Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui, G. Eskeland, F. Skjeret, M. Melnychenko, Jonas Lødøen, Henrik Holmen Brown, Lasse Erik Christian Lund
Sea spaces have been vital for humankind. Thanks to technological development and ingenuity, we harvest, use, consume and exhaust resources located in the sea or the seabed. To do so, we make use of different man-made structures. These range from fish farms and simple buoys, to complex and large energy structures such as wind farms or oil and gas rigs, such as the Norwegian Troll A oil platform, the heaviest structure ever made at the time of its construction.
Oil and gas platforms and wind turbines have a finite life span. Their location at sea means that there is erosion, causing mechanical attrition and increasing the repair and maintenance costs. This makes wind farms become inefficient or no longer operative. The same applies to oil and gas platforms, with the added complication that as fields mature, fewer hydrocarbons remain, and they are either impossible to extract or it is not cost-effective to do so. In addition, there are structural factors that cause problems, such as the fact that offshore energy structures are typically built on the terms set by a government-granted license or permit. These authorizations are granted with time limits and upon their expiration, they request the operators and owners of the offshore structures to remove them from the sea. This process is known as decommissioning.
Our report takes a holistic approach to offshore energy decommissioning in the North Sea. We study the rules applicable to offshore oil and gas operations and offshore wind. This is a novel approach compared to that of existing literature. This will allow us to compare how decommissioning is conducted in different industries and answer whether oil and gas decommissioning rules can be readily applied to offshore wind. Furthermore, our research will identify challenges that these two sectors are facing in light of the need for further circularity and sustainability. Additionally, we adopt a legal and economic standpoint to study the governance of these activities in order to understand the incentives and challenges in decommissioning.
{"title":"Understanding decommissioning of offshore infrastructures: A legal and economic appetizer","authors":"Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui, G. Eskeland, F. Skjeret, M. Melnychenko, Jonas Lødøen, Henrik Holmen Brown, Lasse Erik Christian Lund","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3882821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3882821","url":null,"abstract":"Sea spaces have been vital for humankind. Thanks to technological development and ingenuity, we harvest, use, consume and exhaust resources located in the sea or the seabed. To do so, we make use of different man-made structures. These range from fish farms and simple buoys, to complex and large energy structures such as wind farms or oil and gas rigs, such as the Norwegian Troll A oil platform, the heaviest structure ever made at the time of its construction.<br><br>Oil and gas platforms and wind turbines have a finite life span. Their location at sea means that there is erosion, causing mechanical attrition and increasing the repair and maintenance costs. This makes wind farms become inefficient or no longer operative. The same applies to oil and gas platforms, with the added complication that as fields mature, fewer hydrocarbons remain, and they are either impossible to extract or it is not cost-effective to do so. In addition, there are structural factors that cause problems, such as the fact that offshore energy structures are typically built on the terms set by a government-granted license or permit. These authorizations are granted with time limits and upon their expiration, they request the operators and owners of the offshore structures to remove them from the sea. This process is known as decommissioning.<br><br>Our report takes a holistic approach to offshore energy decommissioning in the North Sea. We study the rules applicable to offshore oil and gas operations and offshore wind. This is a novel approach compared to that of existing literature. This will allow us to compare how decommissioning is conducted in different industries and answer whether oil and gas decommissioning rules can be readily applied to offshore wind. Furthermore, our research will identify challenges that these two sectors are facing in light of the need for further circularity and sustainability. Additionally, we adopt a legal and economic standpoint to study the governance of these activities in order to understand the incentives and challenges in decommissioning.","PeriodicalId":164963,"journal":{"name":"EnergyRN: Offshore Wind (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130568186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most scholars discuss the food-water-energy-climate nexus as it emerges on land. Less attention has been paid to the food-water-energy-climate nexus as it exists in the ocean, but that nexus exists—and it is beginning to be strained. This Article, a companion piece to the forthcoming “It’s Not Just an Offshore Wind Farm,” explores the international drive to combine offshore wind facilities with marine aquaculture, an emerging example of the water-energy-food nexus in the marine environment. Many nations are becoming increasingly interested in both offshore wind farms and open ocean marine aquaculture, but both enterprises take up considerable space in the marine environment. The resulting actual and potential crowding creates and threatens conflicts both with other uses, such as fishing, ecotourism, and shipping, and with marine protection and biodiversity goals. In Europe, where offshore wind facilities have become quite extensive, co-location of facilities has emerged as a strategy to reduce competition for offshore space that might simultaneously benefit marine aquaculture and enhance food security. This article examines the increasing drive toward co-locating offshore wind and open ocean aquaculture facilities and offers suggestions for how law might better promote this form of co-location through ongoing marine spatial planning efforts.
{"title":"Harvest the Wind, Harvest Your Dinner: Using Law to Encourage an Offshore Energy-Food Multiple-Use Nexus","authors":"R. Craig","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3160352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3160352","url":null,"abstract":"Most scholars discuss the food-water-energy-climate nexus as it emerges on land. Less attention has been paid to the food-water-energy-climate nexus as it exists in the ocean, but that nexus exists—and it is beginning to be strained. This Article, a companion piece to the forthcoming “It’s Not Just an Offshore Wind Farm,” explores the international drive to combine offshore wind facilities with marine aquaculture, an emerging example of the water-energy-food nexus in the marine environment. Many nations are becoming increasingly interested in both offshore wind farms and open ocean marine aquaculture, but both enterprises take up considerable space in the marine environment. The resulting actual and potential crowding creates and threatens conflicts both with other uses, such as fishing, ecotourism, and shipping, and with marine protection and biodiversity goals. In Europe, where offshore wind facilities have become quite extensive, co-location of facilities has emerged as a strategy to reduce competition for offshore space that might simultaneously benefit marine aquaculture and enhance food security. This article examines the increasing drive toward co-locating offshore wind and open ocean aquaculture facilities and offers suggestions for how law might better promote this form of co-location through ongoing marine spatial planning efforts.","PeriodicalId":164963,"journal":{"name":"EnergyRN: Offshore Wind (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128470113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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