Pub Date : 2020-01-08DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88600
Hosam M. Saleh, Samir B. Eskander
Hazardous wastes can be defined as materials and equipment generated due to either natural or various anthropogenic activities and spiked with hazard ingredients, which there is no further use as well. Therefore, hazardous wastes are materials, direct disposal of which can pose threats to man and his environment. They can be explosive, flammable, oxidizing, poisonous/infectious, radioactive, corrosive and/or toxic [1]. According to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40C.F.R. 261.31-33], a hazardous waste can be defined as a spiked material that poses a substantial threat to human health and/or his environment when segregated, sorted, handled, treated, stored, transported and disposed of under improper as well as uncontrolled conditions. Moreover, as spiked material, it has the capability to cause or can contribute to elevate mortality or a rise in epidemic and dangerous illness. Hazardous waste generation and accumulation are the most acute brain teaser within the last two centuries, opposing world attention and priority for decisionmaking. Since the industrial revolution started, the hazardous wastes problem caused great and broaden damage to man’s Ecosystems, therefore, it becomes an issue of serious not only for national but also for international concern [2]. Department of Environment and Energy, Australian Government, prescribed hazardous waste as which has any of the following characteristics: explosive; flammable liquids/solids; poisonous, toxic, ecotoxic; infectious substances, clinical wastes; waste oils/water, hydrocarbons/water mixtures, emulsions; wastes from the production, formulation and use of resins, latex, plasticizers, glues/adhesives; wastes resulting from surface treatment of metals and plastics; residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations; wastes which contain certain compounds such as copper, zinc, cadmium, mercury, lead and other heavy metals and asbestos; household waste; or residues arising from the incineration of household waste [3]. However, the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) summarized that into four characteristics [4]:
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Hazardous Wastes","authors":"Hosam M. Saleh, Samir B. Eskander","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88600","url":null,"abstract":"Hazardous wastes can be defined as materials and equipment generated due to either natural or various anthropogenic activities and spiked with hazard ingredients, which there is no further use as well. Therefore, hazardous wastes are materials, direct disposal of which can pose threats to man and his environment. They can be explosive, flammable, oxidizing, poisonous/infectious, radioactive, corrosive and/or toxic [1]. According to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40C.F.R. 261.31-33], a hazardous waste can be defined as a spiked material that poses a substantial threat to human health and/or his environment when segregated, sorted, handled, treated, stored, transported and disposed of under improper as well as uncontrolled conditions. Moreover, as spiked material, it has the capability to cause or can contribute to elevate mortality or a rise in epidemic and dangerous illness. Hazardous waste generation and accumulation are the most acute brain teaser within the last two centuries, opposing world attention and priority for decisionmaking. Since the industrial revolution started, the hazardous wastes problem caused great and broaden damage to man’s Ecosystems, therefore, it becomes an issue of serious not only for national but also for international concern [2]. Department of Environment and Energy, Australian Government, prescribed hazardous waste as which has any of the following characteristics: explosive; flammable liquids/solids; poisonous, toxic, ecotoxic; infectious substances, clinical wastes; waste oils/water, hydrocarbons/water mixtures, emulsions; wastes from the production, formulation and use of resins, latex, plasticizers, glues/adhesives; wastes resulting from surface treatment of metals and plastics; residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations; wastes which contain certain compounds such as copper, zinc, cadmium, mercury, lead and other heavy metals and asbestos; household waste; or residues arising from the incineration of household waste [3]. However, the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) summarized that into four characteristics [4]:","PeriodicalId":158668,"journal":{"name":"Assessment and Management of Radioactive and Electronic Wastes","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129097746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-27DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88075
O. J. Okorhi, D. Omotor, H. Aderemi
An "assessment of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or e-waste) management strategies in Southeastern Nigeria" was conducted towards suggesting appropriate implementable measures. This submission presents a key outcome of a socioeconomic study on factors influencing the paths of e-waste generation and control with a view to suggesting innovative measures and market potentials for firms in the recycling sector. The concept of the study highlighted strategic features in-line with the socioeconomic assessment of e-waste management. Potentials for innovation in e-waste recycling were discussed in-line with elements of sustainability. The research introduced investigative methods by questionnaire administration. Purposive selections of local government areas were made from five mutually exclusive states. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results revealed the reasons limiting e-waste management trends to include cheap pricing, availability, quality, as well as superiority of obsolete e-devices to newer EEE. Sustainable benchmarks for evaluating and adopting e-waste recycling technologies were recommended.
{"title":"Wastes from Industrialized Nations: A Socio-economic Inquiry on E-waste Management for the Recycling Sector in Nigeria","authors":"O. J. Okorhi, D. Omotor, H. Aderemi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88075","url":null,"abstract":"An \"assessment of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or e-waste) management strategies in Southeastern Nigeria\" was conducted towards suggesting appropriate implementable measures. This submission presents a key outcome of a socioeconomic study on factors influencing the paths of e-waste generation and control with a view to suggesting innovative measures and market potentials for firms in the recycling sector. The concept of the study highlighted strategic features in-line with the socioeconomic assessment of e-waste management. Potentials for innovation in e-waste recycling were discussed in-line with elements of sustainability. The research introduced investigative methods by questionnaire administration. Purposive selections of local government areas were made from five mutually exclusive states. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results revealed the reasons limiting e-waste management trends to include cheap pricing, availability, quality, as well as superiority of obsolete e-devices to newer EEE. Sustainable benchmarks for evaluating and adopting e-waste recycling technologies were recommended.","PeriodicalId":158668,"journal":{"name":"Assessment and Management of Radioactive and Electronic Wastes","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114499443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88055
D. Yadav, Pradeep Kumar
Phytoremediation technology incorporates living plants for in situ remediation of contaminated soils, sediments, tailings and groundwater. These practices integrates the removal, or degradation of toxic wastes that is capable of cleaning up an area with low to moderate levels of contamination. Phytoremediation has been studied widely for metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil, etc. These studies and research are advanced, especially in small-scale operations. Phytoremediation has been successfully tested to decontamination of radioactive sites. The chapter initiates with possible remediation methods used for radioactive wastes where we will discuss types and nature of radioisotope contamination. Then we discuss discusses the classifications of phytoremediation techniques to treat radioactive contaminated waste. Phytoremediation performance depends on numerous factors such as soil composition, level of toxicity, suitable plant species, etc. Conversely, phytoremediation prospects low cost, practical and ecologically viable approach for low-level radiation waste clean-up.
{"title":"Phytoremediation of Hazardous Radioactive Wastes","authors":"D. Yadav, Pradeep Kumar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88055","url":null,"abstract":"Phytoremediation technology incorporates living plants for in situ remediation of contaminated soils, sediments, tailings and groundwater. These practices integrates the removal, or degradation of toxic wastes that is capable of cleaning up an area with low to moderate levels of contamination. Phytoremediation has been studied widely for metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil, etc. These studies and research are advanced, especially in small-scale operations. Phytoremediation has been successfully tested to decontamination of radioactive sites. The chapter initiates with possible remediation methods used for radioactive wastes where we will discuss types and nature of radioisotope contamination. Then we discuss discusses the classifications of phytoremediation techniques to treat radioactive contaminated waste. Phytoremediation performance depends on numerous factors such as soil composition, level of toxicity, suitable plant species, etc. Conversely, phytoremediation prospects low cost, practical and ecologically viable approach for low-level radiation waste clean-up.","PeriodicalId":158668,"journal":{"name":"Assessment and Management of Radioactive and Electronic Wastes","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122675818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-18DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85983
Cristina A. Lucier, Brian J. Gareau
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is said to be the fastest growing stream of hazardous waste in the world. E-waste is comprised of a variety of inputs including hazardous materials, potentially valuable and recyclable materials, and other inputs. E-waste follows a range of pathways after disposal, including formal and informal recycling, storage, and dumping, in both developed and less-developed country contexts. Globally, the handling and regulation of e-waste as both a hazardous waste stream and as a source of secondary raw materials has undergone significant changes in the past decade. A growing number of countries have adopted extended producer responsibility laws, which mandate electronics manufacturers to pay for proper recycling and disposal of electronics. The e-waste recycling industry is becoming more formalized as the potential to recover valuable materials has increased, but a range of recent studies have shown that e-waste recycling continues to carry a range of occupational health and environmental risks.
{"title":"Electronic Waste Recycling and Disposal: An Overview","authors":"Cristina A. Lucier, Brian J. Gareau","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85983","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic waste, or e-waste, is said to be the fastest growing stream of hazardous waste in the world. E-waste is comprised of a variety of inputs including hazardous materials, potentially valuable and recyclable materials, and other inputs. E-waste follows a range of pathways after disposal, including formal and informal recycling, storage, and dumping, in both developed and less-developed country contexts. Globally, the handling and regulation of e-waste as both a hazardous waste stream and as a source of secondary raw materials has undergone significant changes in the past decade. A growing number of countries have adopted extended producer responsibility laws, which mandate electronics manufacturers to pay for proper recycling and disposal of electronics. The e-waste recycling industry is becoming more formalized as the potential to recover valuable materials has increased, but a range of recent studies have shown that e-waste recycling continues to carry a range of occupational health and environmental risks.","PeriodicalId":158668,"journal":{"name":"Assessment and Management of Radioactive and Electronic Wastes","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131781700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85730
Yin Lu, Jie Yu
Rapidly, relevantly, and efficiently toxicity assessment is the basis of continuous investigation and control of environmental contaminants. Artemia sp. is usually used as a biological model in cost-efficient bioassays under laboratory conditions to determine toxicity based on its advantageous properties of rapid hatching, easy accessibility, and sensitivity to toxic substances. The three sensitive endpoints of acute mortality, acute cyst hatchability, as well as behavioral response (such as swimming speed) are commonly used as evaluation criteria. The establishment of international standards for toxicity assessment of Artemia spp. is necessary. Further research is needed to obtain valuable insights from a biological perspective and for bio-conservation purposes.
{"title":"A Well-Established Method for the Rapid Assessment of Toxicity Using Artemia spp. Model","authors":"Yin Lu, Jie Yu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85730","url":null,"abstract":"Rapidly, relevantly, and efficiently toxicity assessment is the basis of continuous investigation and control of environmental contaminants. Artemia sp. is usually used as a biological model in cost-efficient bioassays under laboratory conditions to determine toxicity based on its advantageous properties of rapid hatching, easy accessibility, and sensitivity to toxic substances. The three sensitive endpoints of acute mortality, acute cyst hatchability, as well as behavioral response (such as swimming speed) are commonly used as evaluation criteria. The establishment of international standards for toxicity assessment of Artemia spp. is necessary. Further research is needed to obtain valuable insights from a biological perspective and for bio-conservation purposes.","PeriodicalId":158668,"journal":{"name":"Assessment and Management of Radioactive and Electronic Wastes","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126217804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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