Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0002
A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna
This chapter examines the historical context of the current wave of extremism, recounting the unfolding of the war on terror declared by President George W. Bush in the aftermath of the tragic attacks by Al Qaeda on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon. It discusses the fight against Al Qaeda core in the Pakistan–Afghanistan region and the spread of Al Qaeda’s spirit and influence to the Middle East and North Africa, as well as Central and Southeast Asia. It notes the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the spread of its influence around the globe, and the successes it had in inspiring scores of foreign fighters to join its ranks. Finally, it assesses the likely future developments in the war on terror and its likely impact on world politics and international relations.
{"title":"The Rise of Contemporary Violent Islamist Extremism","authors":"A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the historical context of the current wave of extremism, recounting the unfolding of the war on terror declared by President George W. Bush in the aftermath of the tragic attacks by Al Qaeda on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon. It discusses the fight against Al Qaeda core in the Pakistan–Afghanistan region and the spread of Al Qaeda’s spirit and influence to the Middle East and North Africa, as well as Central and Southeast Asia. It notes the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the spread of its influence around the globe, and the successes it had in inspiring scores of foreign fighters to join its ranks. Finally, it assesses the likely future developments in the war on terror and its likely impact on world politics and international relations.","PeriodicalId":157685,"journal":{"name":"The Three Pillars of Radicalization","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124824173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0001
A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna
This opening chapter of The Three Pillars of Radicalization provides an in-depth analysis of the problem of radicalization and identifies the psychological questions that it raises. It contextualizes the current spread of violent extremism around the globe and discusses the two main approaches to counterterrorism: the hard approach, also referred to as kinetic, which involves military and police operations to defeat extremists on the ground, and the soft approach, which seeks to convince supporters of violent extremism through argumentation and social influence to abandon their aggression-justifying beliefs and/or relinquish their engagement in violence. Noting the insufficiency of military and policing means to stem the present tide of international extremism, the authors emphasize the importance of understanding the psychological bases of radicalization in the effort to effectively counteract it.
{"title":"A Clear and Present Danger for the 21st Century","authors":"A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This opening chapter of The Three Pillars of Radicalization provides an in-depth analysis of the problem of radicalization and identifies the psychological questions that it raises. It contextualizes the current spread of violent extremism around the globe and discusses the two main approaches to counterterrorism: the hard approach, also referred to as kinetic, which involves military and police operations to defeat extremists on the ground, and the soft approach, which seeks to convince supporters of violent extremism through argumentation and social influence to abandon their aggression-justifying beliefs and/or relinquish their engagement in violence. Noting the insufficiency of military and policing means to stem the present tide of international extremism, the authors emphasize the importance of understanding the psychological bases of radicalization in the effort to effectively counteract it.","PeriodicalId":157685,"journal":{"name":"The Three Pillars of Radicalization","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116301520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0009
A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna
This chapter presents a new evaluation tool for determining the degree of success of deradicalization programs. This battery consists of elements that represent the 3N pillars: It contains tools for assessing individuals’ quest for significance, their adherence to an ideological narrative that supports violence, and their membership in social networks that adhere to those narratives. The proposed tool consists of a triangulation of two methodologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages that collectively compensate for each other. One methodology consists of a self-report measure in form of a survey that target individuals (suspected or at risk of radicalization) fill out. The second methodology consists of an observational system focused on the same 3N elements and carried out by persons in close contact with those target individuals.
{"title":"Assessing Radicalization and Deradicalization","authors":"A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a new evaluation tool for determining the degree of success of deradicalization programs. This battery consists of elements that represent the 3N pillars: It contains tools for assessing individuals’ quest for significance, their adherence to an ideological narrative that supports violence, and their membership in social networks that adhere to those narratives. The proposed tool consists of a triangulation of two methodologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages that collectively compensate for each other. One methodology consists of a self-report measure in form of a survey that target individuals (suspected or at risk of radicalization) fill out. The second methodology consists of an observational system focused on the same 3N elements and carried out by persons in close contact with those target individuals.","PeriodicalId":157685,"journal":{"name":"The Three Pillars of Radicalization","volume":"37 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114033535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0005
A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna
This chapter examines cutting-edge empirical evidence related to the psychology of terrorism. This evidence is gleaned through a variety of methods that include surveys and experiments carried out in the laboratory and in the field. It contains samples from a variety of locations and conflict zones such as the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States. Different types of data are described that bear on relations between variables identified in the authors’ 3N theory of radicalization. This includes published evidence that relates individuals’ feelings of humiliation and significance loss to their tendency to identify as members of a collectivity and to their support for violence. Not only attesting to the power of the network to solidify individuals’ world views, the chapter also shows that the relation between significance loss and extreme attitudes is qualified by the group to which the individual belongs.
{"title":"Empirical Evidence for Significance Quest Theory","authors":"A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines cutting-edge empirical evidence related to the psychology of terrorism. This evidence is gleaned through a variety of methods that include surveys and experiments carried out in the laboratory and in the field. It contains samples from a variety of locations and conflict zones such as the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States. Different types of data are described that bear on relations between variables identified in the authors’ 3N theory of radicalization. This includes published evidence that relates individuals’ feelings of humiliation and significance loss to their tendency to identify as members of a collectivity and to their support for violence. Not only attesting to the power of the network to solidify individuals’ world views, the chapter also shows that the relation between significance loss and extreme attitudes is qualified by the group to which the individual belongs.","PeriodicalId":157685,"journal":{"name":"The Three Pillars of Radicalization","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115380763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0007
A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna
This chapter addresses the phenomenon of deradicalization, the reversal of radicalization. Is deradicalization even possible? Has it ever happened? If so, how can it occur? And what may prevent it from taking place? Addressing these questions, the authors propose that the movement toward moderation is determined by the same general factors as the movement toward extremism, though the specifics are different. In other words, deradicalization too is affected by variables in the need, narrative, and network categories of the 3N theory of radicalization, but the specific need, narrative, and network factors can be different from those that produced radicalization. From this perspective, the chapter examines spontaneous and systematic attempts to bring about deradicalization as these are implemented in various rehabilitation programs that have been instituted in the last decades in various countries and world locations.
{"title":"The Deradicalization Process","authors":"A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the phenomenon of deradicalization, the reversal of radicalization. Is deradicalization even possible? Has it ever happened? If so, how can it occur? And what may prevent it from taking place? Addressing these questions, the authors propose that the movement toward moderation is determined by the same general factors as the movement toward extremism, though the specifics are different. In other words, deradicalization too is affected by variables in the need, narrative, and network categories of the 3N theory of radicalization, but the specific need, narrative, and network factors can be different from those that produced radicalization. From this perspective, the chapter examines spontaneous and systematic attempts to bring about deradicalization as these are implemented in various rehabilitation programs that have been instituted in the last decades in various countries and world locations.","PeriodicalId":157685,"journal":{"name":"The Three Pillars of Radicalization","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122624749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0008
A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna
This chapter discusses the conditions that may lead to the recidivism of violent extremists and examine them from the conceptual perspective represented in the 3N model of radicalization. It specifically considers macro-, mezzo-, and micro-level factors assumed to bear on the recidivism of deradicalized extremists. The macro-level factors include state failure, population demographics, and economic conditions; the mezzo-level factors include the interrelated phenomena of community resistance (to the reintegration of deradicalized extremists), the social stigmatization that befalls them, and the social vacuum in which these individuals may find themselves upon their release into society; and the micro-level factors relate to vocational education, age, wear and tear, and aftercare (monitoring and follow-up).
{"title":"Can Rehabilitation Last?","authors":"A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the conditions that may lead to the recidivism of violent extremists and examine them from the conceptual perspective represented in the 3N model of radicalization. It specifically considers macro-, mezzo-, and micro-level factors assumed to bear on the recidivism of deradicalized extremists. The macro-level factors include state failure, population demographics, and economic conditions; the mezzo-level factors include the interrelated phenomena of community resistance (to the reintegration of deradicalized extremists), the social stigmatization that befalls them, and the social vacuum in which these individuals may find themselves upon their release into society; and the micro-level factors relate to vocational education, age, wear and tear, and aftercare (monitoring and follow-up).","PeriodicalId":157685,"journal":{"name":"The Three Pillars of Radicalization","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126395771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0004
A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna
This chapter contains a review of major prior theories of radicalization that adopt sociological, political science, or psychiatric perspectives. The chapter then compares the previous theories with the authors’ 3N theory, which posits that radicalization occurs due to a convergence of individuals’ needs, the narrative to which they are exposed, and the networks in which they are embedded. A comparative analysis reveals that those previous conceptualizations do not actually constitute rival alternatives to the 3N model but rather address some of its specific features. In this sense, the 3N model constitutes an integration of prior psychological proposals concerning the nature of radicalization; it depicts the general psychological factors underlying radicalization of which prior theories and conceptualization are specific cases.
{"title":"Other Theories of Radicalization","authors":"A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter contains a review of major prior theories of radicalization that adopt sociological, political science, or psychiatric perspectives. The chapter then compares the previous theories with the authors’ 3N theory, which posits that radicalization occurs due to a convergence of individuals’ needs, the narrative to which they are exposed, and the networks in which they are embedded. A comparative analysis reveals that those previous conceptualizations do not actually constitute rival alternatives to the 3N model but rather address some of its specific features. In this sense, the 3N model constitutes an integration of prior psychological proposals concerning the nature of radicalization; it depicts the general psychological factors underlying radicalization of which prior theories and conceptualization are specific cases.","PeriodicalId":157685,"journal":{"name":"The Three Pillars of Radicalization","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125784963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0006
A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna
This chapter describes 10 instances of radicalization in which individuals committed or attempted to commit politically motivated acts of extreme violence against others. What strikes one about these depictions is that the perpetrators’ backgrounds and circumstances couldn’t be more different: They varied vastly in age, gender, culture, and beliefs. This might create the impression that the search for a common psychology of violent extremism is a “will-o’-the-wisp” doomed in advance to fail because each case is different and of its own kind. Contrary to that view, the authors argue that the apparent substantial differences conceal fundamental similarities and that, at a deeper level, the basic psychological determinants of violent extremism are similar, despite the surface differences.
{"title":"Profiles in Violent Extremism","authors":"A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes 10 instances of radicalization in which individuals committed or attempted to commit politically motivated acts of extreme violence against others. What strikes one about these depictions is that the perpetrators’ backgrounds and circumstances couldn’t be more different: They varied vastly in age, gender, culture, and beliefs. This might create the impression that the search for a common psychology of violent extremism is a “will-o’-the-wisp” doomed in advance to fail because each case is different and of its own kind. Contrary to that view, the authors argue that the apparent substantial differences conceal fundamental similarities and that, at a deeper level, the basic psychological determinants of violent extremism are similar, despite the surface differences.","PeriodicalId":157685,"journal":{"name":"The Three Pillars of Radicalization","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115122506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0003
A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna
This chapter proposes the 3N theory of radicalization, which happens as a result of three elements coming together: the individuals’ needs, the narrative to which they are exposed, and the networks in which they are embedded. The first N, the need element, pertains to individuals’ quest for personal significance—the desire to matter and to have respect. The second N is the (ideological) narrative to which individuals are exposed and that essentially identifies the means to the end of significance; this is portrayed as extreme violence against perceived enemies of one’s group, which lends the status of heroes and martyrs to individuals who joined the fight. The third N is the social network in which individuals are embedded and that validates the means–ends relations between violence and significance as well as dispenses status and veneration to individuals who implement the ideological injunctions and commit the requisite violence.
{"title":"Significance Quest Theory of Radicalization","authors":"A. Kruglanski, J. Bélanger, R. Gunaratna","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190851125.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter proposes the 3N theory of radicalization, which happens as a result of three elements coming together: the individuals’ needs, the narrative to which they are exposed, and the networks in which they are embedded. The first N, the need element, pertains to individuals’ quest for personal significance—the desire to matter and to have respect. The second N is the (ideological) narrative to which individuals are exposed and that essentially identifies the means to the end of significance; this is portrayed as extreme violence against perceived enemies of one’s group, which lends the status of heroes and martyrs to individuals who joined the fight. The third N is the social network in which individuals are embedded and that validates the means–ends relations between violence and significance as well as dispenses status and veneration to individuals who implement the ideological injunctions and commit the requisite violence.","PeriodicalId":157685,"journal":{"name":"The Three Pillars of Radicalization","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123394634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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