Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0008
W. Jacob
Victorian London proved fertile soil for new religious groups. In the context of political, economic, and social unrest and the biblicism of the Evangelical revival and Romanticism, Christian millenarian groups seeking a perfected society emerged, or were transplanted from the United States. American revivalist and holiness movements inspired the Salvation Army. Small radical secularist, positivist, and ethical groups, while rejecting Christianity, adopted religious models for their activities. Some members of the intelligentsia adopted agnosticism or materialism. None of these groups offered a popular alternative to Christianity or Judaism or attracted significant numbers of adherents. Nor were they able to sustain themselves much beyond their charismatic founders. Scientific and technological discoveries during the period aroused interest in the possibility of other unseen dimensions leading to the great popularity of spiritualism, and, influenced by growing awareness of Eastern religions, to the emergence of Theosophy and Occultism.
{"title":"New Religious Groups","authors":"W. Jacob","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Victorian London proved fertile soil for new religious groups. In the context of political, economic, and social unrest and the biblicism of the Evangelical revival and Romanticism, Christian millenarian groups seeking a perfected society emerged, or were transplanted from the United States. American revivalist and holiness movements inspired the Salvation Army. Small radical secularist, positivist, and ethical groups, while rejecting Christianity, adopted religious models for their activities. Some members of the intelligentsia adopted agnosticism or materialism. None of these groups offered a popular alternative to Christianity or Judaism or attracted significant numbers of adherents. Nor were they able to sustain themselves much beyond their charismatic founders. Scientific and technological discoveries during the period aroused interest in the possibility of other unseen dimensions leading to the great popularity of spiritualism, and, influenced by growing awareness of Eastern religions, to the emergence of Theosophy and Occultism.","PeriodicalId":176220,"journal":{"name":"Religious Vitality in Victorian London","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132076406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0012
W. Jacob
hristianly motivated people transformed secondary education in London, which until 1870 was largely provided through ancient endowed foundations teaching the classics, and private schools teaching modern and commercial subjects, all of which were small-scale. Clergy and laypeople promoted the reform of ancient endowments to increase the provision of modern education, including for girls to be educated to the same level as boys, and established numerous new schools on sound financial educational bases. Similarly motivated groups also provided opportunities for adult education for working people. The initiative to provide higher education in London in the 1820s, on a different model from the ancient universities, came from religiously motivated groups, as did pioneering initiatives to provide higher education for women. These initiatives fed the expanding need for secondary school teachers and the growing newer professions.
{"title":"Religion and Education in Victorian London: Secondary, Adult, and Higher Education","authors":"W. Jacob","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"hristianly motivated people transformed secondary education in London, which until 1870 was largely provided through ancient endowed foundations teaching the classics, and private schools teaching modern and commercial subjects, all of which were small-scale. Clergy and laypeople promoted the reform of ancient endowments to increase the provision of modern education, including for girls to be educated to the same level as boys, and established numerous new schools on sound financial educational bases. Similarly motivated groups also provided opportunities for adult education for working people. The initiative to provide higher education in London in the 1820s, on a different model from the ancient universities, came from religiously motivated groups, as did pioneering initiatives to provide higher education for women. These initiatives fed the expanding need for secondary school teachers and the growing newer professions.","PeriodicalId":176220,"journal":{"name":"Religious Vitality in Victorian London","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121222878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0002
W. Jacob
London during the Victorian period was the largest city in the world, a focus for migration, and the centre of international finance, trade, and manufacturing as well as technological and scientific research, and the seat of imperial government. Its population included the very rich and the very poor, and a rapidly expanding professional and commercial middle class. Despite its vast and growing population, the metropolis had no formal identity and no central authority to coordinate services with the result that for much of the period water supplies and waste disposal were chaotic. With overcrowded housing, disease was endemic, and the death rate high. London was a very unhealthy place. Commercial success led to major redevelopment in the centre, and constant outward migration leading to suburbanization, a developing suburban transport network, segregation of classes, and a rapidly expanding leisure industry. Fluctuations in trade and economic downturns led to financial insecurity and political anxieties, periods of extreme distress among the poorest contributing to social unrest and fuelled millenarian hopes and fears. This provided the context for an extraordinary level of religious and religiously inspired philanthropic activity.
{"title":"The Context","authors":"W. Jacob","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"London during the Victorian period was the largest city in the world, a focus for migration, and the centre of international finance, trade, and manufacturing as well as technological and scientific research, and the seat of imperial government. Its population included the very rich and the very poor, and a rapidly expanding professional and commercial middle class. Despite its vast and growing population, the metropolis had no formal identity and no central authority to coordinate services with the result that for much of the period water supplies and waste disposal were chaotic. With overcrowded housing, disease was endemic, and the death rate high. London was a very unhealthy place. Commercial success led to major redevelopment in the centre, and constant outward migration leading to suburbanization, a developing suburban transport network, segregation of classes, and a rapidly expanding leisure industry. Fluctuations in trade and economic downturns led to financial insecurity and political anxieties, periods of extreme distress among the poorest contributing to social unrest and fuelled millenarian hopes and fears. This provided the context for an extraordinary level of religious and religiously inspired philanthropic activity.","PeriodicalId":176220,"journal":{"name":"Religious Vitality in Victorian London","volume":"8 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124943569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0004
W. Jacob
Recent constitutional changes had had a significant impact on the established Church’s self- identity and self-confidence. The recently appointed reforming bishops of London and Winchester, responsible for the metropolis, and leading laypeople set out to develop mission strategies to respond to this unprecedented situation in the face of London’s immense population growth and the confidence and challenge of Nonconformist churches. Anglicans adopted a strategy of subdividing densely populated historic parishes in poor districts and recruiting clergy to establish schools, gather congregations, and build churches as centres of spiritual, pastoral, and philanthropic care, with the associated need to secure voluntary funding and pastoral assistance, including women, for these initiatives. Contemporary evidence suggests that contemporary and subsequent criticisms of this strategy were overstated in claiming that the Church of England lost the allegiance of people in multiply deprived inner-urban parishes. Close examination discloses a more nuanced picture.
{"title":"The Church of England in Victorian London c.1837–1856","authors":"W. Jacob","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Recent constitutional changes had had a significant impact on the established Church’s self- identity and self-confidence. The recently appointed reforming bishops of London and Winchester, responsible for the metropolis, and leading laypeople set out to develop mission strategies to respond to this unprecedented situation in the face of London’s immense population growth and the confidence and challenge of Nonconformist churches. Anglicans adopted a strategy of subdividing densely populated historic parishes in poor districts and recruiting clergy to establish schools, gather congregations, and build churches as centres of spiritual, pastoral, and philanthropic care, with the associated need to secure voluntary funding and pastoral assistance, including women, for these initiatives. Contemporary evidence suggests that contemporary and subsequent criticisms of this strategy were overstated in claiming that the Church of England lost the allegiance of people in multiply deprived inner-urban parishes. Close examination discloses a more nuanced picture.","PeriodicalId":176220,"journal":{"name":"Religious Vitality in Victorian London","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123830640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0007
W. Jacob
As a world city, Victorian London was a magnet for migrants, including Italians, Germans, French, and Greeks. The two most numerous migrant groups were Eastern European Jews and Irish Roman Catholics, whose arrival challenged and changed their small host communities. Both host communities had to respond to the material and spiritual needs of relatively large numbers of poor migrants whose numbers in limited localities and unknown languages and customs aroused a degree of hostility and fear that they would disadvantage existing poor communities in those districts. The leaders of both communities adopted somewhat similar strategies to prevent ‘leakage’ of members from their respective faith groups in the face of militant Protestant mission activity, and to enculturate them as British citizens, playing a part in civic life, while not compromising the distinctiveness of their faith and its practice.
{"title":"Migrant Religious Groups","authors":"W. Jacob","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897404.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"As a world city, Victorian London was a magnet for migrants, including Italians, Germans, French, and Greeks. The two most numerous migrant groups were Eastern European Jews and Irish Roman Catholics, whose arrival challenged and changed their small host communities. Both host communities had to respond to the material and spiritual needs of relatively large numbers of poor migrants whose numbers in limited localities and unknown languages and customs aroused a degree of hostility and fear that they would disadvantage existing poor communities in those districts. The leaders of both communities adopted somewhat similar strategies to prevent ‘leakage’ of members from their respective faith groups in the face of militant Protestant mission activity, and to enculturate them as British citizens, playing a part in civic life, while not compromising the distinctiveness of their faith and its practice.","PeriodicalId":176220,"journal":{"name":"Religious Vitality in Victorian London","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124000738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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