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Intraguild predation and cannibalism between two co-occurring ladybird species (Coccinella septempunctata and Menochilus sexmaculatus): A fight for supremacy 两种共生瓢虫（Coccinella septempunctata和Menochilus sexmaculatus）之间的群内捕食和食人行为：争夺霸主地位

Probe - Animal Science

Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.18686/pas.v5i1.1781

Monalisa Monalisa, Ahmad Pervez

Coccinella septempunctata L. (C7) and Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Ms) are aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), which dominates the ladybird fauna of Oriental region. Since these species co-occur and are highly predaceous on various aphids, it was hypothesized that in the scarcity or absence of aphids, i.e., extraguild prey, one ladybird species will start attacking and killing the other one, which will endanger their co-occurrence. Thus, we aim to determine, which ladybirds’ larvae will subdue the other; their attack rates (rate at which a superior individual attacks the inferior one), escape rates (rate at which an inferior individual escapes from the attack of superior one) and predation rates (rate at which a superior individual eats the inferior one) were investigated, as they indulged in cannibalism and intraguild predation. Larvae of C7 were slightly bigger and heavier than those of Ms, thereby they gained a slight competitive advantage. This enabled C7 a better attacker and an escapist when confronted with larvae of Ms in a predatory guild, which resulted in lesser larval mortality due to intraguild predation by Ms larvae. However, C7 successfully preyed upon the larvae of Ms. The highest rate of cannibalism and intraguild predation was executed by C7 which made it a potent cannibal and an intraguild predator. Despite being outplayed by C7, the inferior Ms larvae didn’t suffer much loss during the intraguild combat due to their armoured morphological features in the form of spines and rough texture. This is the reason why Ms still exists as the second most commonly occurring ladybird in the field.

Coccinella septempunctata L. (C7) 和 Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Ms) 是食蚜瓢虫（鞘翅目：瓢虫科），在东方地区的瓢虫动物群中占主导地位。由于这两种瓢虫共同栖息并高度捕食各种蚜虫，因此假设在蚜虫（即野外猎物）稀少或缺乏的情况下，一种瓢虫会开始攻击并杀死另一种瓢虫，从而危及它们的共同栖息。因此，我们的目标是确定哪种瓢虫的幼虫会制服另一种瓢虫；我们调查了它们的攻击率（优势个体攻击劣势个体的比率）、逃脱率（劣势个体逃脱优势个体攻击的比率）和捕食率（优势个体吃掉劣势个体的比率），因为它们会吃人和进行群内捕食。C7 的幼虫比 Ms 的幼虫稍大、稍重，因此在竞争中略胜一筹。这使 C7 在与 Ms 幼虫的捕食行会中成为更好的攻击者和逃脱者，从而降低了 Ms 幼虫在行会内捕食造成的幼虫死亡率。然而，C7 却成功地捕食了 Ms 幼虫。C7 的食人率和群内捕食率最高，这使它成为一个强大的食人者和群内捕食者。尽管被 C7 打得落花流水，但劣等的 Ms 幼虫由于具有刺和粗糙纹理等装甲形态特征，在群内搏斗中并没有受到太大的损失。因此，Ms 仍然是田间第二常见的瓢虫。

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引用次数: 0

Conservation status of Bengal tiger Panthera tigris tigris in the earth’s only mangrove tigerland: A review of efforts and challenges 地球上唯一的红树林老虎地孟加拉虎的保护现状:努力与挑战的回顾

Probe - Animal Science

Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.18686/pas.v5i1.1777

Jayanta Kumar Mallick

Sundarban is the earth’s largest contiguous ‘mangrove forest’ (‘Bādābān’) designated as protected or conservation areas including biosphere reserve, tiger reserve, core area, critical tiger habitat, primitive (wilderness) zone, national park, wildlife sanctuaries, buffer area and reserved forests, covering 10,277 km² forest area [4260 km² (41.45%) in India and 6017 km² (58.55%) in Bangladesh]. This natural biodiversity hotspot is the only mangrove tigerland and the ‘last stronghold’ of Panthera tigris tigris with a camera trap-based population estimate of 214 (100 in Indian Sundarbans and 114 in Bangladesh Sundarbans) supported by a creek (sign) survey. Globally, Sundarban is a prioritised class I tiger conservation landscape extending over 5304 km² or 51.6% of total terrestrial and aquatic mangrove habitat in the region, which is facing emergent conservation challenges due to natural and anthropogenic threats. Several conservation actions have been executed to stabilise and increase the tiger population. There is cause for ‘cautious future optimism’ since the trend of historically high rates of mangrove clearing and degradation has slowed down and tiger population in the Sundarban mangroves has slightly increased and remains stable during the last three enumerations (2018–2022) in India (the results of the current camera-based census in Bangladesh counterpart are to be announced on 29 July 2024), which can be attributed to some positive improvements of tiger habitat management.

孙德班是世界上最大的连续“红树林”(' Bādābān ')，被指定为包括生物圈保护区、老虎保护区、核心区、老虎关键栖息地、原始(荒野)区、国家公园、野生动物保护区、缓冲区和保护区森林在内的保护或保护区域，面积10,277公里。森林面积[4260公里;sup>2(41.45%)和6017公里;sup>2(58.55%)[孟加拉国]。这个自然生物多样性热点是唯一的红树林老虎地，也是底格里斯虎的“最后据点”。基于相机陷阱的种群估计为214只(印度孙德尔本斯100只，孟加拉国孙德尔本斯114只)，并辅以溪流(标志)调查。在全球范围内，孙德尔班是一个优先的I级老虎保护景观，面积超过5304公里。占该地区陆地和水生红树林栖息地总数的51.6%，由于自然和人为威胁，该地区正面临着紧急的保护挑战。为了稳定和增加老虎的数量，已经采取了一些保护措施。我们有理由对“未来持谨慎乐观态度”，因为历史上红树林砍伐和退化率很高的趋势已经放缓，孙德班红树林的老虎数量在印度最近三次(2018-2022年)的普查中略有增加，并保持稳定(孟加拉国目前基于相机的普查结果将于2024年7月29日公布)，这可归因于老虎栖息地管理的一些积极改善。

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引用次数: 0

On Greta Gaard’s critical ecofeminist animal research 格蕾塔·加德批判生态女性主义动物研究

Probe - Animal Science

Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.18686/pas.v5i1.1780

Yaxue Wang, Qian Zhao

The term “women” in ecofeminism goes far beyond its own scope and has a wide range of references: women, animals, plants, nature, people of color, grassroots people at the bottom of the ladder, and so on. As a famous contemporary ecofeminist scholar in the United States, Greta Gaard focuses her critical ecofeminism more on the criticism of sexism and speciesism, and she has been committed to animal research in ecofeminism. In her critical animal research, Gaard inherited the animal research of ecofeminists and advanced the research of critical ecofeminist animal study. She is not only highly concerned with the issue of animal oppression, but also proposes the theory of vegan ecofeminism and animal liberation, which are extensions and essence of Gaard’s critical animal research.

生态女性主义中的“女性”一词远远超出了其本身的范围，具有广泛的参考意义:女性，动物，植物，自然，有色人种，阶梯底部的基层人民，等等。Greta Gaard是美国当代著名的生态女性主义学者，她的生态女性主义批判更多地侧重于对性别歧视和物种歧视的批判，并一直致力于生态女性主义中的动物研究。在她的批判动物研究中，Gaard继承了生态女性主义的动物研究，推动了生态女性主义批判动物研究的发展。她不仅高度关注动物压迫问题，还提出了纯素生态女性主义理论和动物解放理论，这是Gaard批判性动物研究的延伸和精髓。

引用次数: 0

A review and field verification of avian diversity and habitat use in the greater Sundarbans of India, Bangladesh and their hinterland 对印度、孟加拉国大孙德尔本斯及其腹地鸟类多样性和生境利用的审查和实地核查

Probe - Animal Science

Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.18686/pas.v5i1.1778

Jayanta Kumar Mallick

The world-famous greater Sundarbans, the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world and endangered ecosystem located in the Bengal delta, is now confined to 10,277 km2conservation areas in India (4260 km2) and Bangladesh (6017 km2) over 250 odd-islands, designated as the Natural World Heritage-cum-Ramsar Sites of ornithological importance. The Sundarbans is fringed by 11,936.26 km2 reclaimed agricultural fields/human settlements [‘Sundarbans Transition Zone’ (STZ), India and Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs) plus Sundarbans Impact Zone (SIZ), Bangladesh]. This highly productive ecosystem provides diverse and abundant floral and faunal food resources, having high caloric concentrations, for the aves. A comprehensive study was conducted during 2019–2022 to bridge the knowledge-gaps of the avian diversity and habitat use through structural review of published and grey literature as well as field-based rapid assessment in the potential sites. 598 species, classified under 23 orders, 85 families and 277 genera, including seven extinct and about 40 old records, have been recorded in the study area. The terrestrial, arboreal and aquatic habitats are conveniently utilised by 32% resident and 68% migratory (summer and winter) birds for meeting their biological needs. 32.27% of them are commonly sighted and 67.73% rarely confronted. Considering the present biotic and abiotic threats, the rare birds are of high priority for future conservation actions.

世界著名的大孙德尔本斯，是世界上最大的潮汐盐生红树林和濒临灭绝的生态系统，位于孟加拉三角洲，现在被限制在印度(4260平方公里)和孟加拉国(6017平方公里)的10,277平方公里的保护区，超过250个奇怪的岛屿，被指定为具有鸟类学重要性的自然世界遗产和拉姆萨尔遗址。孙德尔本斯被11,936.26平方公里的开垦农田/人类住区[印度的“孙德尔本斯过渡区”(STZ)和孟加拉国的生态关键区(ECAs)和孙德尔本斯影响区(SIZ)]所包围。这种高产的生态系统为鸟类提供了多样化和丰富的植物和动物食物资源，具有高热量浓度。2019-2022年期间进行了一项全面研究，通过对已发表文献和灰色文献的结构性审查以及对潜在地点的实地快速评估，弥合了鸟类多样性和栖息地利用方面的知识空白。研究区共记录鸟类598种，隶属23目85科277属，其中已灭绝7种，旧记录约40种。32%的留鸟和68%的候鸟(夏季和冬季)方便地利用陆地、树木和水生栖息地，以满足它们的生物需要。32.27%为常见病，67.73%为罕见病。考虑到目前的生物和非生物威胁，珍稀鸟类是未来保护行动的重中之重。

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