblastoma, minor salivary gland tumors, or sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma [SNEC]). Surgical resection for all T stages (except T4b, any N) followed by postoperative therapy remains a cornerstone of treatment. However, definitive RT or systemic therapy/RT is recommended for T4b, any N. Locoregional control and incidence of distant metastasis are dependent on T stage, N stage, and tumor histology.","PeriodicalId":133232,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125045764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79983
Lizette Mowatt
Infection in the soft tissues of the orbit, posterior to the orbital septum results in orbital cellulitis. This is a very serious condition, which may occur as a complication of sinusitis by contiguous spread or may result from haematogenous spread or from trauma. Orbital cellulitis presents with periorbital swelling, proptosis, conjunctival chemosis and injection, extraocular motility deficits and visual loss. It requires comanagement by the ophthalmol- ogist and otorhinolaryngologist when secondary to sinusitis. It is important that this condition is recognized early, and immediate management is done to prevent impending visual loss and further complications of periosteal abscesses, meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis and death. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of orbital cellulitis, patho- genesis, causative organisms, investigations (including imaging of the sinuses) and treatment. Prognostic factors and conditions that complicate this such as diabetes will also be discussed.
{"title":"Orbital Cellulitis","authors":"Lizette Mowatt","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.79983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79983","url":null,"abstract":"Infection in the soft tissues of the orbit, posterior to the orbital septum results in orbital cellulitis. This is a very serious condition, which may occur as a complication of sinusitis by contiguous spread or may result from haematogenous spread or from trauma. Orbital cellulitis presents with periorbital swelling, proptosis, conjunctival chemosis and injection, extraocular motility deficits and visual loss. It requires comanagement by the ophthalmol- ogist and otorhinolaryngologist when secondary to sinusitis. It is important that this condition is recognized early, and immediate management is done to prevent impending visual loss and further complications of periosteal abscesses, meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis and death. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of orbital cellulitis, patho- genesis, causative organisms, investigations (including imaging of the sinuses) and treatment. Prognostic factors and conditions that complicate this such as diabetes will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":133232,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130370965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81163
B. Atalay
The insufficient alveolar bone height due to the maxillary sinus in the posterior maxilla and postextraction bone resorption may limit implant placement. The sinus lifting procedure creates space between the maxillary alveolar bone and the Schneiderian membrane, which is filled with graft materials to maintain adequate space for new bone formation. Leucocyteand platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF)-mixed bone substitute or L-PRF has been used solely as a graft material for sinus lifting. The clinical and radiological findings of the application of PRF for sinus augmentation have been shown to have good results regarding new bone formation. The L-PRF can be an efficient biomaterial for graft particles in maxillary sinus lifting.
{"title":"Sinus Lifting and Leucocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin","authors":"B. Atalay","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81163","url":null,"abstract":"The insufficient alveolar bone height due to the maxillary sinus in the posterior maxilla and postextraction bone resorption may limit implant placement. The sinus lifting procedure creates space between the maxillary alveolar bone and the Schneiderian membrane, which is filled with graft materials to maintain adequate space for new bone formation. Leucocyteand platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF)-mixed bone substitute or L-PRF has been used solely as a graft material for sinus lifting. The clinical and radiological findings of the application of PRF for sinus augmentation have been shown to have good results regarding new bone formation. The L-PRF can be an efficient biomaterial for graft particles in maxillary sinus lifting.","PeriodicalId":133232,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129008499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79376
S. Nikolova, D. Toneva, I. Georgiev, N. Lazarov
The frontal bone develops as two halves, which further unite in a single bone by the closure of the mid-sagittal metopic suture, typically by the end of the first postnatal year. The fron tal sinus begins to expand into the orbital and vertical plates of the frontal bone postnatally and reaches the level of the nasion by the fourth year of age. At this time, the metopic suture is usually entirely closed. However, in the cases of failed closure of the metopic suture, its relationship to the frontal sinus development is still obscure. Here, we review the relevant literature and discuss the frontal bone development and maturation, from the viewpoint of the frontal sinus pneumatization in relation to the metopic craniosynostosis and failed closure of the metopic suture. The peculiar to the metopic skulls frontal bone configuration is rather an expression of the underlying neural mass demands than a consequence of the metopic suture persistence. Furthermore, the persistent metopic suture is frequently associated with a frontal sinus underdevelopment. It seems that the metopic suture does not inhibit the frontal sinus pneumatization itself, but rather both traits are an expression or an aftereffect of a certain condition during the early development.
{"title":"Relation between Metopic Suture Persistence and Frontal Sinus Development","authors":"S. Nikolova, D. Toneva, I. Georgiev, N. Lazarov","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79376","url":null,"abstract":"The frontal bone develops as two halves, which further unite in a single bone by the closure of the mid-sagittal metopic suture, typically by the end of the first postnatal year. The fron tal sinus begins to expand into the orbital and vertical plates of the frontal bone postnatally and reaches the level of the nasion by the fourth year of age. At this time, the metopic suture is usually entirely closed. However, in the cases of failed closure of the metopic suture, its relationship to the frontal sinus development is still obscure. Here, we review the relevant literature and discuss the frontal bone development and maturation, from the viewpoint of the frontal sinus pneumatization in relation to the metopic craniosynostosis and failed closure of the metopic suture. The peculiar to the metopic skulls frontal bone configuration is rather an expression of the underlying neural mass demands than a consequence of the metopic suture persistence. Furthermore, the persistent metopic suture is frequently associated with a frontal sinus underdevelopment. It seems that the metopic suture does not inhibit the frontal sinus pneumatization itself, but rather both traits are an expression or an aftereffect of a certain condition during the early development.","PeriodicalId":133232,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses","volume":"127 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116074355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80603
A. Sindel, M. Özarslan, Ö. Özalp
Dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxillary region has always been a chal- lenging issue due to both alveolar ridge atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Maxillary sinus augmentation is a well-known and predictable procedure in vertical deficiencies of the posterior maxilla. To date, various techniques have been described based on the physiology of intrasinus bone repair to obtain better outcomes. Nevertheless, these pro - cedures could also be associated with several intra- and postoperative complications such as perforation of the sinus membrane, hemorrhage, infection, graft resorption, and loss of the graft or implants. The aim of this chapter is to review the contemporary methods for maxillary sinus augmentation and to present both recommendations for prevention and management of the associated complications.
{"title":"Management of the Complications of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation","authors":"A. Sindel, M. Özarslan, Ö. Özalp","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.80603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80603","url":null,"abstract":"Dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxillary region has always been a chal- lenging issue due to both alveolar ridge atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Maxillary sinus augmentation is a well-known and predictable procedure in vertical deficiencies of the posterior maxilla. To date, various techniques have been described based on the physiology of intrasinus bone repair to obtain better outcomes. Nevertheless, these pro - cedures could also be associated with several intra- and postoperative complications such as perforation of the sinus membrane, hemorrhage, infection, graft resorption, and loss of the graft or implants. The aim of this chapter is to review the contemporary methods for maxillary sinus augmentation and to present both recommendations for prevention and management of the associated complications.","PeriodicalId":133232,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses","volume":"13 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120911669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81040
M. Şentürk
Rhinosinusitis is a common disease among all the sinus diseases, and unsuccessful attempts to these infections may result not only in economic burdens but also in increasing the num-bers of untreated patients in the community. Medical management of the rhinosinusitis includes antibiotics, antihistamines, nasal decongestants, corticosteroids, mucolytics, leukotriene antagonists, and nasal irrigations. Each treatment option must be selected for appropriate patient and prescriptions must be tailored according to the patient’s need. These needs must depend on the endoscopic examination, symptoms, and sinus cultures and computed tomography. It is also a matter of debate whether these investigations lead to treatment or not, but it would be wrong to expect that a single examination method and physical examination alone should direct treatment in the first place. As a result, managing the process with the most appropriate examination methods for the patient’s complaints will be the most beneficial approach.
{"title":"Medical Management of the Paranasal Sinus Infections","authors":"M. Şentürk","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81040","url":null,"abstract":"Rhinosinusitis is a common disease among all the sinus diseases, and unsuccessful attempts to these infections may result not only in economic burdens but also in increasing the num-bers of untreated patients in the community. Medical management of the rhinosinusitis includes antibiotics, antihistamines, nasal decongestants, corticosteroids, mucolytics, leukotriene antagonists, and nasal irrigations. Each treatment option must be selected for appropriate patient and prescriptions must be tailored according to the patient’s need. These needs must depend on the endoscopic examination, symptoms, and sinus cultures and computed tomography. It is also a matter of debate whether these investigations lead to treatment or not, but it would be wrong to expect that a single examination method and physical examination alone should direct treatment in the first place. As a result, managing the process with the most appropriate examination methods for the patient’s complaints will be the most beneficial approach.","PeriodicalId":133232,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124997275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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