Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74652
E. Wambu, Audre Jerop Kurui
Soil adsorbents continue to attract increasingly high numbers of researchers in water defluoridation studies. An aspect of solution parameters, that is the aqueous adsorption of fluoride onto soil adsorbents in defluoridation studies, has been reviewed and reported. The pH was found to be the main factor controlling fluoride adsorption on the popular soil adsorbents including: aluminosilicates, iron (hydr)oxides, aluminum (hydr) oxides, apatites, carbonaceous minerals, calcareous soils and zeolites and the other key parameters being temperature, time of contact, and co-existent ions. Fluoride adsorption onto metal-exchanged zeolites and hydroxyapatites (optimum pH = 4–10), iron (hydro) oxide minerals (pH = 2–7), and carbonaceous minerals (pH = 4–12) is relatively pHindependent, and high amounts of fluoride are able to sorb upon the surfaces of these minerals in a wide range of pH values. However, montmorillonites (optimum pH = 5–6), aluminum (hydro)oxide minerals (pH = 5–7), and calcareous minerals (pH = 5–6) only sorb significant amount of fluoride in a narrow range of pH values. The fluoride adsorption onto the latter class of minerals, also generally occurring at slightly above room temperatures, appears to be highly specific and not strongly affected by the presence of coexistent anions including: PO 4 3− , SO 4 2− , Cl − , and NO 3 −.
{"title":"Fluoride Adsorption onto Soil Adsorbents: The Role of pH and Other Solution Parameters","authors":"E. Wambu, Audre Jerop Kurui","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74652","url":null,"abstract":"Soil adsorbents continue to attract increasingly high numbers of researchers in water defluoridation studies. An aspect of solution parameters, that is the aqueous adsorption of fluoride onto soil adsorbents in defluoridation studies, has been reviewed and reported. The pH was found to be the main factor controlling fluoride adsorption on the popular soil adsorbents including: aluminosilicates, iron (hydr)oxides, aluminum (hydr) oxides, apatites, carbonaceous minerals, calcareous soils and zeolites and the other key parameters being temperature, time of contact, and co-existent ions. Fluoride adsorption onto metal-exchanged zeolites and hydroxyapatites (optimum pH = 4–10), iron (hydro) oxide minerals (pH = 2–7), and carbonaceous minerals (pH = 4–12) is relatively pHindependent, and high amounts of fluoride are able to sorb upon the surfaces of these minerals in a wide range of pH values. However, montmorillonites (optimum pH = 5–6), aluminum (hydro)oxide minerals (pH = 5–7), and calcareous minerals (pH = 5–6) only sorb significant amount of fluoride in a narrow range of pH values. The fluoride adsorption onto the latter class of minerals, also generally occurring at slightly above room temperatures, appears to be highly specific and not strongly affected by the presence of coexistent anions including: PO 4 3− , SO 4 2− , Cl − , and NO 3 −.","PeriodicalId":159133,"journal":{"name":"Soil pH for Nutrient Availability and Crop Performance","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132801423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-18DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82551
S. Oshunsanya
Soil pH is a master variable in soils because it controls many chemical and biochemical processes operating within the soil. It is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a soil. The study of soil pH is very important in agriculture due to the fact that soil pH regulates plant nutrient availability by controlling the chemical forms of the different nutrients and also influences their chemical reactions. As a result, soil and crop productivities are linked to soil pH value. Though soil pH generally ranges from 1 to 14, the optimum range for most agricultural crops is between 5.5 and 7.5. However, some crops have adapted to thrive at soil pH values outside this optimum range. The United States Department of Agricultural National Resources Conservation Service groups soil pH values as follows: ultra acidic (<3.5), extremely acidic (3.5–4.4), very strongly acid (4.5–5.0), strongly acidic (5.1–5.5), moderately acidic (5.6–6.0), slightly acidic (6.1–6.5), neutral (6.6–7.3), slightly alkaline (7.4–7.8), moderately alkaline (7.9–8.4), strongly alkaline (8.5–9.0) and very strongly alkaline (>9.0) [1].
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Relevance of Soil pH to Agriculture","authors":"S. Oshunsanya","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82551","url":null,"abstract":"Soil pH is a master variable in soils because it controls many chemical and biochemical processes operating within the soil. It is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a soil. The study of soil pH is very important in agriculture due to the fact that soil pH regulates plant nutrient availability by controlling the chemical forms of the different nutrients and also influences their chemical reactions. As a result, soil and crop productivities are linked to soil pH value. Though soil pH generally ranges from 1 to 14, the optimum range for most agricultural crops is between 5.5 and 7.5. However, some crops have adapted to thrive at soil pH values outside this optimum range. The United States Department of Agricultural National Resources Conservation Service groups soil pH values as follows: ultra acidic (<3.5), extremely acidic (3.5–4.4), very strongly acid (4.5–5.0), strongly acidic (5.1–5.5), moderately acidic (5.6–6.0), slightly acidic (6.1–6.5), neutral (6.6–7.3), slightly alkaline (7.4–7.8), moderately alkaline (7.9–8.4), strongly alkaline (8.5–9.0) and very strongly alkaline (>9.0) [1].","PeriodicalId":159133,"journal":{"name":"Soil pH for Nutrient Availability and Crop Performance","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129248276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75764
D. Karčauskienė, R. Repšienė, D. Ambrazaitienė, R. Skuodienė, Ieva Jokubauskaitė
Lithuania is located in the humid zone, where mean annual precipitation exceeds mean evapotranspiration and soil acidification is an ongoing natural process encouraged by anthropogenic activities. Traditionally, the process may be controlled by different inten - sity liming. The chapter summarizes the data on long-term liming and fertilization exper iments made in Western Lithuania. The object of the investigation is the naturally acid soil, Bathygleyic Dystric Glossic Retisol (texture: moraine loam with clay-sized particles content of 12–14%), and the same soil exposed for more than half a century to different liming and fertilization intensity. Our systematic analysis shows that it is impossible to reach appropriate moraine loam soil conditions for organic matter decomposition, car - bon sequestration, soil aggregation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient accumulation, and plant growth by using intensive liming only. It is necessary to co-ordinate proper liming and organic fertilizing. The soil acidity was neutralized (pH KCl 5.9 ± 0.1) and mobile alumi num abolished in the topsoil and subsoil to a 60 cm depth; moreover, the highest amount of soil organic carbon (1.91%), water stable aggregates (59%), intense nitrogen fixation, and highest grain yield was established in the periodically limed (with 1.0 rate CaCO 3 every 7 years) soil with 60 t ha −1 farmyard manure (FYM) application.
立陶宛位于湿润地区，年平均降水量超过平均蒸散量，土壤酸化是一个持续的自然过程，受到人为活动的鼓励。传统上，这一过程可以通过不同强度的石灰来控制。本章总结了立陶宛西部长期石灰和施肥试验的资料。研究对象为天然酸性土壤、深浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅浅。系统分析表明，单靠强化石灰化不可能达到有机质分解、固碳、土壤团聚、固氮、养分积累和植物生长所需的适宜冰碛壤土条件。有必要协调适当的石灰和有机肥。中和土壤酸性(pH KCl 5.9±0.1)，消除表层和底土60 cm深度内的流动铝;施用60 t ha - 1农家肥的定期补施(每7年补施1.0 caco3)土壤有机碳含量最高(1.91%)，水稳团聚体含量最高(59%)，固氮强度最高，籽粒产量最高。
{"title":"Control of Soil pH, Its Ecological and Agronomic Assessment in an Agroecosystem","authors":"D. Karčauskienė, R. Repšienė, D. Ambrazaitienė, R. Skuodienė, Ieva Jokubauskaitė","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75764","url":null,"abstract":"Lithuania is located in the humid zone, where mean annual precipitation exceeds mean evapotranspiration and soil acidification is an ongoing natural process encouraged by anthropogenic activities. Traditionally, the process may be controlled by different inten - sity liming. The chapter summarizes the data on long-term liming and fertilization exper iments made in Western Lithuania. The object of the investigation is the naturally acid soil, Bathygleyic Dystric Glossic Retisol (texture: moraine loam with clay-sized particles content of 12–14%), and the same soil exposed for more than half a century to different liming and fertilization intensity. Our systematic analysis shows that it is impossible to reach appropriate moraine loam soil conditions for organic matter decomposition, car - bon sequestration, soil aggregation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient accumulation, and plant growth by using intensive liming only. It is necessary to co-ordinate proper liming and organic fertilizing. The soil acidity was neutralized (pH KCl 5.9 ± 0.1) and mobile alumi num abolished in the topsoil and subsoil to a 60 cm depth; moreover, the highest amount of soil organic carbon (1.91%), water stable aggregates (59%), intense nitrogen fixation, and highest grain yield was established in the periodically limed (with 1.0 rate CaCO 3 every 7 years) soil with 60 t ha −1 farmyard manure (FYM) application.","PeriodicalId":159133,"journal":{"name":"Soil pH for Nutrient Availability and Crop Performance","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114076994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70928
S. Matsumoto, H. Shimada, T. Sasaoka, I. Miyajima, G. J. Kusuma, R. Gautama
Acid soils are caused by mining, potentially causing the death of plants. Although soil pH is one of the useful indicators to evaluate acid soil conditions for successful revegetation, the dissolution of harmful elements under acidic conditions should be considered in addition to the tolerance mechanism of plants in mines. Thus, this study aims to report the current situation of acid soils and plant growth in mine site and to elucidate the effects of acid soils on plant growth over time through field investigation and a vegetation test. The results showed that the dissolution of Al from acid soils which were attributed to the dissolution of sulfides influenced plant growth. Not only soil pH but also the assessment of the dissolu tion of sulfides over time is crucial for successful revegetation, suggesting that net acid pro - ducing potential (NAPP) and net acid generation (NAG) pH, which are used for evaluating the formation of acidic water, are useful to evaluate soil conditions for the revegetation. Furthermore, acid-tolerant plant survived under acidic conditions by increasing the resistance against acidic conditions with the plant growth. Such factors and the proper selection of plant species play an important role in achieving successful revegetation in mines.
{"title":"Effects of Acid Soils on Plant Growth and Successful Revegetation in the Case of Mine Site","authors":"S. Matsumoto, H. Shimada, T. Sasaoka, I. Miyajima, G. J. Kusuma, R. Gautama","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70928","url":null,"abstract":"Acid soils are caused by mining, potentially causing the death of plants. Although soil pH is one of the useful indicators to evaluate acid soil conditions for successful revegetation, the dissolution of harmful elements under acidic conditions should be considered in addition to the tolerance mechanism of plants in mines. Thus, this study aims to report the current situation of acid soils and plant growth in mine site and to elucidate the effects of acid soils on plant growth over time through field investigation and a vegetation test. The results showed that the dissolution of Al from acid soils which were attributed to the dissolution of sulfides influenced plant growth. Not only soil pH but also the assessment of the dissolu tion of sulfides over time is crucial for successful revegetation, suggesting that net acid pro - ducing potential (NAPP) and net acid generation (NAG) pH, which are used for evaluating the formation of acidic water, are useful to evaluate soil conditions for the revegetation. Furthermore, acid-tolerant plant survived under acidic conditions by increasing the resistance against acidic conditions with the plant growth. Such factors and the proper selection of plant species play an important role in achieving successful revegetation in mines.","PeriodicalId":159133,"journal":{"name":"Soil pH for Nutrient Availability and Crop Performance","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129833241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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