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Strategy for Environmental Sustainability for Island-State Singapore – Engaging the Public 新加坡岛国环境可持续发展战略——公众参与
Pub Date : 2017-04-12 DOI: 10.18003/AJPA.20173
Seck L. Tan
Policymaking involves multiple stakeholders in an increasingly complicated set of relationships. Yet, very little is understood about the influence of the public on policy making. Public involvement may transform service offerings, but in the present era the public itself is also often transformed by the service offering. The island-state Singapore has prided itself on a top-down policymaking landscape (with minimal public engagement). Sustainable development has greater success when there is an equal emphasis on both economy and environment. An economy remains a subset of the ecosystem and operates within an environmental domain permitted by the ecosystem. A continuous extraction of ecosystem services will render economic growth unsustainable. Due to the vulnerability of island-states, further economic growth is likely to generate greater environmental stress and hamper development. This paper seeks to address strategies available to Singapore for environmental sustainability by outlining the island-state’s progression of environmental policy. One significant achievement has been Singapore’s use of a regulatory mechanism, namely the Environmental Impact Assessment, to involve the public for developments and projects. This serves to protect the environment as the island-state seeks to develop in a sustainable fashion. As Singapore continues to balance economic performance and environmental protection, future policy directions and recommendations toward sustainable development will be critical.
政策制定涉及到越来越复杂的关系中的多个利益相关者。然而,公众对政策制定的影响却知之甚少。公众参与可能会改变提供的服务,但在当今时代,公众本身也经常被提供的服务所改变。岛国新加坡以自上而下的决策体系(公众参与度最低)而自豪。当经济和环境得到同等重视时,可持续发展就会取得更大的成功。经济仍然是生态系统的一个子集,并在生态系统允许的环境域内运行。对生态系统服务的持续榨取将使经济增长不可持续。由于岛国的脆弱性,进一步的经济增长可能会产生更大的环境压力,阻碍发展。本文旨在通过概述岛国环境政策的进展来解决新加坡环境可持续性的可用战略。新加坡的一项重大成就是利用监管机制,即环境影响评估,让公众参与发展和项目。在这个岛国寻求可持续发展的过程中,这有助于保护环境。随着新加坡继续平衡经济表现和环境保护,未来可持续发展的政策方向和建议将至关重要。
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引用次数: 4
Highway Toll and Air Pollution: Evidence from Chinese Cities 高速公路收费与空气污染:来自中国城市的证据
Pub Date : 2016-11-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2517819
Shihe Fu, Yizhen Gu
Most highways in urban China are tolled to finance their construction. During the eight-day National Day holiday in 2012, highway tolls are waived nationwide for passenger vehicles. We use this to test highway tolls’ effect on air pollution. Using daily pollution and weather data for 98 Chinese cities in 2011 and 2012 and employing both a regression discontinuity design and differences-in-differences method with 2011 National Day holiday as a control, we find that eliminating tolls increases pollution by 20% and decreases visibility by one kilometer. We also estimate that the toll elasticity of air pollution is 0.16. These findings complement the scant literature on the environmental impact of road pricing.
中国城市的大部分高速公路都收费,以筹措建设资金。2012年国庆八天假期期间,全国客运免收高速公路通行费。我们用它来测试高速公路收费对空气污染的影响。利用2011年和2012年中国98个城市的日常污染和天气数据,采用回归不连续设计和差中差法,并以2011年国庆节为对照,我们发现取消收费使污染增加了20%,能见度降低了1公里。我们还估计空气污染的收费弹性为0.16。这些发现补充了关于道路收费对环境影响的文献不足。
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引用次数: 120
Finding Order Amid Complex Small-Scale Fisheries Self-Governance Arrangements 在复杂的小规模渔业自治安排中寻找秩序
Pub Date : 2016-11-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2873306
X. Basurto
Small-scale fisheries are distributed in isolated, rural coastal areas around the globe, often far away from the control of the State. As such they are a quintessential example of self-governance. Our aim is to find order in the overwhelming institutional diversity we see in small-scale fisheries around the world. To do this in this paper we develop some theoretical tools we argue are key to organize ideas and build and test theory about self-governance in the context of small-scale fisheries. We argue that the first step is to start by making clear which is the basic set of action situations most common in fishing. What are the basic set of action situations that make up what we define as “small-scale fisheries”? We argue they are a set of regularized relations of production that start by accessing capital and other means of production and property-rights to go harvesting and end with the discount of costs of fishing to determine the fisher’s profit. In continuing this relation of production into the future fishers and fishbuyers seek certain characteristics in one another. We investigated what characteristics do they seek in one another to give meaning to the concept of micro-institutional arrangements in fishing. We then investigated the role of micro-institutions in the context of the two dominant types of self-governance around the world: patron-client relationships and fishing cooperatives. We conclude with the identification of different patterns of behavior among the two different forms of self-governance in the case studies we investigated. It remains to be investigated in the future whether these patterns are generalizable or unique.
小规模渔业分布在世界各地孤立的农村沿海地区,往往远离国家的控制。因此,它们是自治的典型例子。我们的目标是在我们在世界各地的小规模渔业中看到的压倒性的制度多样性中找到秩序。为了在本文中做到这一点,我们开发了一些理论工具,我们认为这些工具是在小规模渔业背景下组织思想、建立和测试自治理论的关键。我们认为,首先要弄清楚哪些是钓鱼中最常见的基本动作。构成我们所定义的“小规模渔业”的基本行动情况是什么?我们认为,它们是一套规范化的生产关系,从获取资本和其他生产手段和产权开始,以获得捕捞成本的折扣结束,以确定渔民的利润。在这种生产关系延续到未来的过程中,渔民和买鱼者在彼此身上寻找某些特征。我们调查了它们在彼此身上寻找什么特征,以便赋予渔业微观制度安排的概念以意义。然后,我们研究了微观机构在世界范围内两种主要的自治类型的背景下的作用:赞助人-客户关系和渔业合作社。最后,在我们调查的案例研究中,我们确定了两种不同形式的自治之间的不同行为模式。这些模式是普遍的还是独特的,未来还有待研究。
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引用次数: 1
Food Waste: The Actions of Public and Private Actors Globally 食物浪费:全球公共和私人行为体的行动
Pub Date : 2016-06-20 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2903253
J. Mansuy
The purpose of this report is to explore the various actions which have been taken by public and private actors across the globe to tackle the issue of food waste.
本报告的目的是探讨全球公共和私人行为者为解决食物浪费问题而采取的各种行动。
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引用次数: 3
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PSN: Other Environment (Topic)
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