Springs are the main source of water for drinking, agriculture, livestock feeding and other household consumption in the north-eastern Himalayan states of India. The largest number of populations in this region are completely dependent on these springs for all water needs. But in recent year it was observed that the majority of life-giving perennial springs discharging pattern has become seasonal and concentrated to monsoon period only, due to the change in rainfall duration and intensity, land use/land cover and anthropogenic activity in recharge areas. So, water scarcity and demand increased during the non-monsoon period, which is an uncertain situation for the long-term sustainability of the human population in the region. To sustain in this water scarcity condition, adopt suitable springshed and water management practices. Such as reviving/restoration and development of perennial springs, protection of springshed and store water when it is in excess. Anthropogenic activity in the springshed area is also affected by the spring discharge pattern and cause drying such as mounting tourist spots and rapidly growing towns and other human activity. In recent years, it was noticed that the water quality degraded due to poor management of springshed. The human activity in springshed is the main cause of water degradation such as agricultural practices, new construction, toilets, sewage, and industrial waste, etc.
{"title":"Reviving, Development and Protection of Springs to Increase Water Security in the Himalayan Region","authors":"P. Ranjan, Pankaj Kumar Pandey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3516630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3516630","url":null,"abstract":"Springs are the main source of water for drinking, agriculture, livestock feeding and other household consumption in the north-eastern Himalayan states of India. The largest number of populations in this region are completely dependent on these springs for all water needs. But in recent year it was observed that the majority of life-giving perennial springs discharging pattern has become seasonal and concentrated to monsoon period only, due to the change in rainfall duration and intensity, land use/land cover and anthropogenic activity in recharge areas. So, water scarcity and demand increased during the non-monsoon period, which is an uncertain situation for the long-term sustainability of the human population in the region. To sustain in this water scarcity condition, adopt suitable springshed and water management practices. Such as reviving/restoration and development of perennial springs, protection of springshed and store water when it is in excess. Anthropogenic activity in the springshed area is also affected by the spring discharge pattern and cause drying such as mounting tourist spots and rapidly growing towns and other human activity. In recent years, it was noticed that the water quality degraded due to poor management of springshed. The human activity in springshed is the main cause of water degradation such as agricultural practices, new construction, toilets, sewage, and industrial waste, etc.","PeriodicalId":159862,"journal":{"name":"EarthSciRN: Water Resources Management (Topic)","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132639332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Groundwater has been declining in Bangladesh since introduction of deep tube wells (DTWs) and shallow tube wells (STWs) in late 1970s. Seasonal variation of groundwater has been shifted upto 4 meters during last 33 years. During Boro seasons groundwater table dropped drastically than other seasons. This study hypothesized that groundwater extraction is much higher than the natural recharge plus percolated irrigated water. Farmer´s perception is that if they dig deeper the supply would not be a problem, which led uncontrolled use of shallow tube wells (STWs) to extract water from lowered zones. This study selected an area that is 20 km away from Dhaka city having intensive Boro production. Analyzing the interview data (to know about the practices by farmers at present and before) and Bangladesh Water Development Board groundwater table data, we tried to simulate the problematic scenario with the help of simulation software called iThink. To address the problem 3 different policies have been investigated to achieve sustainable solution of the problem. The chosen policies were -
(1) Harnessing only groundwater;
(2) Alternative cropping; and
(3) Depending more to surface water.
The simulation results show that alternative cropping and going for surface water could solve the problem as well as able to restore the groundwater to its previous condition. But moving to surface water is a passive solution independent to farmers´ decision. Alternative cropping through proper knowledge transfer mechanism is more sustainable solution considering present and future water crises.
{"title":"Groundwater Level Declination in Bangladesh: System Dynamics Approach to Solve Irrigation Water Demand During Boro Season","authors":"Ashraful Haque Mollah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3589087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3589087","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater has been declining in Bangladesh since introduction of deep tube wells (DTWs) and shallow tube wells (STWs) in late 1970s. Seasonal variation of groundwater has been shifted upto 4 meters during last 33 years. During Boro seasons groundwater table dropped drastically than other seasons. This study hypothesized that groundwater extraction is much higher than the natural recharge plus percolated irrigated water. Farmer´s perception is that if they dig deeper the supply would not be a problem, which led uncontrolled use of shallow tube wells (STWs) to extract water from lowered zones. This study selected an area that is 20 km away from Dhaka city having intensive Boro production. Analyzing the interview data (to know about the practices by farmers at present and before) and Bangladesh Water Development Board groundwater table data, we tried to simulate the problematic scenario with the help of simulation software called iThink. To address the problem 3 different policies have been investigated to achieve sustainable solution of the problem. The chosen policies were - <br><br>(1) Harnessing only groundwater; <br><br>(2) Alternative cropping; and <br><br>(3) Depending more to surface water. <br><br>The simulation results show that alternative cropping and going for surface water could solve the problem as well as able to restore the groundwater to its previous condition. But moving to surface water is a passive solution independent to farmers´ decision. Alternative cropping through proper knowledge transfer mechanism is more sustainable solution considering present and future water crises.","PeriodicalId":159862,"journal":{"name":"EarthSciRN: Water Resources Management (Topic)","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125205159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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