In Poland, a characteristic feature of live pig production is its dispersion. The purpose of the article is to present the current level of concentration of pig producers and pig population, as well as structural changes that have taken place after Poland’s accession to the European Union. The reference point for the degree of concentration in Poland is the degree of concentration of producers and livestock numbers in countries such as Denmark or Germany. These countries were included in the production and export of pigs and pig meat due to their position. The analysis confirms that despite the progress in concentration, both the structure of producers and the population are still fragmented. In 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development took the initiative to create an electronic sales platform under the name “Food Platform”. One of the goals of its establishment is to strengthen the position of farmers, who are the weakest link in the supply chain. The point is that trading on the Food Platform would bring benefits not only to large companies, but also to small entities that face difficulties to operating independently on the market. One of the products recommended for trade on the Food Platform is red meat (pork and beef) and products from this meat (Szczepaniak, Ambroziak and Drożdż, 2019). Although trade in pork half-carcases is foreseen further (wheat is to be the pilot product) and in addition will be based on transactions between slaughterhouses and processing plants, the fragmentation of production in question will have an impact on this turnover. The turnover on the platform, in turn, may affect the position of farmers. The trade may require joint (group) action of producers, and perhaps also the proper organization of the trade on the part of the platform.
{"title":"Degree of Concentration of Pig Production in the Context of Trading on the Food Platform","authors":"D. Zawadzka","doi":"10.30858/zer/120875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/120875","url":null,"abstract":"In Poland, a characteristic feature of live pig production is its dispersion. The purpose of the article is to present the current level of concentration of pig producers and pig population, as well as structural changes that have taken place after Poland’s accession to the European Union. The reference point for the degree of concentration in Poland is the degree of concentration of producers and livestock numbers in countries such as Denmark or Germany. These countries were included in the production and export of pigs and pig meat due to their position. The analysis confirms that despite the progress in concentration, both the structure of producers and the population are still fragmented. In 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development took the initiative to create an electronic sales platform under the name “Food Platform”. One of the goals of its establishment is to strengthen the position of farmers, who are the weakest link in the supply chain. The point is that trading on the Food Platform would bring benefits not only to large companies, but also to small entities that face difficulties to operating independently on the market. One of the products recommended for trade on the Food Platform is red meat (pork and beef) and products from this meat (Szczepaniak, Ambroziak and Drożdż, 2019). Although trade in pork half-carcases is foreseen further (wheat is to be the pilot product) and in addition will be based on transactions between slaughterhouses and processing plants, the fragmentation of production in question will have an impact on this turnover. The turnover on the platform, in turn, may affect the position of farmers. The trade may require joint (group) action of producers, and perhaps also the proper organization of the trade on the part of the platform.","PeriodicalId":141846,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Livestock Husbandry (Topic)","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122368139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A smallholder dairy cattle farming has been practiced by farmers in Tanzania, particularly in rural areas as a means of livelihood through income generated and food security although information about its impacts might not be clear from different locations. This study examined socio-economic impacts of smallholder dairy cattle farming on the livelihood in Sunga ward of Lushoto District, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study design was adopted whereby quantitative approach was used. Simple random sampling was used to select 120 households from 384 total households practicing dairy cattle farming. The survey was used as the method of data collection. Structured questionnaire constructed from close and open ended questions was utilized as an instrument of data collection. Data analysis was done by using SPSS whereby the study revealed descriptive statistics and paired-samples t test. Results show that smallholder dairy cattle farming has a social impact on household food security due to increased crop yields 97.5% , milk consumption 74.8% and selling of cattle 67.2% . Also, households improved access to education 79.2% , improved access to health services 84% and increased assets 87.4% such as buying of land, motorcycles and construction of houses. Moreover, dairy cattle farming has demonstrated economic impacts through direct income generated from selling milk 65.8% , using manure for agriculture 100% , income from selling cattle 71.7% and perceived as a source of employment 92.5% . Income from selling milk contributes about 47% of annual income of the household. Through cattle manure application on cropping farms, average household annual income in Tanzania shillings TZS generated from crops was significantly increased to TZS 555300 from TZS 166600 in the period before household introduced cattle manure t=10.188, p
坦桑尼亚的农民，特别是农村地区的农民，一直在进行小规模的奶牛养殖，作为一种谋生手段，通过创造收入和粮食安全，尽管关于其影响的信息在不同地点可能并不清楚。本研究调查了坦桑尼亚Lushoto区Sunga区小农奶牛养殖对生计的社会经济影响。采用横断面研究设计，采用定量方法。采用简单随机抽样方法，从384户奶牛养殖户中抽取120户。调查是数据收集的方法。利用封闭式和开放式问题构建的结构化问卷作为数据收集的工具。数据分析采用SPSS软件，采用描述性统计和配对样本t检验。结果表明，小农奶牛养殖对农户粮食安全的社会影响为增产97.5%，产奶量增加74.8%，牛销售量增加67.2%。此外，家庭获得教育的机会增加了79.2%，获得保健服务的机会增加了84%，资产增加了87.4%，如购买土地、摩托车和建造房屋。此外，奶牛养殖通过销售牛奶产生的直接收入占65.8%，将粪便用于农业的比例为100%，出售牛的收入占71.7%，被视为就业来源的比例为92.5%，从而证明了其经济影响。卖牛奶的收入约占家庭年收入的47%。通过在种植农场施用牛粪，在家庭引入牛粪之前，坦桑尼亚家庭从作物中产生的平均年收入(先令TZS)从166600 TZS显著增加到555300 TZS。t=10.188, p
{"title":"Socio-Economic Impacts of Smallholder Dairy Cattle Farming on Livelihood in Sunga Ward of Lushoto District, Tanzania","authors":"E. P. Mzingula","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3390668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3390668","url":null,"abstract":"A smallholder dairy cattle farming has been practiced by farmers in Tanzania, particularly in rural areas as a means of livelihood through income generated and food security although information about its impacts might not be clear from different locations. This study examined socio-economic impacts of smallholder dairy cattle farming on the livelihood in Sunga ward of Lushoto District, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study design was adopted whereby quantitative approach was used. Simple random sampling was used to select 120 households from 384 total households practicing dairy cattle farming. The survey was used as the method of data collection. Structured questionnaire constructed from close and open ended questions was utilized as an instrument of data collection. Data analysis was done by using SPSS whereby the study revealed descriptive statistics and paired-samples t test. Results show that smallholder dairy cattle farming has a social impact on household food security due to increased crop yields 97.5% , milk consumption 74.8% and selling of cattle 67.2% . Also, households improved access to education 79.2% , improved access to health services 84% and increased assets 87.4% such as buying of land, motorcycles and construction of houses. Moreover, dairy cattle farming has demonstrated economic impacts through direct income generated from selling milk 65.8% , using manure for agriculture 100% , income from selling cattle 71.7% and perceived as a source of employment 92.5% . Income from selling milk contributes about 47% of annual income of the household. Through cattle manure application on cropping farms, average household annual income in Tanzania shillings TZS generated from crops was significantly increased to TZS 555300 from TZS 166600 in the period before household introduced cattle manure t=10.188, p","PeriodicalId":141846,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Livestock Husbandry (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116827824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The livestock population estimates of Jalna district show that the sex composition of crossbred cattle and buffalo has shifted in favour of females and the male buffalo population is in the process of erosion and being replaced by females. This is desirable for rise in milk production in the district. Further, there has been decline in livestock population in Jalna district in 2007 as against 2003. The decline in livestock population in Jalna district is not only due to decline in cattle population but also due to sharp decline in sheep, goat and pig population. The estimates also show much lower annual rate of growth in milk production in the district of Jalna as against growth in the same in Marathwada region and Maharashtra state during the last two decades. However, egg production in Jalna district has grown at faster rate as against growth in the same in Marathwada region and Maharashtra state during the last two decades. Therefore, while the district of Jalna is in comfortable position in egg production, it has to do lot of catching in milk production.
{"title":"A Synthesis of Livestock Population and Production Dynamics of Jalna District of Maharashtra: Current Status and Future Vision","authors":"D. Shah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3195722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3195722","url":null,"abstract":"The livestock population estimates of Jalna district show that the sex composition of crossbred cattle and buffalo has shifted in favour of females and the male buffalo population is in the process of erosion and being replaced by females. This is desirable for rise in milk production in the district. Further, there has been decline in livestock population in Jalna district in 2007 as against 2003. The decline in livestock population in Jalna district is not only due to decline in cattle population but also due to sharp decline in sheep, goat and pig population. The estimates also show much lower annual rate of growth in milk production in the district of Jalna as against growth in the same in Marathwada region and Maharashtra state during the last two decades. However, egg production in Jalna district has grown at faster rate as against growth in the same in Marathwada region and Maharashtra state during the last two decades. Therefore, while the district of Jalna is in comfortable position in egg production, it has to do lot of catching in milk production.","PeriodicalId":141846,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Livestock Husbandry (Topic)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134154592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
German Abstract: Am Beispiel des Marktes fur Schweinefleisch werden die Wirkungen individueller Massnahmen von TierrechtlerInnen auf die produzierte Menge und somit die Menge an Tierleid mit Hilfe einfacher okonomischer Modelle analysiert. Da die Ressourcen von TierrechtlerInnen begrenzt sind, kann das globale Tierleid dadurch reduziert werden, dass man auf moglichst effektive Massnahmen fokussiert. Es zeigt sich, dass Massnahmen auf der Nachfrageseite (Uberzeugungsarbeit bei KonsumentenInnen) wahrscheinlich effektiver sind als Massnahmen auf der Angebotsseite (Erhohung der Produktionskosten). Die Einbeziehung von Aussenhandel in die Analyse schwacht die geschatzte Effektivitat aller nur im Inland betriebenen Massnahmen ab – die Wirkungen bleiben aber positiv. English Abstract: Using the example of the market for pork, the effects of individual measures by animal rights activists on the quantity produced and thus the amount of animal suffering are analyzed with the help of simple economic models. Since the resources of animal rights activists are limited, global animal suffering can be reduced by focusing on the most effective measures possible. It turns out that measures on the demand side (consumer persuasion) are probably more effective than measures on the supply side (increase in production costs). The inclusion of foreign trade in the analysis weakens the estimated effectiveness of all domestic measures, but the effects remain positive.
{"title":"Einfache Ökonomische Analysen Der Effektivität Individueller Massnahmen Zur Senkung Der Produktion Von „Nutztieren“ (Simple Economic Analyzes of the Effectiveness of Measures to Reduce Production of Farm Animals)","authors":"Tobias Hagen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3440240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3440240","url":null,"abstract":"German Abstract: Am Beispiel des Marktes fur Schweinefleisch werden die Wirkungen individueller Massnahmen von TierrechtlerInnen auf die produzierte Menge und somit die Menge an Tierleid mit Hilfe einfacher okonomischer Modelle analysiert. Da die Ressourcen von TierrechtlerInnen begrenzt sind, kann das globale Tierleid dadurch reduziert werden, dass man auf moglichst effektive Massnahmen fokussiert. Es zeigt sich, dass Massnahmen auf der Nachfrageseite (Uberzeugungsarbeit bei KonsumentenInnen) wahrscheinlich effektiver sind als Massnahmen auf der Angebotsseite (Erhohung der Produktionskosten). Die Einbeziehung von Aussenhandel in die Analyse schwacht die geschatzte Effektivitat aller nur im Inland betriebenen Massnahmen ab – die Wirkungen bleiben aber positiv. \u0000 \u0000English Abstract: Using the example of the market for pork, the effects of individual measures by animal rights activists on the quantity produced and thus the amount of animal suffering are analyzed with the help of simple economic models. Since the resources of animal rights activists are limited, global animal suffering can be reduced by focusing on the most effective measures possible. It turns out that measures on the demand side (consumer persuasion) are probably more effective than measures on the supply side (increase in production costs). The inclusion of foreign trade in the analysis weakens the estimated effectiveness of all domestic measures, but the effects remain positive.","PeriodicalId":141846,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Livestock Husbandry (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131707600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beef cow-calf production in the United States is widespread, occurring in every State. Nearly 765,000 farms, about 35 percent of the 2.2 million farms in the United States, had a beef cow inventory in 2007. Most of these were small, part-time operations. About a third of farms that raise beef animals had a beef cow inventory of less than 10 cows, more than half had fewer than 20 cows, and nearly 80 percent had fewer than 50 cows. In this study, ERS uses data from USDA’s 2008 Agricultural Resource Management Survey for U.S. beef cow-calf operations to examine the structure, costs, and characteristics of beef cow-calf producers. Many small operations are “rural residence farms” that specialize in beef cow-calf production, but their income from off-farm sources exceeds that from the farm. Most beef cow-calf production occurs on large farms, but cow-calf production is not the primary enterprise on many of these farms. Findings suggest that operators of beef cow-calf farms have a diverse set of goals for the cattle enterprise.
{"title":"The Diverse Structure and Organization of U.S. Beef Cow-Calf Farms","authors":"W. McBride, K. Mathews","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2114474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2114474","url":null,"abstract":"Beef cow-calf production in the United States is widespread, occurring in every State. Nearly 765,000 farms, about 35 percent of the 2.2 million farms in the United States, had a beef cow inventory in 2007. Most of these were small, part-time operations. About a third of farms that raise beef animals had a beef cow inventory of less than 10 cows, more than half had fewer than 20 cows, and nearly 80 percent had fewer than 50 cows. In this study, ERS uses data from USDA’s 2008 Agricultural Resource Management Survey for U.S. beef cow-calf operations to examine the structure, costs, and characteristics of beef cow-calf producers. Many small operations are “rural residence farms” that specialize in beef cow-calf production, but their income from off-farm sources exceeds that from the farm. Most beef cow-calf production occurs on large farms, but cow-calf production is not the primary enterprise on many of these farms. Findings suggest that operators of beef cow-calf farms have a diverse set of goals for the cattle enterprise.","PeriodicalId":141846,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Livestock Husbandry (Topic)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131474487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2016 Business Benchmark on Farm Animal Welfare Report assesses how 99 of the world’s largest food companies in the food retailer and wholesaler, restaurant and bar, and food producer and manufacturer sectors are managing farm animal welfare. The report concludes that farm animal welfare is rising up the business agenda with an increasing number of companies having established policies and set objectives and targets. Despite this progress, farm animal welfare continues to receive much less attention than other corporate responsibility issues, almost one quarter of the companies covered by the benchmark yet to even establish a policy on farm animal welfare.
{"title":"The Business Benchmark on Farm Animal Welfare 2016 Report","authors":"N. Amos, Rory Sullivan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2933184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2933184","url":null,"abstract":"The 2016 Business Benchmark on Farm Animal Welfare Report assesses how 99 of the world’s largest food companies in the food retailer and wholesaler, restaurant and bar, and food producer and manufacturer sectors are managing farm animal welfare. The report concludes that farm animal welfare is rising up the business agenda with an increasing number of companies having established policies and set objectives and targets. Despite this progress, farm animal welfare continues to receive much less attention than other corporate responsibility issues, almost one quarter of the companies covered by the benchmark yet to even establish a policy on farm animal welfare.","PeriodicalId":141846,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Livestock Husbandry (Topic)","volume":"415 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115228133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a model of market participation in which the presence of non-negligible fixed costs leads to random censoring of the traditional double-hurdle model. Fixed costs arise when household resources must be devoted a priori to the decision to participate in the market. These costs, usually of time, are manifested in non-negligible minimum-efficient supplies and supply correspondence that requires modification of the traditional Tobit regression. The costs also complicate econometric estimation of household behavior. These complications are overcome by application of the Gibbs sampler. The algorithm thus derived provides robust estimates of the fixed-costs, double-hurdle model. The model and procedures are demonstrated in an application to milk market participation in the Ethiopian highlands.
{"title":"Bayesian Estimation of the Double Hurdle Model in the Presence of Fixed Costs","authors":"G. Holloway, C. Barrett, S. Ehui","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2633551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2633551","url":null,"abstract":"We present a model of market participation in which the presence of non-negligible fixed costs leads to random censoring of the traditional double-hurdle model. Fixed costs arise when household resources must be devoted a priori to the decision to participate in the market. These costs, usually of time, are manifested in non-negligible minimum-efficient supplies and supply correspondence that requires modification of the traditional Tobit regression. The costs also complicate econometric estimation of household behavior. These complications are overcome by application of the Gibbs sampler. The algorithm thus derived provides robust estimates of the fixed-costs, double-hurdle model. The model and procedures are demonstrated in an application to milk market participation in the Ethiopian highlands.","PeriodicalId":141846,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Livestock Husbandry (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124448641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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