Pub Date : 2020-06-17DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.87033
M. Aide
{"title":"Review and Assessment of Organic and Inorganic Rare Earth Element Complexation in Soil, Surface Water, and Groundwater","authors":"M. Aide","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.87033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":153364,"journal":{"name":"Rare Earth Elements and Their Minerals","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130122607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92310
R. Tamrakar, Kanchan Upadhyay
Luminescence behavior of the Gd2O3 phosphor is one of the important aspects in the technology of rare earth-based inorganic phosphor materials. The structural and optical behavior of a Gd2O3 nanophosphor will be discussed in detail. Structural characterization of the Gd2O3 was carried out via X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy methods. To detail the photoluminescence behavior, the excitation and emission spectra were recorded and discussed. Thermoluminescence (TL) study and kinetic analysis of the UVand gamma-irradiated phosphor were also carried out to determine the use of the phosphor for the dosimetric application. Tunned glow peaks were deconvoluted by applying glow curve deconvolution function, and all the trapping parameters were determined.
{"title":"Gd2O3: A Luminescent Material","authors":"R. Tamrakar, Kanchan Upadhyay","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92310","url":null,"abstract":"Luminescence behavior of the Gd2O3 phosphor is one of the important aspects in the technology of rare earth-based inorganic phosphor materials. The structural and optical behavior of a Gd2O3 nanophosphor will be discussed in detail. Structural characterization of the Gd2O3 was carried out via X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy methods. To detail the photoluminescence behavior, the excitation and emission spectra were recorded and discussed. Thermoluminescence (TL) study and kinetic analysis of the UVand gamma-irradiated phosphor were also carried out to determine the use of the phosphor for the dosimetric application. Tunned glow peaks were deconvoluted by applying glow curve deconvolution function, and all the trapping parameters were determined.","PeriodicalId":153364,"journal":{"name":"Rare Earth Elements and Their Minerals","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116140980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-13DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91260
T. Nakajima, O. Lamid-Ochir
Clinically available gadolinium chelate-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are divided into two groups by chelate types: linear GBCAs and macrocyclic GBCAs. The characteristic features of GBCAs are introduced in this chapter. Currently, there are two clinical issues related to the administration of GBCAs: nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) and brain deposition of gadolinium. NSF occurs in patients with chronic renal failure who had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations with GBCA injections. Frequent administrations would induce NSF, and GBCA stability would be discussed in this chapter. Linear GBCAs are more likely to be deposited in brain tissues than macrocyclic GBCAs. We present the trend of GBCA deposition or retention with our published research studies with our previous researches. We have investigated the effect of GBCAs deposited in the brain for infants.
{"title":"Current Clinical Issues: Deposition of Gadolinium Chelates","authors":"T. Nakajima, O. Lamid-Ochir","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91260","url":null,"abstract":"Clinically available gadolinium chelate-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are divided into two groups by chelate types: linear GBCAs and macrocyclic GBCAs. The characteristic features of GBCAs are introduced in this chapter. Currently, there are two clinical issues related to the administration of GBCAs: nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) and brain deposition of gadolinium. NSF occurs in patients with chronic renal failure who had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations with GBCA injections. Frequent administrations would induce NSF, and GBCA stability would be discussed in this chapter. Linear GBCAs are more likely to be deposited in brain tissues than macrocyclic GBCAs. We present the trend of GBCA deposition or retention with our published research studies with our previous researches. We have investigated the effect of GBCAs deposited in the brain for infants.","PeriodicalId":153364,"journal":{"name":"Rare Earth Elements and Their Minerals","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116360351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-27DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85596
I. Shamanin, M. Kazaryan
The possibility of transformation of energy of fast and epithermal neutrons to energy of coherent photon radiation at the expense of a neutron pumping of the active medium formed by nucleus with long-living isomerous states is theoretically described. The channel of the nucleus formation in isomeric state as a daughter nucleus resulting from the nuclear reaction of neutron capture by a lighter nucleus is taken into consid-eration for the first time. The analysis of cross sections ’ dependence of radiative neutron capture by the nuclei of gadolinium isotopes Gd 155 and Gd 156 is performed. As a result, it is stated that the speed of Gd 156 nuclei formation exceeds the speed of their “ burnup ” in the neutron flux. It is provided by a unique combination of absorbing properties of two isotopes of gadolinium Gd 155 and Gd 156 in both thermal and resonance regions of neutron energy. Conditions required for making isotope nuclei excited by forward neutron scattering on nuclei and for storing nuclei in excited states are formulated. The possibility of excess energy accumulation in the participating medium created by the nuclei of the pair of gadolinium isotopes Gd 155 and Gd 156 due to formation and storage of nuclei in isomeric state at radiative neutron capture by the nuclei of the stable isotope with a smaller mass is shown. It is concluded that when the active medium created by gadolinium nuclei is pumped by neutrons with the flux density of the order of 10 13 cm (cid:1) 2 s (cid:1) 1 , the condition of levels population inversion can be achieved in a few tens of seconds. The wave length of the radiation generated by the medium is 0.0006 nm.
从理论上描述了快中子和超热中子能量转化为相干光子辐射能量的可能性，其代价是中子泵送由长寿命同分态核形成的活性介质。本文首次考虑了轻核捕获中子的核反应导致的同分异构体核形成子核的通道。分析了钆同位素Gd 155和Gd 156对放射性中子捕获的截面依赖性。结果表明，Gd 156核的形成速度超过了它们在中子通量中的“燃耗”速度。它是由钆的两种同位素Gd 155和Gd 156在中子能量的热区和共振区吸收特性的独特组合提供的。给出了中子正向散射激发同位素原子核和激发态贮存原子核所需的条件。分析了钆同位素Gd 155和Gd 156在放射性中子俘获过程中，由质量较小的稳定同位素的核形成和贮存的同分异构体核在参与介质中产生多余能量积累的可能性。计算结果表明，用10 - 13 cm (cid:1) 2 s (cid:1) 1数量级的中子抽运钆核产生的活性介质，可在几十秒内达到能级居群反转的条件。介质产生的辐射波长为0.0006 nm。
{"title":"Application of the Gadolinium Isotopes Nuclei Neutron-Induced Excitation Process","authors":"I. Shamanin, M. Kazaryan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85596","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of transformation of energy of fast and epithermal neutrons to energy of coherent photon radiation at the expense of a neutron pumping of the active medium formed by nucleus with long-living isomerous states is theoretically described. The channel of the nucleus formation in isomeric state as a daughter nucleus resulting from the nuclear reaction of neutron capture by a lighter nucleus is taken into consid-eration for the first time. The analysis of cross sections ’ dependence of radiative neutron capture by the nuclei of gadolinium isotopes Gd 155 and Gd 156 is performed. As a result, it is stated that the speed of Gd 156 nuclei formation exceeds the speed of their “ burnup ” in the neutron flux. It is provided by a unique combination of absorbing properties of two isotopes of gadolinium Gd 155 and Gd 156 in both thermal and resonance regions of neutron energy. Conditions required for making isotope nuclei excited by forward neutron scattering on nuclei and for storing nuclei in excited states are formulated. The possibility of excess energy accumulation in the participating medium created by the nuclei of the pair of gadolinium isotopes Gd 155 and Gd 156 due to formation and storage of nuclei in isomeric state at radiative neutron capture by the nuclei of the stable isotope with a smaller mass is shown. It is concluded that when the active medium created by gadolinium nuclei is pumped by neutrons with the flux density of the order of 10 13 cm (cid:1) 2 s (cid:1) 1 , the condition of levels population inversion can be achieved in a few tens of seconds. The wave length of the radiation generated by the medium is 0.0006 nm.","PeriodicalId":153364,"journal":{"name":"Rare Earth Elements and Their Minerals","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116972182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86356
M. René
Allanite occurs as a relative rare REE mineral in selected granitic rocks of the Moldanubian batholith. This batholith represents one of the largest plutonic bodies in the European Variscan belt. Allanite was found in the Schlieren biotite granites and diorites 1 of the oldest Weinsberg suite, in biotite granodiorites of the youngest Freistadt suite and in dykes of microgranodiorites occurred in the eastern margin of the Klenov pluton. A majority of analyzed allanites are without any magmatic zoning, only allanite grains from the diorites 1 display complicated internal zoning with variable concentrations of Fe, Ca, Th, and REE. Analyzed allanites from the Schlieren granite, diorite 1, and the “margin” variety of the Freistadt granodiorite display ferriallanite-allanite substitution with low Fe ox = (Fe 3+ /(Fe 3+ + Fe 2+ )) ratio (0.2–0.5). The analyzed allanites occurring in the microgranodiorites display slightly greater Fe ox = (Fe 3+ /(Fe 3 + Fe 2+ )) ratios (0.45–0.6) and enrichment in Al (up to 2.2 apfu). All analyzed allanites are Mn-poor with its concentrations from 0.01 to 0.04 apfu. The Ce is a predominant rare earth element in all analyzed allanite grains; they are thus identified as allanite-(Ce). The highest concentrations of Ce were found in allanites from diorite 1 (0.31–0.41 apfu).
{"title":"Allanite from Granitic Rocks of the Moldanubian Batholith (Central European Variscan Belt)","authors":"M. René","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86356","url":null,"abstract":"Allanite occurs as a relative rare REE mineral in selected granitic rocks of the Moldanubian batholith. This batholith represents one of the largest plutonic bodies in the European Variscan belt. Allanite was found in the Schlieren biotite granites and diorites 1 of the oldest Weinsberg suite, in biotite granodiorites of the youngest Freistadt suite and in dykes of microgranodiorites occurred in the eastern margin of the Klenov pluton. A majority of analyzed allanites are without any magmatic zoning, only allanite grains from the diorites 1 display complicated internal zoning with variable concentrations of Fe, Ca, Th, and REE. Analyzed allanites from the Schlieren granite, diorite 1, and the “margin” variety of the Freistadt granodiorite display ferriallanite-allanite substitution with low Fe ox = (Fe 3+ /(Fe 3+ + Fe 2+ )) ratio (0.2–0.5). The analyzed allanites occurring in the microgranodiorites display slightly greater Fe ox = (Fe 3+ /(Fe 3 + Fe 2+ )) ratios (0.45–0.6) and enrichment in Al (up to 2.2 apfu). All analyzed allanites are Mn-poor with its concentrations from 0.01 to 0.04 apfu. The Ce is a predominant rare earth element in all analyzed allanite grains; they are thus identified as allanite-(Ce). The highest concentrations of Ce were found in allanites from diorite 1 (0.31–0.41 apfu).","PeriodicalId":153364,"journal":{"name":"Rare Earth Elements and Their Minerals","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129380433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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