Pub Date : 2019-09-25DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84881
S. Balogiannis
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, irreversible presenile or senile neurodegenerative disorder, implicating mainly the mental faculties, characterized by decline of memory and judgment, learning impairment, loss of professional skills and verbal capacities, alterations of social behavior, decline of motor skills and eventual disarrangement of the autonomic equilibrium. Among the pathogenetic factors, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may play an essential role. Alterations of mitochondria may enhance amyloid toxicity, which in turn may aggravate mitochondrial dysfunction. We describe ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria in the soma of neurons, in axons, dendritic profiles and synaptic terminals, in astrocytes in early cases of Alzheimer’s disease on various areas of the cerebral and the cerebellar cortex, the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, the mammillary bodies and the medial geniculate body. The morphological and morphometric study of the mitochondria revealed an impressive polymorphism at any area of the brain. The mitochondria demonstrated variation of size and shape, fragmentation of the cristae and marked changes of their structure. The most dramatic mitochondrial alterations were observed in dendritic profiles, spines and synaptic terminals. A substantial number of astrocytes demonstrated mitochondrial alterations, which coexisted with fragmentation of Golgi apparatus and dilatation of the cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. On the basis of our observations, we feel that therapeutic strategies aiming at protecting the mitochondria might be beneficial in the treatment of early cases of AD.
{"title":"Mitochondria and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Electron Microscopy Study","authors":"S. Balogiannis","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.84881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84881","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, irreversible presenile or senile neurodegenerative disorder, implicating mainly the mental faculties, characterized by decline of memory and judgment, learning impairment, loss of professional skills and verbal capacities, alterations of social behavior, decline of motor skills and eventual disarrangement of the autonomic equilibrium. Among the pathogenetic factors, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may play an essential role. Alterations of mitochondria may enhance amyloid toxicity, which in turn may aggravate mitochondrial dysfunction. We describe ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria in the soma of neurons, in axons, dendritic profiles and synaptic terminals, in astrocytes in early cases of Alzheimer’s disease on various areas of the cerebral and the cerebellar cortex, the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, the mammillary bodies and the medial geniculate body. The morphological and morphometric study of the mitochondria revealed an impressive polymorphism at any area of the brain. The mitochondria demonstrated variation of size and shape, fragmentation of the cristae and marked changes of their structure. The most dramatic mitochondrial alterations were observed in dendritic profiles, spines and synaptic terminals. A substantial number of astrocytes demonstrated mitochondrial alterations, which coexisted with fragmentation of Golgi apparatus and dilatation of the cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. On the basis of our observations, we feel that therapeutic strategies aiming at protecting the mitochondria might be beneficial in the treatment of early cases of AD.","PeriodicalId":170702,"journal":{"name":"Redirecting Alzheimer Strategy - Tracing Memory Loss to Self Pathology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114837125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-26DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84630
F. J. Garzón-Maldonado, M. Torres
Alzheimer’s disease is currently a health care problem and in the future, when we have effective treatments, it will become a public health priority. Health systems should adapt to this situation. New technologies are tools that can improve healthcare and lower costs. The mobile phone with call o video call conference is going to suppose a radical change in the control of these patients. The telephone assistance to patient or relatives is very satisfactory for both due to the rapidity in the response to their problem and the comfort with which they are attended to. Also the health system reduces the costs of face-to-face consultation. In addition, this telemedicine could be applied for cognitive stimulation, with specific programs for each patient and for the follow-up of patients in their homes, delaying their entry into residences. The objective is to turn the patients and their caregiver into cotherapists together with the nurse and the physician, in the follow-up of Alzheimer’s disease.
{"title":"Healthcare Models in Alzheimer’s Disease","authors":"F. J. Garzón-Maldonado, M. Torres","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.84630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84630","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease is currently a health care problem and in the future, when we have effective treatments, it will become a public health priority. Health systems should adapt to this situation. New technologies are tools that can improve healthcare and lower costs. The mobile phone with call o video call conference is going to suppose a radical change in the control of these patients. The telephone assistance to patient or relatives is very satisfactory for both due to the rapidity in the response to their problem and the comfort with which they are attended to. Also the health system reduces the costs of face-to-face consultation. In addition, this telemedicine could be applied for cognitive stimulation, with specific programs for each patient and for the follow-up of patients in their homes, delaying their entry into residences. The objective is to turn the patients and their caregiver into cotherapists together with the nurse and the physician, in the follow-up of Alzheimer’s disease.","PeriodicalId":170702,"journal":{"name":"Redirecting Alzheimer Strategy - Tracing Memory Loss to Self Pathology","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116710486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83824
J. Pardo
The metabolism hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first proposed in 1975. In normal aging and very mild AD, the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) remained approximately constant, but the metabolism of glucose (CMRglu) declined markedly. This decline in CMRglu identified a specific and primary metabolic defect that triggered downstream cellular cascades evolving into AD and its characteristic neuropathological lesions. These findings led research about AD into the role of insulin resistance that foresaw modern trials of insulin for AD treatment. The metabolism hypothesis evolved over subsequent decades with improved in-vivo measurement of metabolic parameters and AD biomarkers in humans. A more recent model highlights the interrelationships between the default mode network (DMN) and biomarkers such as CMRglu, amyloid, and tau. In other words, metabolic conditions related to sustained cortical activity during aging throughout the lifetime are conducive to the deposition of amyloid. This activity is thought to underlie the “autobiographical self.” These ideas and findings motivate aging and AD-research focus on the biochemistry and cell biology of cerebral metabolism.
{"title":"Fact, Fiction, or Evolution: Mechanism Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease","authors":"J. Pardo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83824","url":null,"abstract":"The metabolism hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first proposed in 1975. In normal aging and very mild AD, the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) remained approximately constant, but the metabolism of glucose (CMRglu) declined markedly. This decline in CMRglu identified a specific and primary metabolic defect that triggered downstream cellular cascades evolving into AD and its characteristic neuropathological lesions. These findings led research about AD into the role of insulin resistance that foresaw modern trials of insulin for AD treatment. The metabolism hypothesis evolved over subsequent decades with improved in-vivo measurement of metabolic parameters and AD biomarkers in humans. A more recent model highlights the interrelationships between the default mode network (DMN) and biomarkers such as CMRglu, amyloid, and tau. In other words, metabolic conditions related to sustained cortical activity during aging throughout the lifetime are conducive to the deposition of amyloid. This activity is thought to underlie the “autobiographical self.” These ideas and findings motivate aging and AD-research focus on the biochemistry and cell biology of cerebral metabolism.","PeriodicalId":170702,"journal":{"name":"Redirecting Alzheimer Strategy - Tracing Memory Loss to Self Pathology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122622991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-21DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83578
Fakhra Amin, B. Bano
The intermolecular structure gets altered when drug-protein interaction takes place. It brings about alterations in the conformation of protein. An acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor (AChE) is the most used drug for patients who are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease to curb its instigated symptoms. So, it is used as first-line defense in the insightful symptoms. This study is of concern with the interaction of cystatin purified from buffalo brain with its simple tri-step procedure including alkaline action, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-75 with % yield of 64.13 and fold purification of 384.7. The inhibitor (brain cystatin (BC)) showed a single papain inhibitory peak drifted as single band on native PAGE; this purified inhibitor was interacted with donepezil to analyze the side effect of this drug since cystatin is an important regulatory protein that maintains the protease antiprotease balance. The conformational change was predicted when the UV spectra of cystatin was analyzed in the presence of donepezil contextual with the fluorescence spectra, but the fluorescence spectra showed 40 nm of red shift suggesting the change on interaction leading to a conclusion that donepezil is pertinent to imbalance to protease and antiprotease inhibitor perhaps the side effect of drug.
{"title":"Putative Involvement of Thiol Protease Inhibitor in the Function of Alzheimer Drug","authors":"Fakhra Amin, B. Bano","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83578","url":null,"abstract":"The intermolecular structure gets altered when drug-protein interaction takes place. It brings about alterations in the conformation of protein. An acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor (AChE) is the most used drug for patients who are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease to curb its instigated symptoms. So, it is used as first-line defense in the insightful symptoms. This study is of concern with the interaction of cystatin purified from buffalo brain with its simple tri-step procedure including alkaline action, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-75 with % yield of 64.13 and fold purification of 384.7. The inhibitor (brain cystatin (BC)) showed a single papain inhibitory peak drifted as single band on native PAGE; this purified inhibitor was interacted with donepezil to analyze the side effect of this drug since cystatin is an important regulatory protein that maintains the protease antiprotease balance. The conformational change was predicted when the UV spectra of cystatin was analyzed in the presence of donepezil contextual with the fluorescence spectra, but the fluorescence spectra showed 40 nm of red shift suggesting the change on interaction leading to a conclusion that donepezil is pertinent to imbalance to protease and antiprotease inhibitor perhaps the side effect of drug.","PeriodicalId":170702,"journal":{"name":"Redirecting Alzheimer Strategy - Tracing Memory Loss to Self Pathology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129588023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84858
Winnie Sun, Srija Biswas, Michelle Dacanay, P. Zou
Canada is working on improving the diagnosis and treatment of Canadians with cognitive impairment and promoting living well with dementia. Despite the availability of support network, Canadians living with dementia are identified to commonly experience social isolation and exclusion. This issue is particularly significant among migrants and refugees, for whom access to dementia care and support programs are found to be significantly less than the non-migrated Canadians. The purpose of this critical analysis is to examine the existing literature related to the sociocultural factors that contribute to the access of dementia care and support programs by persons with dementia. Specifically, a literature review was conducted to examine the barriers and facilitating factors that influence equitable access to dementia care and support programs among migrants and refugees. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify the following four major themes: (1) stigma, (2) culturally preferred coping strategies, (3) misconceptions regarding aging and dementia, and (4) language barriers.. This review identifies the need for future research to explore the key barriers faced by migrants and refugees with dementia in accessing timely and appropriate dementia care and support programs, as well as developing equitable programs and culturally sensitive services that adequately address their needs.
{"title":"An Examination of Factors Influencing Equitable Access to Dementia Care and Support Programs among Migrants and Refugees Living with Dementia: A Literature Review","authors":"Winnie Sun, Srija Biswas, Michelle Dacanay, P. Zou","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84858","url":null,"abstract":"Canada is working on improving the diagnosis and treatment of Canadians with cognitive impairment and promoting living well with dementia. Despite the availability of support network, Canadians living with dementia are identified to commonly experience social isolation and exclusion. This issue is particularly significant among migrants and refugees, for whom access to dementia care and support programs are found to be significantly less than the non-migrated Canadians. The purpose of this critical analysis is to examine the existing literature related to the sociocultural factors that contribute to the access of dementia care and support programs by persons with dementia. Specifically, a literature review was conducted to examine the barriers and facilitating factors that influence equitable access to dementia care and support programs among migrants and refugees. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify the following four major themes: (1) stigma, (2) culturally preferred coping strategies, (3) misconceptions regarding aging and dementia, and (4) language barriers.. This review identifies the need for future research to explore the key barriers faced by migrants and refugees with dementia in accessing timely and appropriate dementia care and support programs, as well as developing equitable programs and culturally sensitive services that adequately address their needs.","PeriodicalId":170702,"journal":{"name":"Redirecting Alzheimer Strategy - Tracing Memory Loss to Self Pathology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124310687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-25DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84893
T. Fertaľová, I. Ondriová
Caring for a patient with dementia is challenging, as we cannot cure Alzheimer’s disease but only slow its progress. In the presented chapter, we offer non-pharma-cological approaches for influencing the patient’s behaviour, actions and emotions, and to arouse their interest and motivation, while preserving the highest quality of life. In the past, many experts have looked at specific approaches to dementia patients and devoted their entire professional lives to senior citizens. Our aim is to offer an overview of the most frequently used therapeutic approaches with dementia patients and use practical demonstrations to reinvigorate the theoretical basis. At the end of the chapter we deal with the burden on the carer in the family environment.
{"title":"Non-pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer’s","authors":"T. Fertaľová, I. Ondriová","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84893","url":null,"abstract":"Caring for a patient with dementia is challenging, as we cannot cure Alzheimer’s disease but only slow its progress. In the presented chapter, we offer non-pharma-cological approaches for influencing the patient’s behaviour, actions and emotions, and to arouse their interest and motivation, while preserving the highest quality of life. In the past, many experts have looked at specific approaches to dementia patients and devoted their entire professional lives to senior citizens. Our aim is to offer an overview of the most frequently used therapeutic approaches with dementia patients and use practical demonstrations to reinvigorate the theoretical basis. At the end of the chapter we deal with the burden on the carer in the family environment.","PeriodicalId":170702,"journal":{"name":"Redirecting Alzheimer Strategy - Tracing Memory Loss to Self Pathology","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126280357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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