A new statistical analysis of infrared synchrotron radiation (IR-SR)emitted by electrons and positrons at DAΦNE Φ-Factory (Frascati) and Bessy 2(Berlin) reveals inner degrees of freedom within bunches of relativistic particles.We thus propose a new methodological approach towards a theory that describesthe passage from a phase of maximum symmetry to a condensed phase having thequalities of a nematic mesophase of positrons and electrons.
{"title":"Quasi-Liquid Crystals of Electrons and Positrons","authors":"Gianluigi Zangari del Balzo","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/es6y3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/es6y3","url":null,"abstract":"A new statistical analysis of infrared synchrotron radiation (IR-SR)emitted by electrons and positrons at DAΦNE Φ-Factory (Frascati) and Bessy 2(Berlin) reveals inner degrees of freedom within bunches of relativistic particles.We thus propose a new methodological approach towards a theory that describesthe passage from a phase of maximum symmetry to a condensed phase having thequalities of a nematic mesophase of positrons and electrons.","PeriodicalId":153372,"journal":{"name":"Astronomy & Astrophysics eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125992052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article points out that when the boundary condition $frac{T}{T_{c}}=z$ (when z is a complex number) is preset, bosons can produce Bose condensation without an energy layer. Under Bose condensation, incident waves may condense in various black holes in the theory of loop quantum gravity. At that time, potential barriers will be generated near the horizon of various black holes, and we believe that these black holes will also produce super-radiation phenomena (this article uses the natural unit system). We assume that the simple loop quantum gravity theoretical model that can produce superradiation phenomena that does not exist in the traditional theory provides experimental evidence for loop quantum gravity.
{"title":"Evidence for loop quantum gravity","authors":"Wen-Xiang Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3892773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3892773","url":null,"abstract":"This article points out that when the boundary condition $frac{T}{T_{c}}=z$ (when z is a complex number) is preset, bosons can produce Bose condensation without an energy layer. Under Bose condensation, incident waves may condense in various black holes in the theory of loop quantum gravity. At that time, potential barriers will be generated near the horizon of various black holes, and we believe that these black holes will also produce super-radiation phenomena (this article uses the natural unit system). We assume that the simple loop quantum gravity theoretical model that can produce superradiation phenomena that does not exist in the traditional theory provides experimental evidence for loop quantum gravity.","PeriodicalId":153372,"journal":{"name":"Astronomy & Astrophysics eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126940679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, it mainly discusses that when the scalar field equation presets boundary conditions, the effective action form of Hawking radiation is consistent with the effective action form of superradiation. From this I conclude that Hawking radiation may be a form of superradiation.
{"title":"Hawking Radiation is Probably a Type of Superradiation","authors":"Wen-Xiang Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3768144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3768144","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, it mainly discusses that when the scalar field equation presets boundary conditions, the effective action form of Hawking radiation is consistent with the effective action form of superradiation. From this I conclude that Hawking radiation may be a form of superradiation.","PeriodicalId":153372,"journal":{"name":"Astronomy & Astrophysics eJournal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121650957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Humans have been a wildly curious species for millennia. From traveling across unmapped oceans to the first lunar steps, mankind had the ambition to explore dangerous, uncharted destinations. In 1966, the NASA budget was 4.41% of the Federal budget. Fifty years later, NASA’s budget was 0.50% of the Federal budget. While there is still strong interest in intermediate space, that's because it’s in the comfort zone of commercial interests with profit motives. We as a species need to resist this sole motivation. Many companies and governments won’t invest in a manned expedition to Mars since the profits would take decades to manifest (if there are any profits at all). However, recently a new breed of billionaires, including Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, realized the importance of investing in a Mars mission because of the positive impact for humanity later. Making a habitable colony for humans on Mars will be extraordinarily difficult - Mars is a hostile environment, but over time, impossible journeys evolve from difficult challenges to success. A trip to Mars would represent a leap in our maturity, a revitalization of the human spirit that charges into the unknown to understand and use it. This paper will research the challenges of getting to Mars and why we should go there. Who knows, we may find life under the dunes of Mars and discover we aren't the only ones.
{"title":"Humans beyond Earth","authors":"Ni-A Kwon, D. Klein","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3459688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3459688","url":null,"abstract":"Humans have been a wildly curious species for millennia. From traveling across unmapped oceans to the first lunar steps, mankind had the ambition to explore dangerous, uncharted destinations. In 1966, the NASA budget was 4.41% of the Federal budget. Fifty years later, NASA’s budget was 0.50% of the Federal budget. While there is still strong interest in intermediate space, that's because it’s in the comfort zone of commercial interests with profit motives. We as a species need to resist this sole motivation. Many companies and governments won’t invest in a manned expedition to Mars since the profits would take decades to manifest (if there are any profits at all). However, recently a new breed of billionaires, including Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, realized the importance of investing in a Mars mission because of the positive impact for humanity later. Making a habitable colony for humans on Mars will be extraordinarily difficult - Mars is a hostile environment, but over time, impossible journeys evolve from difficult challenges to success. A trip to Mars would represent a leap in our maturity, a revitalization of the human spirit that charges into the unknown to understand and use it. This paper will research the challenges of getting to Mars and why we should go there. Who knows, we may find life under the dunes of Mars and discover we aren't the only ones.","PeriodicalId":153372,"journal":{"name":"Astronomy & Astrophysics eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123880997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Determining distances in space is a technical phenomenon; astronomers are trying to come up with a correct way to do it. It is not easy for most of us to imagine the truly immense scale of the universe. “Scale,” in this case, refers to the size of an object compared with its surroundings or another object (McGaugh). Distances in the space are vast from one celestial body to another; for instance, it takes a light signal 10.5 years to travel to the nearest star that has planets (Bonnet, 1992). The fact that light travels 30000 times faster than any fastest rockets renders human beings unable to reach to some planets even if they travelled their entire lifetime. To determine space distance, several methods with different variations are used or have been proposed. These methods, unfortunately, have faults. In this research, I clearly explain several of these methods and their faults and errors. We will also observe the universe as being three-dimensional and flat as explained in Euclidean: Euclidean means that all the geometry and lines (that are taught in mathematics and physics) properties applies. Measuring distance from earth to celestial bodies like star, sun and moon help astronauts to determine the size of the universe; also it helps to estimate the age of universe. Therefore it is important to use correct methods in estimating space distance.
{"title":"Measuring Distances in Space","authors":"Manahel Thabet","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2355164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2355164","url":null,"abstract":"Determining distances in space is a technical phenomenon; astronomers are trying to come up with a correct way to do it. It is not easy for most of us to imagine the truly immense scale of the universe. “Scale,” in this case, refers to the size of an object compared with its surroundings or another object (McGaugh). Distances in the space are vast from one celestial body to another; for instance, it takes a light signal 10.5 years to travel to the nearest star that has planets (Bonnet, 1992). The fact that light travels 30000 times faster than any fastest rockets renders human beings unable to reach to some planets even if they travelled their entire lifetime. To determine space distance, several methods with different variations are used or have been proposed. These methods, unfortunately, have faults. In this research, I clearly explain several of these methods and their faults and errors. We will also observe the universe as being three-dimensional and flat as explained in Euclidean: Euclidean means that all the geometry and lines (that are taught in mathematics and physics) properties applies. Measuring distance from earth to celestial bodies like star, sun and moon help astronauts to determine the size of the universe; also it helps to estimate the age of universe. Therefore it is important to use correct methods in estimating space distance.","PeriodicalId":153372,"journal":{"name":"Astronomy & Astrophysics eJournal","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123746450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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