Pub Date : 2019-05-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501744693-005
J. Money
{"title":"4. Immigration and Race Relations in Britain","authors":"J. Money","doi":"10.7591/9781501744693-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501744693-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155896,"journal":{"name":"Fences and Neighbors","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123520676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501744693-004
J. Money
{"title":"3. The Political Geography of Immigration Control","authors":"J. Money","doi":"10.7591/9781501744693-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501744693-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155896,"journal":{"name":"Fences and Neighbors","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123039287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501744693-002
{"title":"1. The Politics of Immigration Control","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501744693-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501744693-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155896,"journal":{"name":"Fences and Neighbors","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132297726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501744693-010
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501744693-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501744693-010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155896,"journal":{"name":"Fences and Neighbors","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115220989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501744693-006
{"title":"5. Immigration in the French Fifth Republic","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501744693-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501744693-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155896,"journal":{"name":"Fences and Neighbors","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122976971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501744693-007
{"title":"6. Immigration Control in Australia with Kimberly Cole","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501744693-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501744693-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155896,"journal":{"name":"Fences and Neighbors","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126269948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501744693-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501744693-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501744693-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155896,"journal":{"name":"Fences and Neighbors","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116353277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7591/9781501744693-003
The simplest kind of a testing of hypothesis is when we have two possible alternate models and based on the sample have to make a choice between them. Suppose f 0 (x) and f 1 (x) are two possible densities on R and we have an observation x. We have to make a choice between the two. The null hypothesis says that f 0 is the true density. The alternate hypothesis says that f 1 is the true density. A decision procedure has to be of the following form. A region Ω called the critical regionis picked. If x ∈ Ω we are critical of the null hypothesis and reject it in favor of the alternate. If x / ∈ Ω we accept the null hypothesis. The probability α = Ω f) (x)dx of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called the type I error or size. The probability β = Ω c f 1 (x)dx of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is called the type II error. 1 − β = Ω f 1 (x)dx which is the probability of detecting that the null hypothesis when it is really false is called the power of the test. Clearly we would like to minimize Ω f 0 (x)dx while at the same time maximizing Ω f 1 (x)dx. This procedure of accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis based on observations is called a test or a test of hypothesis. In our contest each choice of Ω provides a diffrent test for the same problem of deciding to either accept f 0 or reject it in favor of f 1. We would like both α and β to be as small as possible. Of course there is a conflict. Minimizing α suggests making Ω small and making β small on the other hand needs Ω to be large. There has to be a trade off. We cannot compare two tests that have different type I errors. If Ω 1 and Ω 2 are two different tests with the same size Ω 1 is called more powerful than Ω 2 if Ω 1 f 2 (x)dx ≥ Ω 2 f 2 (x)dx while α = Ω 1 f 1 (x)dx = Ω 2 f 1 (x)dx A test Ω of size α is said to be most powerful if it is more powerful than any other …
最简单的假设检验是当我们有两个可能的备选模型时根据样本，我们必须在它们之间做出选择。假设f0 (x)和f1 (x)是R上两个可能的密度，我们有一个观测值x，我们必须在两者之间做出选择。零假设说f0是真正的密度。另一个假设是f1是真实密度。一个决定程序必须是以下形式。一个区域Ω被称为关键区域。如果x∈Ω，我们对零假设持批评态度，并拒绝它，支持备用假设。如果x /∈Ω，我们接受零假设。当零假设为真时，拒绝零假设的概率α = Ω f) (x)dx被称为I型误差或大小。当零假设为假时，接受零假设的概率β = Ω c f1 (x)dx被称为II型错误。1−β = Ω f 1 (x)dx，这是检测到零假设确实是错误的概率，称为检验的功率。显然我们想最小化Ω f 0 (x)dx同时最大化Ω f 1 (x)dx。这种根据观察结果接受或拒绝零假设的过程称为检验或假设检验。在我们的竞赛中，对于决定接受f 0还是拒绝f 1的相同问题，选择Ω提供了不同的测试。我们希望α和β都尽可能小。当然存在冲突。最小化α意味着使Ω变小，而使β变小则需要Ω变大。这是需要权衡的。我们不能比较具有不同类型I错误的两个测试。如果Ω1和2Ω是两个不同的测试具有相同大小1Ω叫做更强大的比Ω2如果Ω1 f (x) dx≥2Ω2 f (x) dx时,α= 1Ω1 f (x) dx = 1Ω2 f (x) dxα测试Ω大小据说是最强大的如果它比任何其他更强大的…
{"title":"2. Testing the Hypotheses","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501744693-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501744693-003","url":null,"abstract":"The simplest kind of a testing of hypothesis is when we have two possible alternate models and based on the sample have to make a choice between them. Suppose f 0 (x) and f 1 (x) are two possible densities on R and we have an observation x. We have to make a choice between the two. The null hypothesis says that f 0 is the true density. The alternate hypothesis says that f 1 is the true density. A decision procedure has to be of the following form. A region Ω called the critical regionis picked. If x ∈ Ω we are critical of the null hypothesis and reject it in favor of the alternate. If x / ∈ Ω we accept the null hypothesis. The probability α = Ω f) (x)dx of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called the type I error or size. The probability β = Ω c f 1 (x)dx of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is called the type II error. 1 − β = Ω f 1 (x)dx which is the probability of detecting that the null hypothesis when it is really false is called the power of the test. Clearly we would like to minimize Ω f 0 (x)dx while at the same time maximizing Ω f 1 (x)dx. This procedure of accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis based on observations is called a test or a test of hypothesis. In our contest each choice of Ω provides a diffrent test for the same problem of deciding to either accept f 0 or reject it in favor of f 1. We would like both α and β to be as small as possible. Of course there is a conflict. Minimizing α suggests making Ω small and making β small on the other hand needs Ω to be large. There has to be a trade off. We cannot compare two tests that have different type I errors. If Ω 1 and Ω 2 are two different tests with the same size Ω 1 is called more powerful than Ω 2 if Ω 1 f 2 (x)dx ≥ Ω 2 f 2 (x)dx while α = Ω 1 f 1 (x)dx = Ω 2 f 1 (x)dx A test Ω of size α is said to be most powerful if it is more powerful than any other …","PeriodicalId":155896,"journal":{"name":"Fences and Neighbors","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133163357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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