Pub Date : 2012-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408587
T. Augustyn
Studies by the United States Department of Energy/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the European Commission show that more than 20% of the global motor electrical energy consumption is consumed by pumps. [1] This is confirmed in [2] in the paper written for the Water Institute of South Africa Conference 2012. Figure 1 below illustrates this. It is clear from the figure 2 above that the biggest saving opportunity over the life cycle of a pumping system lays within the electrical energy costs. This paper is aimed at identifying avenues that can be pursued in order to increase pumping system efficiency, reduce electrical running costs, reduce the pace at which power stations are being constructed and the respective rate at which fossil fuels are used and ultimately the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere.
{"title":"Energy efficiency and savings in pumping systems — The holistic approach","authors":"T. Augustyn","doi":"10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408587","url":null,"abstract":"Studies by the United States Department of Energy/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the European Commission show that more than 20% of the global motor electrical energy consumption is consumed by pumps. [1] This is confirmed in [2] in the paper written for the Water Institute of South Africa Conference 2012. Figure 1 below illustrates this. It is clear from the figure 2 above that the biggest saving opportunity over the life cycle of a pumping system lays within the electrical energy costs. This paper is aimed at identifying avenues that can be pursued in order to increase pumping system efficiency, reduce electrical running costs, reduce the pace at which power stations are being constructed and the respective rate at which fossil fuels are used and ultimately the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":164536,"journal":{"name":"2012 Southern African Energy Efficiency Convention (SAEEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129171601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408589
H. Vermeulen, J. Bekker, A. Jakoef
The importance of independent Measurement and Verification of Demand Side Management (DSM) interventions, including Energy Efficiency (EE) initiatives, are now widely acknowledged. This, largely due to the increasing focus on the sustainability of such projects and pressures to show credible returns on investment for the financial incentives funded from both public and private sources. M&V performance reporting protocols for conventional DSM projects involving single clients, single technologies and single sites are well established, but new mechanisms such as Standard Product, Standard Offer, Performance Contracting and the stipulations of Energy Efficiency tax incentives as contained in section 12L of the income tax act present some unique challenges. This paper presents formal descriptions of the fundamental concepts pertaining to the performance assessment and reporting of the classical DSM load shifting project model, and extends these performance reporting protocols in the context of the requirements of Standard Product, Standard Offer and Performance Contracting.
{"title":"Measurement and verification reporting protocols for load shifting and Energy Efficiency Demand Management projects","authors":"H. Vermeulen, J. Bekker, A. Jakoef","doi":"10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408589","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of independent Measurement and Verification of Demand Side Management (DSM) interventions, including Energy Efficiency (EE) initiatives, are now widely acknowledged. This, largely due to the increasing focus on the sustainability of such projects and pressures to show credible returns on investment for the financial incentives funded from both public and private sources. M&V performance reporting protocols for conventional DSM projects involving single clients, single technologies and single sites are well established, but new mechanisms such as Standard Product, Standard Offer, Performance Contracting and the stipulations of Energy Efficiency tax incentives as contained in section 12L of the income tax act present some unique challenges. This paper presents formal descriptions of the fundamental concepts pertaining to the performance assessment and reporting of the classical DSM load shifting project model, and extends these performance reporting protocols in the context of the requirements of Standard Product, Standard Offer and Performance Contracting.","PeriodicalId":164536,"journal":{"name":"2012 Southern African Energy Efficiency Convention (SAEEC)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130422618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408583
D. Johnson, C. Fourie
This paper is an overview of energy efficiency possibilities in South African hard rock mining. Most of the hard rock mining operations are energy intensive. Elements discussed are compressed air, pumping, ventilation and refrigeration in existing mines. Case studies are presented and their respective influence on energy efficiency is discussed. Amongst others, the energy efficiency improvement by changing to high efficiency fan impellers, ventilation flow control equipment, and conversion from pneumatic- to hydro power and the detection of worn pump impellers are investigated. Trends in the design of new mines, with the view on energy efficiency, are presented. The themes investigated include the use of modern equipment and designs with improved efficiencies. The discussion touches on items such as compressors with built-in variable speed drives (VSD's), the use of higher voltages in reticulation, the use of over sized conductors to reduce electrical losses and CFD modelling to determine the optimum, yet safe, ventilation fan flow rates.
{"title":"An overview of energy efficiency in South African hard rock mining","authors":"D. Johnson, C. Fourie","doi":"10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408583","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an overview of energy efficiency possibilities in South African hard rock mining. Most of the hard rock mining operations are energy intensive. Elements discussed are compressed air, pumping, ventilation and refrigeration in existing mines. Case studies are presented and their respective influence on energy efficiency is discussed. Amongst others, the energy efficiency improvement by changing to high efficiency fan impellers, ventilation flow control equipment, and conversion from pneumatic- to hydro power and the detection of worn pump impellers are investigated. Trends in the design of new mines, with the view on energy efficiency, are presented. The themes investigated include the use of modern equipment and designs with improved efficiencies. The discussion touches on items such as compressors with built-in variable speed drives (VSD's), the use of higher voltages in reticulation, the use of over sized conductors to reduce electrical losses and CFD modelling to determine the optimum, yet safe, ventilation fan flow rates.","PeriodicalId":164536,"journal":{"name":"2012 Southern African Energy Efficiency Convention (SAEEC)","volume":"233 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126803546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408584
G. Onatu, A. Ogra, J. Okafor
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess the social, environmental and financial benefits (including the impact thereof) of implementing energy and thermal efficiency technologies Solar Water Heating (SWH) and passive thermal intervention in low income housing development project. Problem of investigation: South African housing backlog is estimated at 2.1 million households that do not have access to adequate housing. The housing subsidy which is government assistance to household to access housing does not include the provision of ceilings or geysers and it is noted that 54% of household in South Africa do not have geysers. Cosmo City located north of Johannesburg K553 emerged out of an urgent need to provide accommodation for the informal settlers of Zevenfontein and Riverbend who had been illegally occupying privately owned land 25km to the North West of the Johannesburg Central Business District CBD. These informal settlements were characterized by substandard living conditions, low level of income, high unemployment, low level of education and limited access to basic services. The development of Cosmo City as a mixed income housing project in South Africa is aimed at addressing complex and peculiar circumstances as compared to other international experiences. The units which range between, 36 m2 and 40 m2 were fitted with energy efficiency interventions which included Solar Water Heating (SWH) system by Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). Hence, this investigation tends to review this project and question the extent to which this intervention has assisted in reducing electricity cost for the households and enhance comfort and quality of life of the residents with associated behavioural change as well as promotion of sustainable environmental practices. Design/Methodology: This investigation will be based on primary data, sample interview of 30 residents of the low income housing as well as secondary data. Both published and unpublished literatures will equally be used in this study, as well as focus group discussions and interviews with the beneficiaries, the principal developers and City of Johannesburg representatives. Conclusion: Result of the findings indicates that the occupants of the units with SWH were able to save R250 per month as compared to residents in normal electricity grid. There is also reduction in carbon emission resulting from the use of paraffin for heating and improved environmental education programme.
{"title":"Energy efficiency improvement strategy in mixed income housing development: A case of Cosmo City Johannesburg","authors":"G. Onatu, A. Ogra, J. Okafor","doi":"10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408584","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess the social, environmental and financial benefits (including the impact thereof) of implementing energy and thermal efficiency technologies Solar Water Heating (SWH) and passive thermal intervention in low income housing development project. Problem of investigation: South African housing backlog is estimated at 2.1 million households that do not have access to adequate housing. The housing subsidy which is government assistance to household to access housing does not include the provision of ceilings or geysers and it is noted that 54% of household in South Africa do not have geysers. Cosmo City located north of Johannesburg K553 emerged out of an urgent need to provide accommodation for the informal settlers of Zevenfontein and Riverbend who had been illegally occupying privately owned land 25km to the North West of the Johannesburg Central Business District CBD. These informal settlements were characterized by substandard living conditions, low level of income, high unemployment, low level of education and limited access to basic services. The development of Cosmo City as a mixed income housing project in South Africa is aimed at addressing complex and peculiar circumstances as compared to other international experiences. The units which range between, 36 m2 and 40 m2 were fitted with energy efficiency interventions which included Solar Water Heating (SWH) system by Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). Hence, this investigation tends to review this project and question the extent to which this intervention has assisted in reducing electricity cost for the households and enhance comfort and quality of life of the residents with associated behavioural change as well as promotion of sustainable environmental practices. Design/Methodology: This investigation will be based on primary data, sample interview of 30 residents of the low income housing as well as secondary data. Both published and unpublished literatures will equally be used in this study, as well as focus group discussions and interviews with the beneficiaries, the principal developers and City of Johannesburg representatives. Conclusion: Result of the findings indicates that the occupants of the units with SWH were able to save R250 per month as compared to residents in normal electricity grid. There is also reduction in carbon emission resulting from the use of paraffin for heating and improved environmental education programme.","PeriodicalId":164536,"journal":{"name":"2012 Southern African Energy Efficiency Convention (SAEEC)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132202895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408588
X. Xia, X. Ye, J. Zhang
The optimal metering plan that guarantees the expected measurement accuracy with the minimal metering cost is always of great interest to measurement and verification (M&V) project developers. In this paper, a metering cost minimisation model is built for the metering design of a specific M&V EE lighting project. The optimisation problem is solved and the sample sizes of each group are determined. In addition, the minimal metering cost of the sampling is decided to achieve the desired measurement accuracy of the overall project. The proposed metering cost minimisation model proves to be useful in the metering design for the M&V projects. In addition, as time goes by, the population size of each group may change. If the changes of the population size in the groups are predictable, a long-term optimal metering plan can be designed at the beginning of an M&V project by the generalised metering cost minimisation model.
{"title":"Optimal metering plan of measurement and verification for energy efficiency lighting projects","authors":"X. Xia, X. Ye, J. Zhang","doi":"10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAEEC.2012.6408588","url":null,"abstract":"The optimal metering plan that guarantees the expected measurement accuracy with the minimal metering cost is always of great interest to measurement and verification (M&V) project developers. In this paper, a metering cost minimisation model is built for the metering design of a specific M&V EE lighting project. The optimisation problem is solved and the sample sizes of each group are determined. In addition, the minimal metering cost of the sampling is decided to achieve the desired measurement accuracy of the overall project. The proposed metering cost minimisation model proves to be useful in the metering design for the M&V projects. In addition, as time goes by, the population size of each group may change. If the changes of the population size in the groups are predictable, a long-term optimal metering plan can be designed at the beginning of an M&V project by the generalised metering cost minimisation model.","PeriodicalId":164536,"journal":{"name":"2012 Southern African Energy Efficiency Convention (SAEEC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127292350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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