In this paper the various groups associated with indoor location policy and standards for mobile/cellular phones are discussed. This will be focused on groups and agencies that are either directly or indirectly related to E911 (location of mobile device during an emergency call) compliance in the United States. Given the broad influence of standards and policy groups on selected indoor location technologies, the groups mentioned in this paper will have a significant impact on the number, types and quality of location technologies available in mobile phones for many years to come.
{"title":"Organizations involved with indoor location data exchange, policy and standards: with a primary emphasis on E911 in the United States","authors":"R. Fuller","doi":"10.1145/2830571.2830578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2830571.2830578","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the various groups associated with indoor location policy and standards for mobile/cellular phones are discussed. This will be focused on groups and agencies that are either directly or indirectly related to E911 (location of mobile device during an emergency call) compliance in the United States. Given the broad influence of standards and policy groups on selected indoor location technologies, the groups mentioned in this paper will have a significant impact on the number, types and quality of location technologies available in mobile phones for many years to come.","PeriodicalId":170107,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132222209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a new mobility model more suitable for a user that moves in a 3D indoor space. A fingerprinting method is used to compare the performance of the new model with another feasible one found in literature. The software implementation is made available at [5].
{"title":"Investigations on mobility models and their impact on indoor positioning","authors":"Wenbo Wang, P. F. Silva, E. Lohan","doi":"10.1145/2830571.2830580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2830571.2830580","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new mobility model more suitable for a user that moves in a 3D indoor space. A fingerprinting method is used to compare the performance of the new model with another feasible one found in literature. The software implementation is made available at [5].","PeriodicalId":170107,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121471566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. F. Silva, A. Bassiri, E. Lohan, J. Pinchin, C. Hill, T. Moore
This paper focuses on the study of intra-system interference for ranging and positioning applications using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). While BLE tries to avoid interference with other protocols in the same frequency band, such as Wi-Fi, the intra-system interference is unavoidable, either due to multipath or simultaneous transmissions in the same channel. This study shows that intra-system interference contributes with a deviation of approximately 5 dBm in the Received Signal Strength (RSS) and by taking this into account the ranging and positioning accuracy can be significantly improved. The study uses data collected from two different environments.
{"title":"On the impact of intra-system interference for ranging and positioning with Bluetooth low energy","authors":"P. F. Silva, A. Bassiri, E. Lohan, J. Pinchin, C. Hill, T. Moore","doi":"10.1145/2830571.2830573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2830571.2830573","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the study of intra-system interference for ranging and positioning applications using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). While BLE tries to avoid interference with other protocols in the same frequency band, such as Wi-Fi, the intra-system interference is unavoidable, either due to multipath or simultaneous transmissions in the same channel. This study shows that intra-system interference contributes with a deviation of approximately 5 dBm in the Received Signal Strength (RSS) and by taking this into account the ranging and positioning accuracy can be significantly improved. The study uses data collected from two different environments.","PeriodicalId":170107,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128095497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article we propose a framework to discover interesting directional patterns in trajectory data sets. The proposed framework has five stages; trajectory smoothing, directional segmentation, directional classification, filtering and finally clustering. The main contributions are in the stages for smoothing, directional classification and filtering. Trajectory smoothing is an important step in the analysis of complex, non-smooth trajectories data sets, such as animal movement data. In directional classification stage, different sub-trajectories are assigned to the classes corresponding to their directional orientation. In the filtration stage the outlier trajectories are removed from the respective classes using a novel convex hull based approach. We used animal movement data in this work.
{"title":"Directional analysis of trajectories based on trajectory smoothing","authors":"P. Tripathi, Madhuri Debnath, R. Elmasri","doi":"10.1145/2830571.2830771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2830571.2830771","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we propose a framework to discover interesting directional patterns in trajectory data sets. The proposed framework has five stages; trajectory smoothing, directional segmentation, directional classification, filtering and finally clustering. The main contributions are in the stages for smoothing, directional classification and filtering. Trajectory smoothing is an important step in the analysis of complex, non-smooth trajectories data sets, such as animal movement data. In directional classification stage, different sub-trajectories are assigned to the classes corresponding to their directional orientation. In the filtration stage the outlier trajectories are removed from the respective classes using a novel convex hull based approach. We used animal movement data in this work.","PeriodicalId":170107,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132960803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After a decade of research and development for GPS-less localization and tracking, there has been significant progress in location-awareness and location-based services around the world. Almost all cell phone platforms, Android, iPhone and Windows phones, have localization and tracking facilities. In addition, special hardware and infrastructure (e.g., RFID, UWB and BLE or sensor tags) have been developed and deployed for tracking people and merchandise. The advances in cameras and computer vision make it possible for cheap simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). However, there are still many challenging problems to be solved, such as accuracy, power management, effective sensor fusion with increasingly powerful embedded computation and resourceful parallel computing backend, learning, transmitting and storing individual trajectories and spatial environment representation, labor-less environmental survey or infrastructure establishment for location-awareness, crowd computing or collective intelligence for map creations, and big data analytics of real-time and historical semantic locations that helps improving efficiency for both consumers and businesses.
{"title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","authors":"Ying Zhang, B. Priyantha, Alex Varshavsky","doi":"10.1145/2830571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2830571","url":null,"abstract":"After a decade of research and development for GPS-less localization and tracking, there has been significant progress in location-awareness and location-based services around the world. Almost all cell phone platforms, Android, iPhone and Windows phones, have localization and tracking facilities. In addition, special hardware and infrastructure (e.g., RFID, UWB and BLE or sensor tags) have been developed and deployed for tracking people and merchandise. The advances in cameras and computer vision make it possible for cheap simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). However, there are still many challenging problems to be solved, such as accuracy, power management, effective sensor fusion with increasingly powerful embedded computation and resourceful parallel computing backend, learning, transmitting and storing individual trajectories and spatial environment representation, labor-less environmental survey or infrastructure establishment for location-awareness, crowd computing or collective intelligence for map creations, and big data analytics of real-time and historical semantic locations that helps improving efficiency for both consumers and businesses.","PeriodicalId":170107,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124492751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasingly many applications leverage geographic data, and display this data to the user, e.g., to show sites of interest or friends in the vicinity. Given a window of interest, it is often advantageous to display only a bounded number k of representative points, instead of the entire contents of the window. This is helpful as a summary of the window contents. It is also quite necessary when the screen is small, and the window contains many points, as displaying all points will yield an incomprehensible output. This paper presents an approach to finding k representatives of a window. Unlike previous methods, which were based on fetching and clustering the relevant data, in this paper a method is presented for exploiting an existing indexing structure of the data to provide high quality results in efficient time, without explicitly accessing the data in the window. Experimental results prove that this new method for choosing representatives provides high quality results (i.e., comparable to fully clustering the data) while achieving significantly better runtime.
{"title":"Efficiently and effectively finding window representatives","authors":"Lana Senyor-Schloss, Sara Cohen","doi":"10.1145/2830571.2830770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2830571.2830770","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly many applications leverage geographic data, and display this data to the user, e.g., to show sites of interest or friends in the vicinity. Given a window of interest, it is often advantageous to display only a bounded number k of representative points, instead of the entire contents of the window. This is helpful as a summary of the window contents. It is also quite necessary when the screen is small, and the window contains many points, as displaying all points will yield an incomprehensible output. This paper presents an approach to finding k representatives of a window. Unlike previous methods, which were based on fetching and clustering the relevant data, in this paper a method is presented for exploiting an existing indexing structure of the data to provide high quality results in efficient time, without explicitly accessing the data in the window. Experimental results prove that this new method for choosing representatives provides high quality results (i.e., comparable to fully clustering the data) while achieving significantly better runtime.","PeriodicalId":170107,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","volume":"15 34","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134501310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper shows the advantages and limitations of combining RFID and Wi-Fi technology for estimating the location of a user in an indoor environment. The paper builds on on a simulated environment, with one or several RFID readers being deployed inside a room and several Wi-Fi devices spread, exclusively, around the surrounding area. The parameters of the simulated environment were drawn from a real measurement experiment.
{"title":"Room-level indoor positioning with Wi-Fi and RFID fingerprints","authors":"P. F. Silva, E. Lohan","doi":"10.1145/2830571.2830579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2830571.2830579","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows the advantages and limitations of combining RFID and Wi-Fi technology for estimating the location of a user in an indoor environment. The paper builds on on a simulated environment, with one or several RFID readers being deployed inside a room and several Wi-Fi devices spread, exclusively, around the surrounding area. The parameters of the simulated environment were drawn from a real measurement experiment.","PeriodicalId":170107,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130069687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indoor Location has been studied for some time and has become a very popular topic recently. Although many techniques for indoor positioning exist, the right choice depends on the context. The context is composed of many factors, for example, the service provided, cost, maintenance, etc. Moreover, new techniques for indoor positioning are still being developed. This paper applies the Architecture Trade-off Analysis Method (ATAM) in a joint scenario for indoor location, presenting how architectural decisions influence the quality attributes for the system. Finally, the paper proposes a generic object-oriented model for indoor location, making it trivial to exchange between techniques, algorithms and sensors within a mobile application during the localization process.
{"title":"Applying ATAM to evaluate indoor location systems for smartphones","authors":"Eduardo Briguenti Vieira, A. G. Leal","doi":"10.1145/2830571.2830577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2830571.2830577","url":null,"abstract":"Indoor Location has been studied for some time and has become a very popular topic recently. Although many techniques for indoor positioning exist, the right choice depends on the context. The context is composed of many factors, for example, the service provided, cost, maintenance, etc. Moreover, new techniques for indoor positioning are still being developed. This paper applies the Architecture Trade-off Analysis Method (ATAM) in a joint scenario for indoor location, presenting how architectural decisions influence the quality attributes for the system. Finally, the paper proposes a generic object-oriented model for indoor location, making it trivial to exchange between techniques, algorithms and sensors within a mobile application during the localization process.","PeriodicalId":170107,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127084150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Knowing the location of a train is necessary to develop a useful service for train passengers. However, popular localization methods such as GPS and Wi-Fi are not accurate especially on a subway. As an alternative method, estimation of motion state and stop station by using sensors on a smartphone is being studied for subway passengers. This paper proposes a localization method that uses only a barometer on a smartphone. We estimate motion state from the change of elevation, and also estimate latest stop station by the similarity of a series of elevations recorded when the train stopped and actual elevations of stations. By estimation of the motion state and the latest stop station, development of various context-aware services for subway passengers becomes possible. Through experiments in four lines of subway in Tokyo, we demonstrated that the accuracy of estimation of the motion state is 86%, and estimation of the stop station is 58%.
{"title":"Estimate a user's location using smartphone's barometer on a subway","authors":"S. Hyuga, Masaki Ito, M. Iwai, K. Sezaki","doi":"10.1145/2830571.2830576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2830571.2830576","url":null,"abstract":"Knowing the location of a train is necessary to develop a useful service for train passengers. However, popular localization methods such as GPS and Wi-Fi are not accurate especially on a subway. As an alternative method, estimation of motion state and stop station by using sensors on a smartphone is being studied for subway passengers. This paper proposes a localization method that uses only a barometer on a smartphone. We estimate motion state from the change of elevation, and also estimate latest stop station by the similarity of a series of elevations recorded when the train stopped and actual elevations of stations. By estimation of the motion state and the latest stop station, development of various context-aware services for subway passengers becomes possible. Through experiments in four lines of subway in Tokyo, we demonstrated that the accuracy of estimation of the motion state is 86%, and estimation of the stop station is 58%.","PeriodicalId":170107,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments","volume":"2005 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128048359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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