Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91353
R. Kummoona
Road traffic crashes on highways with high speed cars can end with termination of life. Immediately after the accident, the medical management includes early transportation by ambulance with highly equipped machines, skilled nurses and doctors to check blood pressure, blood loss, and breathing, administration of intravenous fluid plasma and collecting blood samples for blood grouping. Other treatment can be undertaken by ambulance staff such as temporary splinting (SPICA) of fractured legs and neck support. A helicopter may be used for urgent transport of injured patients with multiple injuries to highly equipped intensive care units in general hospitals. The cooperation of different specialties is required, such as neurosurgeons, craniomaxillofacial surgeons, chest surgeons, general surgeons, and orthopedic surgeons. The order of priority is head injuries, chest injuries, and abdominal injuries. Neglecting early treatment opportunities or delaying treatment results in severe deformities of the facial skeleton and damage to growth of the face in children, leading to severe deformity of the face. Isolated injuries to the eye orbit, nose, jaws, and temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) may end in ankylosis of the joint in children. A series of clinical cases will be shown.
{"title":"Deformity of Craniofacial Skeleton by Traumatic Injuries","authors":"R. Kummoona","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91353","url":null,"abstract":"Road traffic crashes on highways with high speed cars can end with termination of life. Immediately after the accident, the medical management includes early transportation by ambulance with highly equipped machines, skilled nurses and doctors to check blood pressure, blood loss, and breathing, administration of intravenous fluid plasma and collecting blood samples for blood grouping. Other treatment can be undertaken by ambulance staff such as temporary splinting (SPICA) of fractured legs and neck support. A helicopter may be used for urgent transport of injured patients with multiple injuries to highly equipped intensive care units in general hospitals. The cooperation of different specialties is required, such as neurosurgeons, craniomaxillofacial surgeons, chest surgeons, general surgeons, and orthopedic surgeons. The order of priority is head injuries, chest injuries, and abdominal injuries. Neglecting early treatment opportunities or delaying treatment results in severe deformities of the facial skeleton and damage to growth of the face in children, leading to severe deformity of the face. Isolated injuries to the eye orbit, nose, jaws, and temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) may end in ankylosis of the joint in children. A series of clinical cases will be shown.","PeriodicalId":178770,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134464248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90278
R. Kummoona
{"title":"Prologue: Foundation and Progress of Craniofacial Surgery of Deformity and Malformation","authors":"R. Kummoona","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90278","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":178770,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115250170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-07DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90137
A. Baki̇
Hemangiomas are benign tumors originating from vascular structures in the body. Although it is common in the head and neck region, it is rarely seen in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Histologically, there are three types of hemangiomas including capillary, cavernous, and mixed types, the most common being a cavernous hemangioma. Cavernous hemangiomas in the nasal cavity usually originate from the lateral nasal wall and cause symptoms such as nasal congestion and nosebleeds.
{"title":"Nasal Cavity Hemangiomas","authors":"A. Baki̇","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90137","url":null,"abstract":"Hemangiomas are benign tumors originating from vascular structures in the body. Although it is common in the head and neck region, it is rarely seen in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Histologically, there are three types of hemangiomas including capillary, cavernous, and mixed types, the most common being a cavernous hemangioma. Cavernous hemangiomas in the nasal cavity usually originate from the lateral nasal wall and cause symptoms such as nasal congestion and nosebleeds.","PeriodicalId":178770,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates","volume":"346 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123326126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-29DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90541
T. Yücesoy
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) may be related to the appearance of a body part or may sometimes arise from concerns about a body function. Currently, this disorder was included in contemporary classification systems with DSM-5. The majority of BDD patients first consult dermatologists, surgeons, and more often plastic surgeons, rather than psychiatrists. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the prevalence of this disorder in the psychiatric society. The oral and maxillofacial region is highly associated with face deformities, and the patients with BDD are applying to those clinics even without self-awareness of their disorders. It has been reported that most of the orthognathic surgical patients are associated with the facial appearance of surgical motivations and will have similar psychological motivations to cosmetic surgery patients. Moreover, the orthodontics, prosthetic and restorative dentistry are the branches of dentistry that mostly the patients come with esthetic complaints. Studies on BDD have not yet received the value they deserve concerning the prevalence and severity. Researches in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery are much less, and the individuals suffering from BDD are not well-known among dentists/oral and maxillofacial surgeons; therefore, the frequency of BDD patients is not noticed and treated properly.
{"title":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","authors":"T. Yücesoy","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90541","url":null,"abstract":"Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) may be related to the appearance of a body part or may sometimes arise from concerns about a body function. Currently, this disorder was included in contemporary classification systems with DSM-5. The majority of BDD patients first consult dermatologists, surgeons, and more often plastic surgeons, rather than psychiatrists. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the prevalence of this disorder in the psychiatric society. The oral and maxillofacial region is highly associated with face deformities, and the patients with BDD are applying to those clinics even without self-awareness of their disorders. It has been reported that most of the orthognathic surgical patients are associated with the facial appearance of surgical motivations and will have similar psychological motivations to cosmetic surgery patients. Moreover, the orthodontics, prosthetic and restorative dentistry are the branches of dentistry that mostly the patients come with esthetic complaints. Studies on BDD have not yet received the value they deserve concerning the prevalence and severity. Researches in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery are much less, and the individuals suffering from BDD are not well-known among dentists/oral and maxillofacial surgeons; therefore, the frequency of BDD patients is not noticed and treated properly.","PeriodicalId":178770,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134338072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-15DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88061
Naida Hadziabdic
Dentoalveolar trauma is considered an emergency condition and is challenging for every dentist. As primary and permanent teeth may suffer repercussions from an injury, a therapist must be mindful of which situations the use of splinting methods is required. In dentistry, a splint is a rigid or flexible device with the function of supporting, protecting, and immobilizing teeth that have been weakened (endodon-tically, periodontally), traumatically injured, replanted, or fractured. Generally, splinting is not recommended for primary teeth injuries such as luxation and avulsion. In permanent dentition, splint appliances are indicated for periodontal injuries, such as subluxation, luxation and avulsion, and hard tissue injuries such as class IV root fractures. Nowadays, there are many appliances that may be used for immobilization of traumatized teeth. Since this issue may sometimes be confusing for dental practitioners, this chapter deals with splint classification (rigid and flexible), the basic characteristics of splints, the indications, and methods of application.
{"title":"The Basics of Splinting in Dentoalveolar Traumatology","authors":"Naida Hadziabdic","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88061","url":null,"abstract":"Dentoalveolar trauma is considered an emergency condition and is challenging for every dentist. As primary and permanent teeth may suffer repercussions from an injury, a therapist must be mindful of which situations the use of splinting methods is required. In dentistry, a splint is a rigid or flexible device with the function of supporting, protecting, and immobilizing teeth that have been weakened (endodon-tically, periodontally), traumatically injured, replanted, or fractured. Generally, splinting is not recommended for primary teeth injuries such as luxation and avulsion. In permanent dentition, splint appliances are indicated for periodontal injuries, such as subluxation, luxation and avulsion, and hard tissue injuries such as class IV root fractures. Nowadays, there are many appliances that may be used for immobilization of traumatized teeth. Since this issue may sometimes be confusing for dental practitioners, this chapter deals with splint classification (rigid and flexible), the basic characteristics of splints, the indications, and methods of application.","PeriodicalId":178770,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132508662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-29DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89296
Takako Sato, Ryota Nakamura, Akio Himejima, Akemi Kusano, Se-rin Kang, S. Ohtani, K. Yamada, Kanako Yamagata, Hiroaki Azaki, Junya Aoki, Keiichi Yanagawa, K. Shinozuka, T. Yamada, M. Tonogi
Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) using a standardized surgical procedure consisting of a LeFort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and genioglossus advancement (GA) using a genioplasty improve airway volume, oxygen desaturation, and the AHI in patients with OSA. However, there are few reports on changes in sleep quality following MMA and GA. We assessed the effects of MMA and GA on sleep quality by comparing oxygen desaturation, AHI, and sleep architecture before and after surgery. Methods: Eight patients underwent polysomnography (PSG) and CT scan before and after surgery. Conclusions: Our study finds that %TST and %REM were both increased, while %S1 and NA both decreased. Based on these results, it appears that both the quality and quantity of sleep were improved. MMA and GA improve sleep respiratory disturbance and can also improve sleep quality.
{"title":"The Effects of Maxillomandibular Advancement and Genioglossus Advancement on Sleep Quality","authors":"Takako Sato, Ryota Nakamura, Akio Himejima, Akemi Kusano, Se-rin Kang, S. Ohtani, K. Yamada, Kanako Yamagata, Hiroaki Azaki, Junya Aoki, Keiichi Yanagawa, K. Shinozuka, T. Yamada, M. Tonogi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89296","url":null,"abstract":"Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) using a standardized surgical procedure consisting of a LeFort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and genioglossus advancement (GA) using a genioplasty improve airway volume, oxygen desaturation, and the AHI in patients with OSA. However, there are few reports on changes in sleep quality following MMA and GA. We assessed the effects of MMA and GA on sleep quality by comparing oxygen desaturation, AHI, and sleep architecture before and after surgery. Methods: Eight patients underwent polysomnography (PSG) and CT scan before and after surgery. Conclusions: Our study finds that %TST and %REM were both increased, while %S1 and NA both decreased. Based on these results, it appears that both the quality and quantity of sleep were improved. MMA and GA improve sleep respiratory disturbance and can also improve sleep quality.","PeriodicalId":178770,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates","volume":"36 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131196463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychosocial and health-related quality of life following oral and maxillofacial injuries is an often neglected aspect of patients’ management. It has been noted that patients with maxillofacial trauma were more likely to be depressed, anxious with low self-esteem and poor health-related quality of life and possibility of post-trau-matic stress disorder (PTSD). Depression and anxiety associated with facial trauma are often coupled with worries regarding recovery. Following trauma, there may be physical dysfunction especially facial disfigurement which may adversely affect the patients’ ability to undertake daily activities and lower their mood and self-esteem leading to overall poor health-related quality of life. Focusing on these psychosocial factors, this chapter also elaborated on the immediate and long term effects of these factors if not incorporated into patient’s care. In a study of 80 maxillofacial injured patients’ in Sub-Saharan Africa using hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire, the HADS detected 42 (52.5%) cases of depression and 56 (70.0%) cases of anxiety at baseline. Rosenberg’s self-esteem questionnaire detected 33 (41.3%) patients with low self-esteem at baseline. WHO HRQoL-Bref questionnaire showed poor Quality of life in all the domains of the instrument with lowest in the physical and psychological domains. Similarly, the trauma screening questionnaire (TSQ) for PTSD detected 19 patients had symptoms of PTSD at Time 1 with a prevalence rate of 25%.
{"title":"Psychosocial and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Aspect of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma","authors":"Ramat Oyebunmi Braimah, Dominic Ignatius Ukpong, Kizito Chioma Ndukwe","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86875","url":null,"abstract":"Psychosocial and health-related quality of life following oral and maxillofacial injuries is an often neglected aspect of patients’ management. It has been noted that patients with maxillofacial trauma were more likely to be depressed, anxious with low self-esteem and poor health-related quality of life and possibility of post-trau-matic stress disorder (PTSD). Depression and anxiety associated with facial trauma are often coupled with worries regarding recovery. Following trauma, there may be physical dysfunction especially facial disfigurement which may adversely affect the patients’ ability to undertake daily activities and lower their mood and self-esteem leading to overall poor health-related quality of life. Focusing on these psychosocial factors, this chapter also elaborated on the immediate and long term effects of these factors if not incorporated into patient’s care. In a study of 80 maxillofacial injured patients’ in Sub-Saharan Africa using hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire, the HADS detected 42 (52.5%) cases of depression and 56 (70.0%) cases of anxiety at baseline. Rosenberg’s self-esteem questionnaire detected 33 (41.3%) patients with low self-esteem at baseline. WHO HRQoL-Bref questionnaire showed poor Quality of life in all the domains of the instrument with lowest in the physical and psychological domains. Similarly, the trauma screening questionnaire (TSQ) for PTSD detected 19 patients had symptoms of PTSD at Time 1 with a prevalence rate of 25%.","PeriodicalId":178770,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114361870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-29DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86241
M. Blašković, D. Blašković
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare side effect of medications belonging to the antiresorptive (AR) and antiangiogenic (AA) groups. The first cases were described in the literature in 2003, and more than 1300 publications and 15,000 cases have been published since then. The incidence of MRONJ among cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates is 0–6.7%, with denosumab is 0.7–1.7% and with bevacizumab is 0.2%. Patients treated for osteoporosis have a lower risk of developing MRONJ at 0.02 and 0.04% with bisphosphonates and 0.2% with denosumab. In more than 50% of cases, tooth extraction was considered the causative factor responsible for the onset of the MRONJ. Treatment strategies include preventive, medical and surgical interventions.
{"title":"Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: An Overview","authors":"M. Blašković, D. Blašković","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86241","url":null,"abstract":"Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare side effect of medications belonging to the antiresorptive (AR) and antiangiogenic (AA) groups. The first cases were described in the literature in 2003, and more than 1300 publications and 15,000 cases have been published since then. The incidence of MRONJ among cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates is 0–6.7%, with denosumab is 0.7–1.7% and with bevacizumab is 0.2%. Patients treated for osteoporosis have a lower risk of developing MRONJ at 0.02 and 0.04% with bisphosphonates and 0.2% with denosumab. In more than 50% of cases, tooth extraction was considered the causative factor responsible for the onset of the MRONJ. Treatment strategies include preventive, medical and surgical interventions.","PeriodicalId":178770,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124184833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81937
N. Ivković, M. Račić
There are many factors that can cause damage to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures or impair normal functional relationships between condyle, disc and eminence. The main symptoms associated with TMJ dysfunction are pain, limited mobility of the mandible, spasticity of the masticatory muscles and sound that is produced in the joint during mandibular movement. Pain originates from nociceptors located in soft tissue of the joint. If the soft tissue structures are not in inflammation, the pain is sharp, sudden and intense tightly connected to the movements in the TMJ. If the inflammation is presented, the pain is constant and increases with the movements in the joint. TMJ dysfunction is manifested by feeling stiffness of the joint, limited and/or altered opening of the mouth with deviation or deflection of the mandible. Individual or multiple sound produced by the TMJ are most often the consequence of the disturbed function of the condyle-disc complex, the morphological incompatibility of the joint surfaces or degenerative changes in them. The signs and symptoms of disease and dysfunction of TMJ are different and depend on the duration of the disorders and its chronicity as well as on the individual sensitivity of the patients. Proper identification of symptoms and precise diagnosis are therefore essential for future treatment.
{"title":"Structural and Functional Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint (Internal Disorders)","authors":"N. Ivković, M. Račić","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81937","url":null,"abstract":"There are many factors that can cause damage to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures or impair normal functional relationships between condyle, disc and eminence. The main symptoms associated with TMJ dysfunction are pain, limited mobility of the mandible, spasticity of the masticatory muscles and sound that is produced in the joint during mandibular movement. Pain originates from nociceptors located in soft tissue of the joint. If the soft tissue structures are not in inflammation, the pain is sharp, sudden and intense tightly connected to the movements in the TMJ. If the inflammation is presented, the pain is constant and increases with the movements in the joint. TMJ dysfunction is manifested by feeling stiffness of the joint, limited and/or altered opening of the mouth with deviation or deflection of the mandible. Individual or multiple sound produced by the TMJ are most often the consequence of the disturbed function of the condyle-disc complex, the morphological incompatibility of the joint surfaces or degenerative changes in them. The signs and symptoms of disease and dysfunction of TMJ are different and depend on the duration of the disorders and its chronicity as well as on the individual sensitivity of the patients. Proper identification of symptoms and precise diagnosis are therefore essential for future treatment.","PeriodicalId":178770,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115265208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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